احمد فضلی نژاد

The establishment of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in history, had a profound impact on the conquered regions and marked the end of a historical era for many of them. Modern studies of the Mongol Empire look at it from conflicting perspectives including history, politics, culture, and the Mongols' impact on the conquered world. Since the study of the Mongol Empire spans three centuries, there are different approaches and methods to examine it. This historiographical study places the research on the Mongol Empire in the historical and political context of the period in which it was written, and articulates the methodological and intellectual developments that have been applied to the historical study of the empire. The findings show that since the first historical works in the 18th century, the main interpretation has been an uncritical narrative of Mongol savagery combined with the idea of the enlightened ruler. The Soviet Marxist historiography of the, 20th century, on the other hand, focused on class relations and Mongol social evolution. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, new works in Britain and America examined global exchange, cultural/economic integration and the emergence of international trade under Mongol rule and rejected the earlier interpretations of Mongol destruction. This historiographical article evaluates and critically formulates the approaches and methods used to study the Mongol Empire over three centuries using a descriptive-analytical approach and a chronological sequence.

In the history of ancient Iran, the Achaemenes state had experience in governance and a long presence in the lands around the Black Sea. The Achaemenes, who formed one of the first empires in human history, extended their vast borders in the north, south, east, and west to form seas or great rivers and brought large parts of Asia to the Greeks through trade exchanges and political relations. The maritime policy of the Achaemenes was access to all the coasts of the Black Sea, which protected them from invasions by the northern tribes and at the same time challenged the Greeks through their domination of Asia Minor and the enjoyment of its economic sources. This policy continued throughout the Achaemenes era, whether through military campaigns or by sending Achaemenes troops or families to the states of Asia Minor, but also through trade and economic activities. In this descriptive and analytical study has been reviewed the reason and circumstance of presence of Achaemenes in the area of the Black Sea, by study of Achaemenes inscriptions and Hellenic works and also researches of contemporary historians. This study concludes that Achaemenes based on a precise plan and then due to successive developments and events, thought that the Black Sea, which was a side sea for them, transform to lake within the territory of their empire and they succeeded to a large extent in this work.

The representation of historical events in the legacy of Islamic historiography is based on a previous system of issues, concepts and assumptions that emerged from the discursive conflicts of the Islamic society. The reproduction of this previous system in the minds of Muslim thinkers hinders the dynamics of historical thinking and the presentation of historical reading compatible with the problems of Islamic society. In this regard, presenting a strategy toward an epistemological break from this previous system of issues, concepts and ideas is a condition for any dynamics in the history-research of Muslim thinkers. Considering this important issue, the following article has formulated a theoretical framework in the critical rethinking of Islamic historiography. The formulation method of this theoretical scheme is the answer to three questions about the perspective, historical period as well as the theoretical model of the aforementioned rethinking. Based on this theoretical framework, "sociology of knowledge" should be considered as a suitable perspective in rethinking of Islamic historiography; Since, the sociology of knowledge breathes the spirit of historicity on the Islamic tradition via accepting the "existential determination of knowledge". On the other hand, the continuity and strengthening of the issues, concepts and ideas of the recording era in the framework of historical reports leads us to the point that the role of the crises of the "recording era" in the formulation of theories of cognition should be critically reconsidered. "Mannheim's sociology of knowledge" is also considered as a theoretical model that leads to a critical rethinking of Islamic historiography by recognizing the relationship between the challenges of the recording era and the formulation of theories of knowledge in this historical period; As it presents an adequate explanation of the discursive conflicts in the recording era and provides a methodical and deep understanding of the ruling concepts of Islamic historiography by prescribing diachronic and synchronic studies

The prevalence of epidemics and how to deal with them is very important in understanding the changes of social history. Islamic societies in the Eastern Mediterranean have a lot in common features geographically, historically and culturally. One of the difficulties of Islamic societies in the Eastern Mediterranean since the beginning of the rise of Islam and during the Muslim conquests and then throughout the Umayyad period was the unexpected outbreak of the plagues and the heavy casualties and the consequences that resulted from them. The results of this study show that the outbreak of the plague known as the Justinian plague in the late antiquity in the two empires of Rome and Iran and its transfer to the Islamic period, faced new problems for Muslims in the conquered lands and had far-reaching consequences for the developments of the first centuries of Islam. In this study by descriptive-analytical method the continuous prevalence of plague in a part of the history and geography of the Islamic world and its reflection in the historiography and intellectual and political issues of Muslims has been investigated.

There were contingencies for internal disputes with the outbreak of World War II extending to Yugoslavia in AD 1941. The occupation of Yugoslavia by the Allied forces led to the formation of different militia groups with different goals, ideologies, and political backgrounds. Such armed groups attempted to take military measures and fought not only against occupation but also for post-war political fate and future. In this way, many changes and fluctuations in their policies and positions emerged. Against this background, the authors seek to shed light on the aims of militia groups and their approach to changes in Yugoslavia in World War II as well as the factors effective in the success or failure of each of the involved groups in achieving their goals. The findings of this descriptive-analytical study show that eventually the leftist partisan movement succeeded to defeat its opponents and take over the affairs of the country by gaining greater domestic and foreign support. Political and military changes of this era of Yugoslavia's history determined the post-war political future of the country and became a foundation for developments in the following decades.

The port of Trabzon, located in northern Anatolia and on the southern shore of the Black Sea, is an interesting example of the freedom of action of traders in economic activities and their relations with international merchants in the Middle Ages under the auspices of a government. Because in the history of this city, which became a famous government in the late Middle Ages, the least involvement of politics and religion or any other noneconomic matter in economic activities can be seen. This is to the extent that its administrative and governmental system has finally gone extinct in history. Trabzon played a continuous mediating role in trade between East and West, as well as the Christian and Muslim worlds, and before its decline in the mid-sixteenth century was one of the main routes of regional and trans-regional exchanges. This research uses Persian, Byzantine and Arabic sources and expert researches and descriptive-analytical method to the role of rulers and traders in the economic prosperity of Trabzon during the Middle Ages. Findings show that in the political and religious climate of Muslim and Christian communities, the rulers of Trabzon provided a unique example of association with merchants of different lands and trade with sometimes hostile governments.

During the fifty-years of the Mongol invasion, Anatolia (Asia Minor) became increasingly important for the Mongols. After the establishment of the Ilkhanids Mongol government in Iran, the eastern and central parts of Anatolia was seized by Ilkhanids. Until the end of their rule, they extended their domains to the borders of the Byzantine Empire. Henceforth, Ilkhanids important goal was to cut off the relationship between the Golden Horde, the Russian Mongol, and the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria. Practically, to prevent the development of the relations of these rivals, the Ilkhanids made some kind of Anatolian blockade, which enjoyed great success in using the port of Trebizond. In the middle of this relationship, the Byzantine Empire, whose capital was Constantinople, had a commercial significance. Therefore, the Ilkhanids government was forced to establish friendly relations with the Byzantine Empire. To maintain its commercial life, Byzantine Empire had to create a trade balance with the Venice and Genoa republics which had commercial relations with the ports of Kaffa in the north of the Black Sea and Alexandria in the southern Mediterranean. This was also not something the Ilkhanids government could ignore. At the same time, the port of Trebizond, which was exclusively available to the Ilkhanids, was the main focus of its policy towards all the activists mentioned above, and during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, this port entered into the stage of trade and politics of the Black Sea.

 In his works, Nezami-e-Ganjavi has paid a great deal of attention to the name of Iran and particularly mentions it as the most focal and apex of Alexander's rule. In his viewpoint, Iran is pearl and the most important portion of the seven continents and holds that the conqueror of this territory has indeed owned the most fruitful land of the globe. The issue of seven continents and presence of its kings' daughters in seven-domes beside to Bahram-e-Gore as the king of Iran territory is the overt indication of Nezami's opinion towards the Iran's centrality and dominance over other territories. Nezami-e-Ganjavi was living in Caucasus in where various ethnic groups with different cultures had gathered together and the affectation of the Turks and Arabs was also at work. More importantly, the Iranian political boundaries had long been destroyed and replaced with local governments. Given the relatively long period after composing Shah° Nameh by Ferdowsi, Nezami obligated himself to renovate again the issue of the Iranian identity through legendary and romantic tales. In comparison with other works of Nezami-e-Ganjavi, the issue of territorial identity has gained a higher stress in Nezami's Haft° Peykar and Eskandar° Nameh since in these works two foreign kings had dominated Iran. In the works of Nezami-e-Ganjavi, the issue of territorial identity has been rendered through both referring to cities, natural geographic places within Iran and naming Iran herself, seven continents and Ajam territory versus Arab one.

Through a descriptive-analytical method, this research has made use of library resources. Nezami's Khamseh was the most focal and essential existing source for studying territorial identity in which the most important elements of the Iranian territorial identity have been demonstrated through poetic evidences.   The most grounding dilemma of this research is determining the ends and causes of renarrating Iranian territorial identity by Nezami-e-Ganjavi, quality of Iran's position and territorial identity in the works of Nezami-e-Ganjavi and additionally demonstrating the effects of Caucasus region on the thinking line of Nezami-e-Ganjavi in expressing territorial identity.

Living in Ganjeh, Elias Ebn Joseph-e- Nezami is amongst the greatest Iranian poets. Located in the boundaries of the Islam world, Ganjeh was a border town and the Islamic combatants of all regions were dispatched there for the case of defending Islam (Zarrinkub.1993,7). Nezami's lifespan was in line with Seljuk dynasty. pretending to be defendant of the Iranian culture and language, Seljuk government was indeed composed of Turkish foreigners who had conquered and dominated ancestral Iran's territory and borders. Seljuks expanded the Iranian borders through their conquests but never applied them as a return to the integrated pre-Islamic territory. After Seljuk's demise and in coincidence with Nezami-e-Ganjavi,  local governments and the Seljuk's decomposed regimes ruled Caucasus and Azerbaijan regions. During this era, the presence of these local governments indicates the absence of political centrality and integration at Iran's political borders. The attention of regional governments to poetry and literature led Nezami to make use of his potential in this field and renarrate the Iranian identity and culture through the past stories. The importance of Caucasus and Azerbaijan for Nezami-e-Ganjavi lies within two reasons; firstly it was his own hometown and secondly it was among boundary territories of Iran and Minor Asia, so consequently it was under the effects of other cultures which in its turn caused cultural amalgamation and lastly diminished the characteristics of the Iranian identity in general and territorial identity in particular. In describing Azerbaijan and Erran in his works, Nezami-e-Ganjavi has implemented historical point of views. As instances he refers to Armenia within the story of Khosro- Shirin which during the governance of Khosro Parviz belonged to the Iranian territories for a while and by the same token he mentions cities and places in Azerbaijan and Caucasus regions which according to Eskandar° Nameh all were conquered by Alexander. The poet has made use of Azerbaigan which is an archaic name. In Eskandar° Nameh and during the distraction of fire temples by Alexander, Azerbaijan has been named as Azerbadgan (Nezami-e-Ganjavi, 1937:242). In Eskandar° Nameh and during poeticization of Alexander story, Nezami-e-Ganjavi has repeatedly mentioned the influences of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and considering himself as his disciple with a slight change in northwest direction, introduces all mentioned boundaries of Shahnameh as the dominance of Alexander who is the king of Iran and the vale. In Haft°Peykar and Khosro Shirin, Nazami has also paid attention to the Iran's importance and specifically in Haft°Peykar introduces Bahram-e-Gore as an Iranian worthy and patriotic defendant who has considerably specified the Iran's borders versus other territories (Nezami-e-Ganjavi, 1936:89-99). In Ferdowsi's words, his greatest end is poeticizing poems about Iranian territory and her position among the Iranian people but Nezami has pursued the same through legendary and romantic tales. Owing to this and compared with Ferdowsi, Nezami has much less applied the names of Iran, seven territories and seven continents. According to Doustzadeh "in retrieve and revival of Ferdowsi's approach in paying attention to the Iranian past, Nezami has been after innovating a distinctive poetic style which was the indication of the great concern of his era" (Doustzadeh, 2009:392). Because of the conditions which took place in the post Islamic Iran and accordingly distortion of political borders, Nezami expressed both directly and indirectly the Iran's territorial identity. The terms of Iran and Iranian have frequently been mentioned in Nezami's works and mostly have been appeared in Eskandar° Nameh. The reason is that Alexander is non-Iranian in terms of Nezami and in his importance for the people in spite of his foreigness as the owner of the majesty. In governing Iran, Alexander should have had some justifications and defending the territorial boundaries of Iran by the Mecdonian king was the most notably one. Though Alexander is not an Iranian, the poet conceives him as a king who follows the archaic kings in governing method and paying attention to to the elements of Iranian identity. Nezami holds that Iran territory is a place wherein other characteristics of Iranian identity is formulated. In considering Iran, the issue of seven countries or seven continents is amongst  Nezami's main concerns. Regarding his own time conditions shows that Iran is the most important portion of the globe and seven continents. In courting Roushanak, Nezami introduces Alexander as the king of seven continents. In fact by conquering Iran he earned the mentioned title (Nezami-e-Ganjavi 1937:256). In relation to Iran, the most elegant and focal poems of Nezami have been declared in Haft°Peykar through addressing Kerparsalan;the king of Aghnasanghori. Conceiving the world as a body, in this context , Nezami knows Iran as its heart and as an argument says that the best part of the vale is where Iranians reside there (Nezami-e-Ganjavi, 1937:31). The poet makes use of Iranzamin term in his works for many times, specifically in and addressing letter written by Alexander to have Dara's letter answered. Here, Nezami on the behalf of Alexander refers to Iranzamin and in a sense introduces Alexander as the Iran's savior (Nezami-e-Ganjavi, 1938:158). Nezami in some of his works has indirectly referred to the name of Iran and has made use of terms like Ajam's territory (Nezami-e-Ganjavi, 1995:201). Jayhun and Alborz mountain, regarding its crucial role in a vast body of epic and historical changes, have also been considered by Nezami as the elements of the Iranian territorial identity, specially in the course of time passage, Jayhun was understood to be natural borderline between Iran and Touran (Nezami-e-Ganjavi, 1937:320).

Compared with other works of Nezami-e-Ganjavi, the name of Iran has a higher frequency in Eskandar° Nameh and this lies within the fact that one the one side, being an imitation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Eskandar° Nameh owns an epic intonation and on the other side, stressing the Iran's position before the eyes of foreigners, Nezami has intended both  to demonstrate interests of Macedonian Alexander towards Iran territory and defending her boundaries and justify Alexander's invasion to Iran, through narrating the tales of Dara and Alexander. The well known couplets rendered at the beginning of Haft°Peykar in which the whole globe is likened to a body and Iran is its innermost, are the apex of Nezami's viewpoint towards the issue of the Iranian territorial identity and since these couplets have been appeared at the outset of Haft°Peykar, so the reader is early faced with a book in which Iran has been faced against foreign territories and her important position is greatly stressed for the Iranian people. Considering the cultural multiplicity of Caucasians, Nezami-e-Ganjavi was well familiar with various cultures and customs. The cultural amalgamation in the Caucasus region undermined Iran's pre Islamic political and geographic boundaries which in its turn intensified Nezami's task of expressing territorial identity.  Nezami's lifespan was coincided with the lack of integrity in Iran, presence and influence of the Turks throughout the Iranian territory especially in Azerbaijan and Eran regions as well as the continuous penetration of the Abbasid caliphate in the eastern territories. After a long time since the poetization of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, these factors prompted the poet to formulate the characteristics of territorial identity and longing of returning to the Iran's pre Islamic boundaries in an innovative approach.

Renaissance historiography, like other aspects of this cultural and literary movement, sought to revive ancient Greek and Roman culture and civilization. Since the Greco-Persian wars, Greeks used the term barbarian for all non-Greek-speaking individuals, including Persians, and this led to the invention of the concept of "others" in their historical identification. This is while wisdom and the way of Persian governance were praised in Greek philosophical thoughts. Historical thoughts and Renaissance historiography were influenced by Greek and Roman thoughts in various ways; meanwhile, it followed the philosophical school of Socrates and his disciples in relation to the subject and status of Persia in ancient history and contemporary period. The translation of the Cyropaedia from Xenophon, Instead of Herodudt's works was influential in this regard. In addition, on the one hand, the trend of Renaissance historiography to political and national history, and on the other hand, political developments in Western Asia, including the rule of Timur and Ozon Hassan Agh Qoyunlu on Persia, had a significant impact on the evolution of the Renaissance historiography approach toward Persians. In relation to the position of Persian history and civilization, the aim of this descriptive-analytical study is to examine the nature and the way of presenting "continuity" and "developments" in the historical thoughts of the Renaissance from the preceding period.

Cultural diplomacy is a type of public diplomacy that is employed by different governments to foster mutual understanding and support among the ordinary people of other societies, rather than their official governments; among different types of modern diplomacy, including public diplomacy, media diplomacy, and educational diplomacy, cultural diplomacy is of unique importance. During Qajar dynasty rule in Iran, the government of Germany, having a clear understanding of international system’s order under two powerful states of Russia and Great Britain and also the influence of cultural diplomacy, started consistent and expansive cultural activities in many different countries including Iran .

One of the topics attended by scholars and Islamic physicians has been the knowledge of anatomy. From the beginning of translation movement in the second century, Muslims paid a special attention to this branch of knowledge. Greek physicians’ works especially Galen, were translated into Arabic and described as infrastructures for the authorship of Muslim physicians’ works in the field of anatomy. Muslim physicians, while paying attention to the views of Greeks, presented new theories. The most important of these theories concerned Ibn Nafis. His study of blood circulation was a sign of deep investigation by Muslim physicians. In the seventh and eighth centuries, Persian physicians paid much attention to knowledge and wrote several treatises in this regard. For example, Al Mokhtasar fi Tashrih of Abolmajd, al Bayzavi and resale fi tashrih of Najmodin Mahmod ibn Elyas Shirazi and tashrihol Abdan of Mansur ibn Ahmad Shirazi. This research paper is descriptive-analytical in nature and takes a comparative approach. By conformation of these works together, this research considers the most important topics of the above-mentioned scientists about anatomy in Persian physician’ works.

The access to seas and high seas was one of the significant concerns of Iranian government's foreign policy during history. The geographical position of Iran- located two seas in north and south of it- provided a golden opportunity for Iranian government to have the influential role in international trade and protection of national security. Ilkhanid government settled in a land which lying from Oxus in east to Euphrates in west and from southern coasts of Black sea in north to Persian Gulf in south. By employing marine policy in commercial relations, Ilkhanid government played a substantial role in international trade during middle Ages. The factors of Ilkhanid's marine trade were based on dominance over Caucasus and election of Azarbayejan district as capital, sovereignty over Mesopotamia in order to control Red Sea and Indian Ocean and also influence over Anatolia and Asia Minor in order to control the southern ports of Black Sea. This marine policy had some considerable consequences such as control of commercial routes between East and West, Competition with Golden Horde and Mamalik government, relations with commercial government of Mediterranean districts and inauguration of commercial road of Tabriz to Hormoz and from Hormoz to Indian Ocean and China Sea which was regarded to be a significant event in international trade history.
This research investigates the role of Ilkhanid's marine policy in changes of marine trades between East and West. The outcome of such research demonstrates that Ilkhanid government not only resisted against local marine and its rivals but also had the effective role in connection of marine trade districts of Mediterranean, Black Sea and Indian Ocean.

The destructive assaults of Changiz led to the annihilation of a number of cities and villages in Transoxania being of a singular prosperity in the preceding time. In the divisions of Changiz household, this region was devoted to Joqtay household who ruled on it from 624 After Hijrah /1227 A.C towards 763 After Hijrah/1362 A.C. Joqtay household were considered the symbol and representative of nomad Mongolian and loyal to their ancestors’ traditions while their life got its meaning under the shadow of Yasa. During changiz government -624/1227 to 640/1242- Joqtay was in charge of the exact administration of Yasa and changiz khan orders. He got known as the definite opponent of Muslims due to taking anti-Islamic policy and imposing Mongolian Yasa to people under its government realm. After him, the Olos Joqtay’s Mongolian queens tended towards Islam by putting their ancestors’ religion away. This led to challenging some shamanic traditions and the extended prevention of Muslim groups particularly Sufis. The present writing has studied the trend of Olos Joqtay accepting Islam in Transoxania and evaluated its effects on the community of central Asia.

After the collapse of the Abbasid government and establishment of Ilkhanid dynasty in Iran, Shia Muslims could perform their religious ceremonies and rituals with more freedom. They resisted the destruction of the holy sites in Atabat with the help of Khajeh Nassir al-Tusi and Shia scholars in Iraq. Afterwards, Shia scholars worked for making Mongol Sultans pay tribute to the holy sites of Ahl al-Bayt by penetrating into Ilkhanid court, composing dissertations, and holding negotiation meetings. Iranian statesmen and ministers played a significant role by enacting constructional plans in the holy cities and performing rituals there. Accordingly, during Ghazan and Aljaito the popularity of religious cities increased and the academic, economic and religious prosperity and welfare of the Shia Muslims and Sadaat improved. The present study aims at studying the factors affecting the tendency of the Ilkhanids towards Shia holy sites and its consequent effects on further transformations in the Iranian society as well as the actions of the Ilkhanids. One of the findings of the study is that Shia scholars and Iranian statesmen could make Mongol Ilkhanids quit one of their long-lasting customs, i.e., concealing the tombs of their leaders like Genghis khan and early Ilkhanids. Contrary to that, leaders like Ghazan and Oljaito contributed to the cultural and economic prosperity of the land by constructing glorious mausoleums for themselves and founding schools, charity houses, and the like.

Centuries of 7th and 8th AH is a period of historiographic growth in Iran and the Muslim World. After many years of internal tensions and instability between proponents of two different perspectives in socio-political order, namely nomadic life and plundering strategies (Mongols) and political centralization (Iranians), the Ilkhanid state in Iran got to a level of relatively stable and strength at the beginning of the 8th century AH. In addition, conversion to Islam by Ghazan, led to a new political order in which Iran and Ilkhanid state was considered a major state in the Islamic World. However, conflicts with neighboring countries particularly with Egypt and Syria that were already started from the establishment of the Ilkhanid state continued. Thus, in Iran and Muslim world particularly in Egypt and Syria Relations between Muslim states were of major issues in this movement of historiography. Iranian historians took this advantage to draw attentions to Iranian identity and geographical boundaries with particular focus on its historical background. This new approach in historiography ultimately led to such a deep reconsideration of Irano-Arab relations through historical accounts and poem that was not witnessed since Ferdowsi. Simultaneously one can realize that in Arab historical accounts such as works of Qalqashandi and Umari, Iran is seen as an independent country with relatively known boundaries and Ilkhanid state is tied to Iranian deep history and dynastic kingship. In this study, as for to reflection of conflicts between Ilkhanid and Mamluks in historical sources, interprets the approach of Iranian and Arab historians on Idea of Iran and analyzes this sources from the view point of Iranian identity.

Levant region (Eastern Mediterranean) has been of special importance in the history of commercial activities. In seventh/thirteenth century, two significant events influenced the development and prosperity of the commercial activities of this region, of which the most important were in the field of slave trade. First, the developments of the Crusades, especially the fourth Crusade (1204 CE) and the role of the involved countries. Second, the Mongols’ invasion and the conquest of vast areas of land extending from China to Europe. Simultaneous with the formation of the Mongol’s governments, the Mamālīk’s rising to power in Egypt also accelerated the development and expansion of this trade and influenced the relation between the European governments and the Crusaders, as well. Besides, the profitability of slave trade for the businesswise Italian state-cities, despite their presence in the Crusades, increased the trend of slave purchase from the Black Sea region and their transfer to the Mediterranean region had widespread consequences on the trend of the Crusades and the relation of these state-cities with the Muslim. World. With a descriptive-analytical method and with reliance on the Islamic and Western sources and modern researches, the issue of slave trade in Levant in seventh/thirteenth century as an activity with widespread impact on the governments and communities of this region and Europe has been studied and evaluated in this article.

Tourism has different effects on a wide range of areas; however، most focus has been on its economic and financial consequences whereas its social and political aspects have been neglected up to this time. As a result، because of the importance of the promotion of national identity towards the reconstruction and alsothe future economic and political development of our country، this subject was chosen. It is hoped that discussion of such issues can improve Iran''s position in international relations. In the current article it is argued that by strengthening one of the basic elements of Iranian identity، i. e. history awareness، tourism can have a fundamental role on shaping and deepening national identity among Iranians. Hence، domestic tourism can enhancehistorical awareness among people and can support national identity. The key question of this research is to what extent domestic tourism can deepen and increase the concept of national identity. To answer the main question of research the quality approach has been used and for the data collection the documentary method has been employed. Discussion and Throughout history the basic elements of national identity has been land، geography، government، religion، myths، history، the Persian language and its culture. Among the abovementioned elements، the one which has proved most essential feature amongst all othersis a common background or history and its awareness. A good way to raise the sense of national identity،especially during times of defeats and crises، isthe attempt at finding a refuge in our past history and talking about our past achievements and triumphs. Among the causes which can raise historical awareness، factors such as historical buildings and their objective manifestations from the past legends، myths، collective memory of Iranians and recorded sources of Iran''s history can be mentioned. Definitely tourism industry can acquaint interested individuals to historical buildings and constructions as objective symbols of their past. Currently tourism can play a significant role in the progress of social plans. Accordingly،different countries follow different programs to enhance tourism in order to raise national identity. Studies show that historical awareness through advancing tourism can significantly deepen and increase national identity.

The creation of the idea of Iran in the ancient period is the result of historical and important changes which in great part are related to Mythical and Heroic Age, and provide the possibility of the creation and evolution of Iranian identity through transferring the common oral memories and Heroic memorials to the Historical period. This idea, generally, has geographical, political and cultural aspects, which are components of Iranian identity. Parts of these features are certain land and boundaries, historical and epic battles, continuity and evolution of Persian language, customs and manners of sovereignty. In the process of creation and evolution of the idea of Iran and creating the Iranian identity, Sassanid period in the ancient history is one exception.Sassanids was the last period of the history of ancient Iran that had an essential role in transferring and continuity of the concept of Iran throughout the Islamic period with strengthening and evolution of the idea of Iran and invention of Iran- Shahr concept.

The Mongol Ilkhanid Rule over Iran which began after the conquest of Baghdad and the collapse of five hundred years reign under Abbasid Dynasty had some important side effects on Iranian culture and politics but above all was the revival of Iranian identity and awareness of intellectuals and officials regarding the historical condition and state of affairs within the restriction of their own territories. Hamdollah Mostofi Qazvini is one of the well known writers who has valuable writings on subjects such as history, geography and epics. Those have helped in clarifying Iran’s historical identity. In his book Nozhat-al-Qoloob, he has illustrated Iran as an ancient country with distinct borders and has explained about its provinces. In his Zafarname which is an epic poem using the Ferdowsi style, he has given very much significance to the concept and identity of Iran. In this remarkable works, Mostowfi has persistently acclaimed and mentioned "Iran" and "Iranians" and following the jovayni and Rashid-alddin Fazl allah By using Iran as a conceptual centre, he has tried to assimilate the Mongol rulers into the life style and policy of ancient Iranian kings. The Zafarname reveals Mostowfi’s thoughts about the continuation of the concepts of Iran according to the ancient royalty during the Islamic epoch and the construction of an Iranian-Islamic Renaissance.