فهرست مطالب محمدجواد حجازی

The higher education system of any country is one of the most important institutions because it trains the forces that take charge of the administration of the country, so wrong policies in this institution can cause serious damage to the country. One of these wrong approaches to science that has entered Iran's higher education in recent decades is the quantitative and economic view of science and the commercialization of knowledge. This research aims to show how the economic and commercial view of science is reflected in their speeches by examining the metaphor of science/knowledge in the speeches of three presidents. In terms of theoretical and methodological framework, this research is based on Lakoff and Johnson (1998) and Chartres-Black (2004). The results of the data analysis show that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad used more metaphorical discourse in his speeches compared to the other two presidents. Also, the conceptual fields of goods, place, and travel are the most frequently used conceptual fields as the origin of metaphors in the body of reference. The field of origin "goods" is the most frequently known field with 78% of the statistics extracted from conceptual metaphors. In addition, the prominence of the commercial and economic view of science in the speeches of all three presidents shows the mentality that has led to the current awkward situation in universities.

The university is a social organization with important social roles, and any change of attitude towards it can have serious consequences. In the last two decades, different approaches of governments have led to fundamental changes in higher education policies, which have had some negative consequences for higher education. As conceptual metaphor is a way to understand abstract concepts through concrete concepts, it is possible to reach the fundamental thought behind these policies through metaphorical analysis.Therefore, this article wants to examine the attitude of the three discourses of reformism, fundamentalism and moderation towards "university" and answer the question of how university as a place of higher education in the speech of the representatives of these three discourses. The cognitive landscape is conceptualized. To answer this question, an attempt was made to study their positions towards higher education by using the method of qualitative analysis of conceptual metaphors based on "university" and how they are used in all three discourses.In terms of theoretical framework, this research is based on Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and in terms of methodology, it is based on Chartris Black (2004).The ratio of the occurrence of the word "university" to the whole corpus was about 0.21% and the highest frequency of use was related to moderates.Among other findings, we can mention the one-dimensional field of origin of "human" in the conceptualization of the university in three political currents.The humanism of the university makes it possible to have an ideological view of the university.

Contemporary Iranian fiction manifests itself in the southwestern part of the country, Khuzestan, in a distinct way. Writers of this region are distinguished from others in terms of style on the strength of a cultural diversity and special geography and some scholars term this style ‘Khuzestan School’. From among new-generation story writers of Khuzestan, Nasim Marashi, the author of the “Haras” novel, can be cited. Having been well versed in indigenous elements of southwestern Iran, she tells her story. This paper studies regional literature’s criteria such as dialect, clothing, food, climate, customs and beliefs in Haras novel adopting an analytical-descriptive method. Results reveal that realism, geography, and regional identity account for Marashi’s success in telling the history of part of a territory which recalls the second-long war of the twentieth century in its memories. Accordingly, she has managed to add “writing about war” to the three types of southern regional literature (writing about sea, writing about an industrial area, and writing about a rural environment).

The semiology considers all the signs which are used in language and literary works. The main tool of literature is language and language is the united set of signs. The poet or writer deals with the language signs because of his/her usage of the language. This article tries to explore the semiology of mystique and mythological elements in Manṭiq-Al-Ṭayr by the analytical-descriptive method. The present research has concluded that Aṭṭār has used the birds as signs or mystique and mythological elements to express the concepts of mystique. The main important element is Simorgh which is used for the truth of the essence of God. Also, other birds are signs of the class of mystics

There are many characters such as Zahed, Sufi, Old Magi and etc, in Hafez poems. The social identity of these chraracters is reppesented in Hafez poems from his point of view. The question of the present study is: what is the social identities of sufi and old magi in Hafez poems and which one of these two characters is foregrounded and is considered as the dominan and accepted character and which one is backgrounded and is considered as non – dominant and rejected one. Theoritical framework is based on Laclau and Mouffe discourse theory and discourse semiotic approach by Soltani (2014). According to the pattern of discourse semiotics approch and by analyzing the value signifiers related to "Old Magi" and "Sufi", and by analyzing their signifieds, it is concluded that the Sufi’s identity is a set of negative attributes and Hafez, via the assignment of these negative signifieds to Sufi, has backgranded the Sufi’s character and has considered him as a negative and non-dominant character. On the other hand, by attributing positive signifies to Old Magi, he has foregrounded the identity of the Old Magi and has considered him as a positive or dominant character.

Controversy over Hafez's religiosity or apostasy has a long background. The problem in the present article is to identify the discourse order in Hafez's lyric poetry, and to determine which discourses are insider and highlighted in this discourse order and which discourses are outsiders. Thus, a better understanding of Hafez's approach to religion can be gained through a fundamental and objective data method. The theoretical basis of the research is Laclau and Moffe theory of discourse and the research method is based on Soltani discourse semiotics model (2014). Accordingly, it was determined that the discourse order in Diwan of Hafez includes governmental, religious and Sufism. The alignment of Hafez's wisdom discourse with his love to Qur'an shows that this discourse does not contradict real religious values. The central signifier in wisdom’s discourse is the prescriptive signifier which is opposed and hypocritical to religious discourses.

Charles Lindblom‎ argues that the relationship between rulers and people is possible by the three ways: coercion, exchange, and persuasion. Imaginary schemata are important in cognitive linguistics. Therefore, three 'DISEASE', 'WAR', and 'PATH' schemata have been studied. Thus, conceptual metaphors such as "Politics as a war", "Politics as an illness" and "Politics as a PATH" have been analyzed. Studies showed about political metaphors used by Iran’s presidents, from all political factions including conservatives, reformists, moderate, and fundamentalists, that all emphasize the inseparability of religion and politics. In other words, the moderation slogan from Rouhani’s view, dialogue among civilizations from Khatami’s view, justice and spirituality from Ahmadinejad’s view all refer to the concept of “religion is politics” and “politics is a religion”.

The relation between culture and language, features the need to examine the effectiveness of language textbooks. Considering the goal that foreign language teaching is mainly associated with the entry of cultural issues into the learnerchr('39') knowledge, this need increases especially during learning a foreign language. Due to the todaychr('39')s growing importance of visual communication, this article offers a new perspective on images of English language textbooks in our system of education, based on the semiotic model of Kress and Van Leeuwen (2006), which emphasizes the importance of constituent elements of culture and society in analyzing linguistic signs; such as clothing, traditions or customs of cultures and subcultures. Paying attention to limitations of this case study, "ethnicity and location" are analyzed in the images of "Visions" and "Prospects". The present study explains how discourse is represented in these images, based on a scientific background and descriptive-analytical method with the aim of examining the social and cultural functions of language. The results show that the studied textbooks donchr('39')t have a specific "ethnic-racial" approach and selection of "place" was without bias of the source language or the target language; In this way, the illustrator didnchr('39')t pay special attention to his or her own language in choosing the images.

The projection and reflection of thoughts, beliefs and generally ideology in linguistic forms is one of the considerable foci in many areas of linguistics, including critical discourse analysis. Literary texts are adopted from authors' hidden ideology to direct addresser toward what they have in their mind. On the other hand, with the development of studies on corpus linguistics, the analysis of large volumes of linguistic data has already been provided. One of the important concepts in linguistics is keyness. Keywords do not mean the most frequent words in a corpus, but rather words that have a higher frequency in a particular text than is expected of a corpus. In this study, based on Baker's (2006) theoretical approach, we analyzed the keywords in two works of Jalal Al-e Ahmad, "Khasi dar Mighat" and "Gharbzadegi", investigating the social and political atmosphere of the works. To this end, after creating a reference corpus of Al-e Ahmad's other works, Word Smith tools was used for data analysis and 20 keywords were extracted and analyzed in the form of sample sentences.The results showed the reflection of Jalal al-e Ahmad's ideology such as criticizing the westoxification, caroxification, rooting failure causes, achieving Iranian society for freedom, and attempt to preserve cultural identity in these two works.

Kurdish is a widely spoken languages in four countries. This language has different dialects in some provinces of Iran such as Kurdistan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamedan, West Azerbaijan and Northern Khorasan. The two dialects of "Kormanji" and "Surani" are the most widely spoken ones in those provinces. "Dialects" are branches ramifying out of a single language but have phonetic, lexical and structural differences. The purpose of this research is to study some of the most frequent processes in the Kormanji dialect with regard to the "Moraic theory". The question of whether "compensatory lengthening" and "deletion" in this dialect and in the above theory are explainable is dealt with in this research. To answer this question, employing the field method, the data were collected through questionnaires answered by the native speakers and then the thesis and written sources were used. In the following, after describing the background of Moraic theory and its background, data analysis was performed through selected appropriate samples for each process and then their examination was done via the Moraic theory. In the end, it was concluded that theses processes are explainable in the framework of the Moraic theory.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the lenition and metathesis processes in the standard variety of the Persian language and the Brafto Tang Sha dialect of Bakhtiari as a southwestern Iranian language. For this purpose, 150 words were first selected from the dialect questionnaire and glossary. Then, eight illiterate and semi-literate native speakers aged 40 to 80 were interviewed. Additionally, the linguistic intuition of one of the writers as a native speaker as well as some written sources were used as the research background. The data were analyzed in the framework of generative phonology, and the phonetic notation was based on the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). The research method was descriptive-analytic. In the analysis of each of the processes, a table of data and its related rules was presented; and eventually in some cases, nonlinear representations were made by means of phonemic features. The study results indicate that the process of lenition in this dialect can be explained in the framework of generative phonology. Furthermore, the study showed that some types of lenition, including assimilation, deletion and grave as well as acute features are observable in these processes

Political rhetoric is one of the new forms of rhetorical science or the use of persuasion’s means in speech. In this regard, the parliamentary rhetoric, which is one of the most prominent manifestations of the political discourse of the countries, needs to be studied substantially. The five main centers of Rhetoric as creativity (Ethos, Logos, Pathos), Disposition, Eloquence, Deliverance and Memorial, form the important phases of the Rhetorical study of lectures from traditional to current concept. In this study, with the aim of examining the strengths and weaknesses of the debates in the general speech of the Islamic Consultative Assembly’s members, the authors will find a new pattern of the parliamentary rhetoric in Iran. By examining the pattern of general speech in the representatives of the two political fractions, Omid and Velayat, the authors have found that in most cases, regardless of the difference in the type of Pathos, speakers are weak in Disposition and Deliverance section. Finally, based on the results obtained, the authors provide a model for achieving a principled speech based on rhetorical rules. Finally, based on the results obtained, the goal is to provide a model for achieving a principled speech based on rhetorical rules in order to provide a dynamic and efficient parliamentary rhetoric based on daily needs of country.

The speech delivered by Iran Islamic Consultative Assembly Members is one of the most effective means they employ to get the MP’s to approve or reject the proposals made in the parliament. One way to convince the audience in a discursive process is to resort to argumentation. If argumentation, as a key point in the rhetoric to achieve the highest degree of persuasion, deviates from the path of reasoning, recourse will be made to fallacy. This study examined persuasive topoi in the for and against speeches delivered during parliamentary proposal review and vote of confidence sessions for the proposed cabinet of Iran twelfth government. To this end, instances of robust arguments replaced by fallacies were identified by means of rhetorical sophistications. The findings show that although the use of such devices as magnifying, minimizing, highlighting, and marginalizing may lead to the initial and immediate persuasion of the audience, this would not guarantee the eligibility of the ministers who win parliament's approval during the vote of confidence process.

In the process of language learning, error is an inevitable phenomenon. One way to identify educational needs to improve the quality of teaching materials and teaching methods is error analysis. Since one of the goals of the language training program is the correct teaching of language sounds, this article intends to investigate and analyze the phonetic errors of Malay-speaking Persian speakers at both beginner and intermediate levels. The sample of the present study consists of 12 Malay language students of Al-Mustafa Society Persian Language Training Center in Qom province who have been selected based on a simple random method. The data of this research have been collected using field and descriptive methods and through sound recording and direct observation. Identifying and analyzing the errors of these learners as well as the results extracted from the interviews show that the phonetic errors of Malay speakers are influenced by their mother tongue, Persian language and teaching methods. These errors are generally divided into three categories: 1) errors due to interlinguistic transmission, which are the most frequent errors in this study, 2) errors due to interlinguistic transmission, which are the least frequent, and 3) errors due to educational materials. Findings and results of the research show that the more the learner masters the target language (Persian), the number of his mistakes decreases.

Communication technologies such as Phones, mobile phones, TV, Internet, email, etc have a great role in today's world of knowledge and education. E-mail as a form of asynchronous computer-mediated communication extends what one can do in the classroom and has become the most popular communication tool in the professional and educational environment. The current study entitled " the effect of emailing (tasks) on reading comprehension ability of Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners "aims to examine if email utilization to send and receive learner's tasks have any significant effect upon their reading comprehension ability as well as their intrinsic motivation. In a quasi-experimental study the performance of 56 students in experimental and control groups were examined to determine the effect of the treatment. The results confirmed the significant positive effect of using email as a primary communication technology on learner's reading comprehension ability and intrinsic motivation.

The present study elucidates the process of consonant assimilation in the Turkish language of Zanjan within the theoretical framework of the geometry of phonological features, and specifies the nodes that are regularly involved in consonant assimilation. The theory of the geometry of phonological features is concerned with how different distinctive features get organized by phonological rules. The research question is whether consonant assimilation in Zanjan Turkish language can be explained within the framework of this theory. To answer this question, data was gathered through questionnaires, books and theses written in this field. After the introduction of theory, the right research method was used to analyze data. The observed assimilations were analyzed after identifying the frequency of occurrence. After presenting the samples, a typical example was chosen and a nonlinear representation of samples was provided. The results indicate that Zanjan Turkish language can be explained in terms of the geometry of phonological features theory and that most of the assimilations occur in the root node, resulting in complete assimilation.

The present article investigates the origins, themes, and cultural functions of the Iranian blackface and the American minstrel show according to theories put forward by Steven Tötösy and Claudia Guillén in comparative studies. Accordingly, issues and characteristics such as the blackened face, wit, parody, accent mockery, racism, dance and music, as well as socio-cultural and political satire within both cultures have been compared and contrasted. The researchers believe that despite the common African roots of the black figure in the subgenres of blackface and minstrel show and ridiculing the black in both kinds of the plays under study, the black’s position and function in the Iranian blackface are totally different from the American counterpart; that is itself due to the different socio-cultural background of these two subgenres. Moreover, despite their many similarities, the Iranian blackface has a culturally satirical function while the American minstrel is of a racist nature.

This research is an investigation of the consonant-to-consonant assimilation within the framework of geometry of phonological features (Clements, 1985; McCarthy,1988 and Clements & Hume, 1995) in one of the dialects in Tehran Province known as Damavandi. The theory of feature geometry is concerned with the way different distinguishing features get organized in accordance with phonological rules. The research question is whether we can elucidate the process of consonant-to-consonant assimilation within the framework of the above-mentioned theory. To find an answer, questionnaires were given to dialect users and the data in relevant books and dissertations were gathered; thence, 6oo pieces of data were collected. After proposing the theory and considering an appropriate research method, the data was analyzed. The analysis of each of the assimilations was dealt with via the following process: the frequency among the data was specified, tabular presentation of the sample frequency was provided, one sample was adopted as an example, the two hypotheses were examined to determine the deep structures, the linear form of the confirmed hypothesis was proposed, and lastly the sample non-linear presentation was displayed through phonological features. This study indicates that the consonant-to-consonant assimilation process in Damavandi dialect can be elucidated within the framework of the theory of feature geometry.