احمد کریمی

The concept of "person" as a key concept in philosophy, law and ethics refers to beings who have moral dignity and fundamental rights. Characteristics such as consciousness, intelligence, self-awareness and the ability to communicate are the criteria for identifying a being as a "person". This concept is important in human rights and bioethics, especially in life and death issues such as abortion and infanticide. Clarifying different approaches about the concept of "person" can have profound effects on moral and legal decisions. While the use of this term is common in the West and it is the criterion of many moral and legal judgments, in Iran its moral dimensions have not yet been addressed and this gap necessitates a detailed investigation. This article examines two main approaches to the concept of "person" in bioethics: the gifted approach that emphasizes the inherent value of all human beings and the functional approach that considers only humans with certain characteristics to have moral dignity. The requirement of the functional approach is that all human beings do not have moral dignity and do not have equal rights.

Conversion of desert soils to cropland may cause changes in some soil properties. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of converting desert soils to cropland (wheat) and orchard (pistachio) on the soil organic carbon (SOC) content and storage, particulate organic carbon in Abarkooh region (Yazd province). Three land uses included wheat, pistachio, and desert soils were assessed. In order to compare the soil properties in different land uses, In September 2018, soil samples from desert, wheat, and orchard sites were taken from 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths. From each depth, 10 composite soil samples were taken. After pretreatments of soil samples, the soil properties including electrical conductivity, pH, gravel, sand, silt, clay, bulk density, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, were measured according to standard protocols. According to the obtained results, bulk density, gravel content and electrical conductivity decreased after the cultivation of desert soils. The SOC contents in the croplands and orchard were about 3.4-5.8 times higher than those in the desert soils. Also, the results showed an increase of 5.7 to 15.8 times of soil particulate organic carbon in the wheat fields and pistachio orchards compared to desert soils. The lowest SOC storage was observed in desert soils (0.19-0.24 kg.m-2) and the highest was obtained in pistachio orchards (1.08-1.12 kg.m-2). According to the findings of this study, it seems that sustainable cultivation and irrigation of desert soils could be an appropriate method which considerably enhances soil organic carbon sequestration in the study area.

Definition of "knowledge" is one of the most important and at the same time the most challenging problems in the history of "epistemology". Farabi -heavily influenced by Plato's epistemological system, especially in the treatises "Theaetetus", "Meno", "Republic", "Euthyphro" and "Phaedo"- considers the possible and desired knowledge as "certain knowledge" in the field of worldview and theoretical and non-evident propositions. His definition of "certain knowledge" or "logical certainty in its most specific sense" includes the four pillars of "firm, true and stable belief". Almost all Muslim philosophers, logicians and epistemologists, including the ancients, the late ones and the contemporaries, have embraced the above definition and made their efforts to confirm and complete it. Leaving out the term "truth", however, Avicenna apparently turned to present a "tripartite definition" of knowledge. Regarding the absence of the term "truth" in Avicenna's definition of "knowledge", two hypotheses can generally be imagined: renunciation and deviation, or his adherence to the celebrated definition. Researchers of philosophy and epistemology have accepted the second hypothesis and have proposed at least two interpretations and justifications in order to prove their claim. In their research and by accepting the second hypothesis, the authors have critically repudiated the arguments for other authors presenting a third and novel interpretation. Having cited four evidences from Avicenna's own works, the authors have vindicated the main claim (i.e. Avicenna's commitment and adherence to the Quadruple definition of Farabi and celebrated philosophers and the fact that Avicenna's omission of the term "truth" in the definition of knowledge is merely a matter of formality).

This study was concluded in order to investigate the effects of inclusion of camelina meal (CM) and substitution of the dietary salt by sodium bicarbonate (SB) on performance and ascites incidence in broilers reared at high altitude. A total of 672 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to 7 treatments with 6 replications of 16 birds. Experimental treatments included the diet base on corn and soybean meal without salt replacement by SB (control), diets containing 5 and 10 percent of CM in combination with 25, 50 and 75 percent substitution of SB for sodium chloride. Feeding experimental diets reduced productive performance of chicks so that diets containing 10% CM with 50 or 75 percent SB replacement reduced feed intake and body weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio when compared to the control birds (P<0.05). The effect of the experimental treatments was not significant on carcass percentage and relative weights of breast, thigh and liver, but decreased the relative weights of abdominal fat, heart, spleen and bursa of Fabricius (P<0.05). The right ventricle to total ventricles weight ratio and ascites mortality reduced as a result of CM utilization and substituting of SB for dietary salt (P<0.05). Generally, the utilization of diet containing 5% CM and 25% replacement of sodium chloride by SB are recommended to reduce of ascites mortality without impaired performance in broilers reared at high altitude.

Among various approaches and perspectives on humanity, the understanding of intellectuals and poets of this complex and multidimensional concept, including their viewpoints, can lead us to understand the concept of humans better. Poets can represent a concept in their poetry in the most sublime and delicate expressions. A precise understanding of a concept during the poet's time can be achieved through the reinterpretation of a poem. How political intellectuals represent man is an important issue that opens up a new angle and dimension of anthropological knowledge. In this research, based on a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to answer how two renowned Iranian poets, namely Ahmad Shamloo from the contemporary period and Hafez from the classical era, portray human and political man. The results indicate that both poets have a unique view of the mythological human and strive to define and determine the position of humans in the cosmos. Hafez is searching for a complete human who is patient, enduring, and hopeful, while Shampoo is searching for a terrestrial human, a warrior who can build the world around himself, two different approaches that display different benefits in politics. The socio-political transformation in Hafez's era is minimal, while the effort for social change and transformation in Shamloo's era is maximal. The concept of identity is a prominent and significant element in the poetry of both poets, especially in Hafez's, which is highly important in social matters and its transformation. For Hafez, the duality of reason and love (heart) has always been a conflict, and he strives to create a clear image of the despondent human in an indifferent atmosphere. Shamloo elevates the view of the Iranian human and, with an overarching Iranian approach to the concept of human, presents a different level of interpretation of humanity for his contemporary society.

The discussion of the existence of common innate perceptions among humans, at the top of which is the belief in the existence of God, is one of the important topics among epistemologists. Through qualitative data analysis, this article tries to examine the natural perceptions in the thought of Mīrzā Mahdī Iṣfahānī and Leibniz and then discusses the issue of remembering or processing these perceptions. The findings of the research showed that both were of the opinion that humans have prior concepts from birth. Mīrzā Mahdī considers these perceptions to be actual and of the nature of emergency knowledge and introduces its place as the human heart and believes that they are to be forgotten. Therefore they need to be reminded. Citing narrative arguments, he enumerates various reminders, which this research considers them under the two categories: naturalistic reminders, such as reflection on divine signs and verses, difficulties and hardships, self-knowledge and self-preservation, and religious reminders such as Quran, dhikr (remembrance of God), the prophets and Ahl al-Bayt. According to Leibniz's theory of human constitution, it is inspired by the Christian teachings of divine illumination and God's face, and by dividing perceptual facts into two areas of reason and reality and by forming a system consisting of monads and a system of prior coordination, he considers the innate perceptions not as having the nature of knowledge, but of potential talents that become actual and explicit perception under an internal origin. Leibniz considers the actualizing factors of innate talent to be reflection or reflective perception, learning, and contemplation in sensations and creatures and the design governing them.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural wastes as a non-fasting method on inducted molting, productive performance, immune response, and blood parameters of laying hens with five experimental treatments and five replicates, including seven birds in each replicate. Dietary treatments consisted of feed withdrawal, apple peel waste, carrot pomace, tomato pomace, and zinc oxide (20 g/kg). The results indicated feed intake in pomace groups decreased significantly (P<0.05). Molting methods did not affect body weight reduction. The zinc group was the lowest egg production in during the molting time, and apple peel waste and tomato pomace groups significantly increased compared to the zinc oxide group in resting time (P<0.05). In days 5 and 11 of molting, heterophil to lymphocyte ratios were significantly lower in the pomace groups than in the feed withdrawal group (P<0.05). Pomace treatments had no significant effect on the egg quality, except for carrot pomace and tomato pomace groups, which increased the yolk color (P<0.05). The lowest level of triglyceride was related to pomaces, the highest levels of cholesterol and MDA were attributed to the feed withdrawal group, and the highest levels of glucose were reported for the tomato pomace, which were statistically significant compared with the control group (P<0.05). Ovary and oviduct weights were significantly lower in the pomace groups than the zinc oxide group (P<0.05). In conclusion, using tomato pomac or apple peel waste as a non-fasting molting method can be an effective alternative to the feed withdrawal method.

Drought have had adverse effects on the animal husbandry industry and has caused a decrease in livestock population and performance. In this regard, changing the cultivation pattern and replacing water-resistant species can be a suitable solution for this problem. However, due to low protein and dry matter (DM), animals fed exclusively with cactus pear may show weight loss, and digestive disorders such as diarrhea. Combining cactus, which is high in soluble sugars, with high fiber and raw protein ingredients could complement each other's weaknesses and form a balanced diet. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding different levels of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters.

The silage was prepared from a homogeneous blender of 66% fresh spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) and 34% alfalfa hay on a w/w basis using 220 L plastic gallons. The chemical composition and quality of the ensiled material were determined. The samples were taken to determine the chemical composition after ensiling on day 45. In this experiment, four Kermani male sheep were used in a change-over design with four periods of 21 days. Experimental treatments were based on increasing levels of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage (0, 10, 20, and 30% DM). During the week of sampling the amount of feed offered and leftovers were collected and weighed daily before the morning feeding to measure daily feed intake (on a DM basis) and digestibility of nutrients. On the last day of each period at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after morning feeding, rumen fluid was sampled from sheep (by esophagus tube and was filtered through three layers of cheesecloth) to determine pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acid (VFA). Blood samples were collected on the four days of each period and three h after morning feeding in 10 ml. To determine the amount of allantoin and microbial protein synthesis, the daily urine produced during 24 hours was collected.

The gas production volume (ml) was a significant difference among experimental diets (P<0.05). Fat and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility increased when animals were fed 30% cactus-alfalfa mixed silage than those fed 10% and 20% cactus-alfalfa mixed silage and control diet (P<0.05). Also, there was a quadratic effect on DM, organic matter (OM), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility by feeding different levels of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage (P<0.05). The highest concentration of ruminal NH3-N was observed by an experimental diet containing 30% cactus-alfalfa mixed silage in all sampling occasions (P<0.05). Feeding of 20% and 30% of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage than after treatments increased linearly ruminal propionic acid molar and decreased linearly acetic acid and acetate/propionate ratio (P<0.05). There was a significant effect on concentrations of triglyceride and urea-nitrogen by adding different levels of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage (P<0.05). Blood Urea nitrogen level in sheep-fed cactus-alfalfa mixed silage was significantly increased linearly (P<0.05).

The results of this study indicated that cactus-alfalfa mixed silage has appropriate nutritional value and its inclusion up to 30% on DM basis in the diets provided favorable conditions for ruminal function and digestibility. Therefore, it is recommended, cactus-alfalfa mixed silage could be included in livestock diet during drought or feedstuff shortage especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

Love is one of the recurring themes and as the most motivating element of life, which has enchanted the thought and language of poets with its charm and grace since long ago in the creation of romantic and lyrical works. In the field of psychology, several theories have been presented to better understand and explain love, the most influential of which is Robert Sternberg's love triangle theory. He believes that perfect love consists of three components: "intimacy, passion and commitment" and from the lack of each component, other types of love will be formed that are not perfect and will not have a favorable result. The current research is a theoretical study and it has been done in a descriptive-analytical way by referring to library sources, and its main purpose is to explain love and its types in the poems of Simin Behbahani and Alamtaj (Jale) Qaim Magi based on Sternberg's love triangle theory. The findings of the present research indicate that Simin Behbahani and Jale Ghaem Maggi, under the influence of various factors, such as personal experience and social issues of the age, addressed the theme of love and some of its types in their poetry, and it shows that rebellion against some norms and or social anomalies have caused the two mentioned poets to be driven to the theme of love in women; Lack of awareness of the dimensions of perfect love and ineffective choice causes the emergence of types of love, the evidence of which can be seen in the poems of Jaleh and Simin, and some of them can be matched with social problems.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of molasses kombucha on performance, intestinal morphology and intestinal microbial population on 320 Ross male broiler chickens in a completely randomized design in 5 treatments and 4 replicate with 16 chickens in each replicate, in the starter (1-10 days old), growth (11-24), the final (25-42) and whole period (1-42). Experimental treatments include drinking water containing: 1) tap water with no kombucha, 2) 0.015 and 0.003 kombucha, respectively, during the starter and growth period, 3) 0.015, 0.003 kombucha and 0.003 three days a week, respectively during the starter, growth and finisher period 4) 0.015 Kombucha during starter and 0.003 kombucha three days a week during growth and finisher period 5) 0.015 Kombucha during starter and growth period and 0.003 kombucha three days a week during finisher. All experimental treatments had a higher body weight gain than the control group (P < 0.05). During the starter and whole periods, except for treatment 2, addition of molasses kombucha significantly improved the feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). There was a significant increase in the villus surface area of the treatments compared to the control group (P<0.05). Molasses kombucha caused a significant increase in the Lactobacillus population and decreased the total coliforms in the cecum environment (P<0.05). In conclusion, 0.015 Kombucha during starter and growth period and 0.003 kombucha three days a week during finisher can improve the performance of broiler chickens.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin E (VtiE) and L-carnitine (L-Car) supplements with purslane powder (PP) in reduced-protein diet to prevention of ascits in broiler chickens. 576 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to six treatments: 1) normal-protein diet (negative control; NC), 2) a reduced- protein diet (20 g kg-1 lower protein) as a control diet (C), 3) C + 2 g kg-1 of PP, 4) C + PP diet supplemented with 250 mg kg-1 VitE, 5) C + PP diet supplemented with 150 mg kg-1 of L-Car and, 6) C + PP diet supplemented with 250 mg kg-1 VitE + 150 mg kg-1 L-Car. Feed intake and body weight gain was (P<0.05) increased by purslane powder, vitamin E and L-carnitine treatment. purslane powder + VitE and purslane powder + L-Car treatments reduced (P<0.05) mortality due to ascites and the RV/TV ratio. These supplemented improved antioxidant activity. (P<0.05) and increased the level of NO and UA. Liver enzyme activities were decreased (P<0.05) by dietary supplementation with PP, VtiE and L-Car. It could be concluded that addition of VtiE and L-Car in combination with purslane in low protein diets induced beneficial synergetic effects to reduce the susceptibility of birds to ascites.

In this article, by using the definitions of the concepts of Prophet and Prophethood, the purpose of Prophethood is pointed out, and the place and necessity of this notion in the field of knowledge is investigated. In addition, God's actions towards the prophets have also been mentioned, which include: taking a vow from the prophets by God, preempting the words to the messengers and sending a prophet, God's revelation to the prophets, and granting features to the prophets from God. The interpretation of a prophet is different from that of a messenger, a king, and a sage. Therefore, the scope of a prophet's authority in God's throne, purgatory, and the domain of the jinn can be examined. Even the examples of prophesying by prophets and other messengers of God are different, and God's behavior with prophets includes: benefiting from special blessings, placing Jinn and other enemies for every prophet. The characteristics of prophets also include: divine knowledge about, benefiting from divine instruction, finding a way to the purgatory, and being guided on the straight path. In the same way, prophets have special behavioral characteristics towards God, people and their families.

 Undoubtedly, the concern of every person in life is to reach the ideal world that he cultivates in his mind and to achieve it, he tries to remove its obstacles. Needs are among the obstacles that can be removed to achieve a desirable life. Therefore, this motivation will lead a person to know and satisfy his needs. William Glaser is one of the psychologists who presented a theory based on internal control, called the theory of choice, in which he proposed five basic human needs, which include: survival, love, power, freedom, and fun, and he believes that every behavior of humans Head is in the direction of satisfying these five needs. Considering the deep relationship between the rich Persian literature and psychology, it is possible to analyze and examine the authentic works of Persian literature based on the world"s popular theories. The purpose of this research is to examine the basic human needs in the poems of Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi and Fereydoun Moshiri, relying on Golsar"s selection theory.

 The current research is a theoretical study that was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method, using the tool of sampling and referring to library sources. The studied community was the book of Ashke Maashuq, the collection of Hamidi Shirazi"s poems from the contemporary voice publishing house, and the reflection of Sobhdaman"s soul, the summaries of Fereydon Moshiri"s poems published by the Cheshme publication.

 The study of the poems of Hamidi Shirazi and Moshiri shows that the need for love is expressed more than other needs in their poems. Evidence of the need for survival, power, freedom, and fun can also be seen in the poems of the two poets mentioned above, which shows their attention to satisfying these needs in humans. In Hamidi"s poem, according to the frankness of his speech, and what he himself has expressed about his love, it is concluded that addressing each of the needs and satisfying them often depended on his success in his romantic relationships; On the other hand, Moshiri goes beyond the poet"s personal ego in expressing his feelings and inner needs, and considers the satisfaction of every need necessary and appropriate for everyone.

 Hamidi Shirazi and Moshiri were under the influence of factors that had a direct relationship with their inner selves in the creation of their poems, and this caused the basic human needs to appear in their poems.

The temporal aspect of the doctrine of infallibility has been the point of contention between absolutists and opponents. This research compares the viewpoints of two commentators, one: Fakh razi (606 AH) who considers infallibility to be timeless, and the other: Ibn Sharafshah Hosseini (810 AH) who considers the scope of infallibility to be unquestionable. Ben Mayeh has tried to examine their point of view about the temporal side of infallibility in connection with related Quranic words: "sin" (Fath: 2), "Wizr" (Sharh: 2) and "delal" (Zuhi: 7). The findings showed that both commentators do not consider these words to be in conflict with infallibility And as a result, it is not possible to conclude from them the temporality of infallibility. However, Fakhr Razi emphasizes the notion of the temporality of infallibility which is based on Ash'ari biases and incorruptible news and tries not to deviate from his theological thought in this regard with different interpretations. Therefore, his methodological and semantic positions are not in harmony with his verbal point of view.

This article has as its purpose the enumeration of various conceptual metaphors of death from the viewpoint of cognitive linguistics. It used library research based on linguistics and semantics methodologies. The main theory used here is Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphors and the system used is that of source and target domains. After citing the Quranic verses (Ayas) on the subject of death and pointing out theories related to conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics, it has been concluded that to define the abstract concept of death the Quran has adopted image schemas like path, trajector and landmark, and has employed some conceptual metaphors for death as a living, dynamic and tasteable entity, and for the world as a receptacle through which man departs when dying. Also, death, in its metaphorical sense of time within place, is presented as the point of returning to the Creator. The educational function of this view on death, in terms of cognitive linguistics, is to create an awareness of the true meaning of it as far as it could lead to better mental and behavioral capacities.

Today, naval power is not limited to military power and includes the dimensions of maritime science and knowledge, naval fleet, geopolitical capacities, maritime services and maritime industries. These dimensions and components have a special place in the maritime power of the country. In the past years, we have seen that different military and civilian maritime departments are moving things forward separately, and along with these organizations, policy makers and high-ranking officials of the country and the army have aligned and synergistic approaches to the issue of the sea, presence at sea, sea-oriented development and They have not developed the sea power of the country. In this research, with a mixed approach and contextual case method and interview and questionnaire tools, while explaining the components of maritime power, we have tried to express the position of these components in the maritime civilization of the country. Based on this, with library, comparative and exploratory studies, research literature was compiled. Then, the shortcomings of the findings were completed using the opinions of experts and a number of new factors were added to the previous factors. Then, a research questionnaire was prepared, which was distributed among the research sample population and its results were summarized by going through the relevant steps and obtaining the necessary validity and reliability. In the following, the findings obtained from the results of the questionnaires, together with the analysis of discourse and the content of the interviews, were analyzed with descriptive statistics, SPSS software and inferential statistics methods using "SmartPLS" software. Finally, the dimensions and components of the maritime power of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the coefficients and priority of their influence on the implementation of the country's maritime civilization were determined. The five dimensions counted, in order of priority of impact, are: marine services, marine fleet, marine industries, capacities of political geography and marine sciences, each of which has components (60 components in total). At the end of the research, recommendations were made for establishing the maritime civilization of the country based on these dimensions and components.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin E (VtiE) and L-carnitine (L-Car) supplements with purslane powder (PP) in reduced-protein diet to immune response, hematological indices and some serum indices in broiler chickens reared at cold stress . 576 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to six treatments, with six replicates per treatment and 16 birds per replicate. The experimental treatments were as follows: 1) normal-protein diet (negative control; NC), 2) a reduced- protein diet (20 g kg-1 lower protein) as a control diet (C), 3) C + 2 g kg-1 of PP, 4) C + PP diet supplemented with 250 mg kg-1 VitE, 5) C + PP diet supplemented with 150 mg kg-1 of L-Car and, 6) C + PP diet supplemented with 250 mg kg-1 VitE + 150 mg kg-1 L-Car. Results showed that diets supplemented with PP + VtiE and PP + L-Car showed decreased the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (P<0.05) at 42 days. Antibody titers against Sheep red blood cells and Newcastle disease virus were significantly increased (P<0.05) at 41 and 27 days by VtiE and L-Car, respectively. While triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly reduced by them (P<0.05). It could be concluded that addition of VtiE and L-Car alone in combination with purslane in low protein diets by create beneficial synergistic effects, it can improve immune system and health in broilers reared at cold stress.

Many studies have been conducted to determine proper corn particle sizes for mash or pelleted diets in broiler chicken’s nutrition, aiming not only to achieve optimum production goals such as higher weight gain and minimum feed conversion ratio but also to reduce milling energy expenditures. However, pelleted and crumbled feed forms are mainly used in intensive poultry production systems in many countries, and mash feed is primarily common in less intensive production systems. Mash feed is less costly and puts less pressure on birds’ metabolic systems to achieve their optimum biological growth potential, which may result in higher welfare and lower metabolic disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different proportions of fine and coarse ground corn (3- and 6-mm sieve opening hole size, respectively) on performance, the relative weight of gastrointestinal organs (%), and intestinal morphology in male broiler chickens.
A total of 576 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were purchased from a commercial hatchery and raised from 1 to 42 days of age. All birds received identical basal diets from 1 to 11 days of age, but different experimental diets from 12 to 42 d. Experimental diets (12 to 42 days of age) consisted of six corn mixtures prepared by combining different proportions (w/w) of corn ground through sieves with either hole sizes of 3 or 6 mm as 100:0; 80:20; 60:40; 40:60; 20:80 and 0:100 percentage, respectively. The particle size characteristics including geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn and finished feed samples were determined. Birds’ body weight was recorded at 12, 24, and 42 days of age as a group basis for the calculation of birds’ bodyweight gain (BWG) during the grower (12-24 d) and finisher (25-42d) periods. The birds’ feed intakes (FI) were also measured during the same period to calculate the feed conversion ratio (FCR) after adjustments were made for the body weights of dead birds, which were recorded daily. on the 21st day of the experiment, two birds from each pen were selected and killed via cervical dislocation. The liver, gizzard, small intestine, caecum, and pancreas of the sampled birds were carefully removed from their abdominal cavity, their weights were recorded carefully, and the relative weights of these parts to the live body weights were calculated and expressed as the percentage of birds live weights. Gizzard acidity was measured on the 21st day of the experiment. Parts from the middle of the jejunum and ileum of slaughtered birds (21 d) were excised and flushed gently with saline solution and immediately placed in a 10% formalin solution. Villus height, villus width, and crypt depth were measured in the laboratory.
Results showed that feeding mash diets with different particle sizes (~775, 835, 910, 1000, 1060, and 1150 µm) had no significant effects on birds’ BWG, FI, and FCR during different growth periods. However, the orthogonal polynomial contrast test showed that the changing of feed particle size from fine (~775 µm) to coarser particles by combining different portions of corn ground with a sieve hole size of 3 mm (~775 µm) and 6 mm (~1150 µm) had linearly deteriorated BWG and FCR from 12 to 24 days of age. The birds’ mortality rate (%) was not influenced by average feed particle size from 12 to 42 days of age. The negative influence of very coarse particle size from 12 to 24 days of age (>1000 µm) in the current experiment is an indicator of birds’ gastrointestinal limits in dealing with coarse particles. The coarse grain particles increase the energy required for the growth and maintenance of the gizzard. The results of the current experiment showed that feed particle size did not significantly affect the relative weights of gastrointestinal sections to body weight at 21 d (P>0.05). However, the relative weight of gizzard to live body weight at 21 d significantly (P<0.001) increased in birds fed diets with higher average particle size (≥775 µm). The results of the orthogonal polynomial contrast test showed that the relative weight of gizzard to live body weight at 21 days of age linearly (P<0.0001) increased by changing the feed particle size from fine to coarser particles. Coarse particles increased the digesta content in the gizzard, which stimulates the development of the gizzard. In addition, the findings of the current experiment indicated that ileum and jejunum morphometry traits such as villus height, crypt depth, villus height to crypt depth, villus tips, and base widths were not influenced by changing the average feed particle size. The pH of gizzard content at 21 days of age was not influenced by the feed particle size.
Feed particle size of 775 to 1150 µm in a corn-based mash diet had no significant effect on performance traits or small intestine morphology traits. However, high coarse diets had the potential to deteriorate BWG and FCR at earlier stages of the growth period.

Empiricism in the contemporary era led to the growth of the materialistic approach in various fields. One of these areas was the interpretation of the Qur'an. Some Qur'anic scholars analyzed the occult concepts of the Qur'an influenced by the materialistic approach. One of the commentators who interpreted the Qur'an in such an atmosphere is Mohammad Taqi Shariati. Some people, citing some of his opinions, have said that he has interpreted the occult concepts of the Qur'an to material matters. Therefore, considering the intellectual and ideological challenges that this approach had in Islamic societies, especially in Iran, and also considering the fundamental role of occult concepts in human happiness, it requires us to have a correct understanding of those concepts. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate Mohammad Taqi Shariati's view as an influential personality in the contemporary era. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate the concept of material approach to the occult concepts of the Quran based on the library method with a descriptive-analytical approach in modern interpretation. According to the findings of the research, the material adaptation is compatible with his epistemological, ontological and anthropological foundations, and from the interpretation aspect, too much in the scientific approach and scientific interpretation outside the code is considered one of the areas of the material approach to the occult concepts of the Qur'an. will be

The story of Prophet Yusuf and Zulaikha is one of the fascinating stories of the Holy Qur’an. One of the points of dispute is this section of the Holy Qur’an”… he would have made for her [too] had he not beheld the proof of his God ”. The significance of the sentence includes two parts: What does “…he would have made for her [too]…” mean? And what is the meaning of “…had he not beheld the proof of his God”? The objective of the current research is shedding enough light upon the true meaning of the afore-mentioned sentence. Accordingly, by utilizing the methodology of content analysis and narratology (White, 1973), verses 23 and 24 of Surah Yusuf have been analyzed thoroughly and meticulously to ultimately clarify the ambiguous points. The result of the study shows that the phrase “…he would have made for her [too]…” could be elaborated on in two ways: it can mean a physical confrontation with Zulaikha and it can also mean an intention similar to Zulaikha’s intention and will. The significance of “…had he not beheld the proof of his God” squarely depends on the meaning obtained from “…he would have made for her [too]…” In the first interpretation, the observation of the proof of his God describes Prophet Yusuf as a pious person whom God helps thanks to his steady piety, and in the second interpretation, the observation of the proof of God portrays the infallibility and impeccability of Prophet Yusuf which hinders him to succumb to sordid penchants and intentions.

Soil organic carbon is very important in increasing the production of agricultural products and reducing soil erosion and greenhouse gas emissions. A better understanding of the amount and storage of soil organic carbon is essential to the use of soil and maintaining its productivity. The extended pastures of Fandoqloo region in Ardabil province potentially could support and sequestrate considerable amounts of carbon but they are subjected to land use change, high population and tourism. Such tensions led to land degradation and low carbon sequestration in some parts. This study aimed to find effective natural variables on soil carbon density and sequestration. Such variables could be applied for remediation and resilience of degraded pastures and croplands in Fandoghloo region. By application of Latin Hypercube techniques and spatial variables like soil, land use and geological maps the location of sample points was determined. For each land use unit (pasture or cropland) 70 composite surface soil samples (in total 140 samples) were collected from zero to 15 cm deep. After pretreatments of soil samples, soil's physical and chemical properties were measured according to standard protocols. A digital elevation model of the study area was formed using digital isolines of topographic maps and primary and secondary derivates were constructed. Landsat 8 bands were extracted from the Geology Department site of the USA and Normalized difference vegetation index and thermal map of the study area were calculated. Multiple linear regression and artificial neural network models were applied and soil data, digital elevation model and its derivates, normalized difference vegetation index and land surface temperature map have entered the models as independent variables for the prediction of soil organic carbon density. To evaluate the results of the models, the coefficients of determination and root mean square error was used. Application of multiple linear regression model indicated that total soil nitrogen, normalized difference vegetation index and mean weight diameter of aggregates justified 53% of soil organic carbon density in the pasture while 46% of soil organic carbon density in croplands land use was explained by total soil nitrogen and plane curvature. The results of the paired t-test showed a significant difference (P< 0.01) between soil organic carbon density of the pasture and cropland land use. An artificial neural network with an arrangement of 1-10-24 and tan-sigmoid transfer function in the hidden layer justified 71% and 82% of the soil organic carbon density in the pasture and croplands, respectively. Root mean square error of multiple linear regression models for predicting soil organic carbon density in the pasture and croplands were 1.07 and 1.04, respectively but of artificial neural network model was decreased to 0.85 and 0.58 for pasture and cropland, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the artificial neural network model was severely sensed to digital elevation model and soil moisture content at wilting point. The result of this study indicated the significance of natural vegetation cover and the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates for carbon sequestration in the pastures. Artificial neural networks performed to simulate changes in soil organic carbon density showed that these networks are successful in tracking an important part of soil organic carbon density changes at pasture and cropland land uses. In other words, artificial neural networks were able to identify the effects of these variables on soil organic carbon density using tracing and identifying the effects and interactions between an independent variable series with organic carbon density status. The results showed that transmission functions can be used by the data of primary and secondary topographic parameters for estimating soil organic carbon density in the region.

In present study the effects of chicory, turmeric, artichoke and sage powder on yield, egg quality and fatty liver status in laying hens fed high energy and low protein diets. A total of 270 LSL laying hens at 80 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 5 treatments, 6 replications and 9 birds per replicate. Experimental treatments were included high energy (3000 kcal/kg) and low protein (13%) diet as control, and four diets containing 0.15% of chicory stem and root powder, turmeric rizhom powder, artichoke leaf powder or milk thistle powder. The results showed that treatments decresed feed intake and turmeric increased egg weight (P<0.05). Yolk color, white weight, and shell weight were affected (P<0.05) positively by medicinal plants. Diet containing turmeric significantly reduced blood glucose compared to control diet (P<0.05). The effect of treatments on biochemical and hematological parameters of blood was not significant (P>0.05). Abdominal fat weight was significantly lower in birds received milk thistle diet (P<0.05). The results showed that the medicinal plants used in the present study had no effect on bird’s performance however milk thistle powder by lowering the abdominal fat and with lower histological and hemoragic scores had more potential for improvement of fatty liver and more researches with higher level of milk thestle is needed.