ادریس قادری

The growth, feeding, and reproductive biology of the non-native Northern Pike (Esox lucius) were evaluated over a one-year period from January 2020 to December 2020 in order to find evidence on the invasive nature of this species in Zrebar Lake, Marivan. Specimens were categorized into four age classes (2 to 5 years), with the highest number observed in the 3-year-old age class. The length-weight relationship indicated isometric growth for the population. Mean gonadosomatic indices were significantly higher in February compared to other months for both sexes (P<0.05). The monthly distributions of gonad maturation stages revealed that most specimens reached the fifth stage (spawning) of gonad maturity from December to February. Mean absolute fecundity and relative fecundity were 13139±1.163 eggs per fish and 20.37±1.67 eggs per gram of body weight, respectively. The most consumed food items were Carassius sp., Rana sp., Squalius sp., Alburnus sp., and Pseudorasbora parva. The highest gastro-somatic index and lowest vacuity index were observed in spring. The results indicate that the Northern Pike population in Zrebar Lake can feed, grow, and reproduce similarly to natural populations in other regions. The continued presence of this species in Zrebar Lake and its spread to the Sirvan River and Tigris Basin suggest that the Northern Pike is not only in the establishment phase but has also reached the expansion phase as an invasive species.

Models based on regression analyzes are used to express patterns of abundance and distribution of fish populations in relation to environmental parameters. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the habitat suitability indices of Oxynemachilus kiabii and O. karunensis from Alk River (sub-basin of Razavar and Karkheh basin). Sampling was done using a hand net in eight stations (each with three replicates). Five habitat variables were measured and recorded, including river width, river depth, bed slope, water velocity, and average bed size. The results showed that the most habitat preference of Kiabi loach is depth in the range of 46-<52 cm, 0.6-<0.9 m width, 5.8-<6.4% slope, and water velocity 0.52-<0.58 m/s and the size of bedrock is 0-<0.12 mm and for O. karunensis was calculated as depth in the range of 10-<16 cm, 2.1-<2.4 m width, 1.6-<2.2% slope, and water velocity 0.34-<4 m/s and the size of bedrock is 48-<60 mm. Also, the highest and lowest SI values for both species O. kiabii and O. karunensis were related to depth and average bed size for O. kiabii and velocity and depth for O. karunensis, respectively. The results showed that Alk River is a suitable habitat for O. karunensis, whereas not suitable habitat for O. kiabii. Examination of the results of their feeding habits and preferences in the digestive system showed that these favorite of fishes are Chironomidae, Simulidae, Baetidae, Gomphidae and Hydropsychidae.

The Lakes and surface water reservoirs are considered as the most important sources of freshwater. These ecosystems are used for different purposes and create an important habitat for aquatic organisms, especially plankton and fish. In this regard, this study was carried out to investigate biological communities of phytoplankton and zooplankton from the Garan Dam Lake, Marivan. Sampling was done seasonally during 2016-2017 at 4 stations in different situations. According to the depth of the station, only the surface layer was sampled in the entrance stations including stations 1 and 4, and three layers (surface and middle layers and 1 meter above the bed) were sampled in stations 2 and 3 located in the body of the dam lake. Then, the water samples were fixed in 4% formalin and transferred to the laboratory for further studies. Mass density calculation and identification of phytoplankton and zooplanktons was done based on valid identification keys. A total of 31 genera, 28 families and 6 branches were identified. The results showed that the highest frequency of phytoplankton was observed in spring  and their lowest in autumn. Totally, 2 branches, 9 families and 16 genera and species were identified from zooplankton communities, 9 species and genera belonging to Rotifera and 7 species and genera belonging to Arthropods. Also, the highest and lowest density of station 1 was observed with 59.5±4.5 and station 2 with 16.36±1.44 (cells/ml). The results of the presence of large zooplankton i.e. Ascomorpha saltan, Daphnia magna and Cyclops sp. (high filter feeding power) showed, they can be a serious competitor for planktivorous fishes and the primary production of the lake, and it is necessary to balance their population with zooplanktivorous fishes.

Caucasian scraper (Capoeta capoeta) is one of the native fish of Iran, in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea and Sang Siah Lake of Kurdistan. To study the reproductive cycle of this fish, sampling by gill net was done monthly from June 2018 to May 2019. The biometry of specimen in the Lab was done and sexuality, maturity stages and gonad growth index (GSI) were recorded. The sex ratio of specimen of 1.5 to 1 (female to male), the total length of males 29.3 ± 2.1 cm and the total length of females 32±2.3 cm were recorded. The average weight of males and females were 284.6±50.9 and 378.2±79.3 g, respectively. Also, examining the changes in sexual maturity index (GSI), both sexes had the highest GSI in July. The average relative length of the intestine in this species (6.8±1.29) indicated the herbivorous food regime. The average percentage of empty stomach in the whole period was estimated to be 11.7, which shows that this species is a gluttonous. Also, the highest average amount of gastric index (GI) was estimated in spring. The results of this study showed that July is the peak of sexual maturity and reproduction of this species. Investigation the results of its food habits and preferences in the digestive system showed that this fish prefers algae than other food resources. Due to the high growth and reproduction and also food regime, this fish can be introduced as an economic species to culture and sport fishing in the reservoirs.

Caddisfly sampling conducted during August 2021 from the Gurgur River in the Sabalan Mountains, Ardabil province, Iran, revealed the first record of Glossosoma unguiculatum Martynov, 1925 for Iran. Previously, this species had only been known from few localities in Turkey, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan. The morphology of male genitalia in the collected specimens generally corresponds to the described species, with the exception of a less incised ventral margin of the abdominal segment IX in ventral view, which may be attributed to geographical variability. This discovery marks the second species of the genus Glossosoma Curtis, 1834 found in Iran.

Oxynoemacheilus chomanicus is an endemic loach species in Choman River drainage of Kurdistan Province (Iran). In this study we evaluated the morphological variation of body shape among different population of this species from three main tributaries of Choman River; Baneh, Boein and Shooei Rivers. A total of 92 specimens were examined using geometric morphometric method. Using the photographs from the left side of specimens 14 landmarks and 2 semi-landmarks points were selected and analyzed using PCA and CVA methods. Results obtained indicated significant differences between studied populations, especially in head, caudal peduncle and dorsal fin base parts of the fish body.

This study was conducted to survey the feeding indices of Garra rufa in Gheshlagh River, Kurdistan Province. Seasonal sampling carried out during spring, summer, autumn and winter of 2018 using electrofishing and cast net with 20 mm mesh size. For diet analysis, 40 number of Garra rufa was used. The length and weight of sampled fishes was renged of 56 to 137 cm and 2.5 to 37 g, respectively. The average of RLG index was 8.22±2.25 that specified the herbivory or prephyton feeder. The mean of gastro- somatic index, condition factor (K) and vacuity index (CV) was 11.67±5.28, 1.35±0.23 and 10 respectively. Also, according to the percentage of food groups in the environment and gastrointestinal tract of fish, it was observed that this fish is more inclined to Nitzschia, Gomphonema, Amphora, Cocconeis, Rhabdoderma and Diatoma genera for feeding, respectively and They are the most preferred food items for this fish during the sampling seasons and the genus Ocillatoria with a value of -0.8 had the lowest priority. The genera Cocconeis, Cymbella, Diatoma, Gomphonema, Melosira, Nitzschia, Synedra and Navicula as the main food, The genera Cyclotella, Pediastrum, Stephanodiscus, Cymatopleura, Gyrosigma, Gloeotrichia and Spirulina as the supplementary food and the genera Amphora, Chlorella, Cosmarium, Ocillatoria, Rhabdoderma and Scenedesmus as the incidental food of Garra rufa

Smuggling of goods is a problem that is spreading in the context of economic, political, legal and security problems and shortcomings. It has many negative and harmful consequences for the country's economy and overshadows the activities of the official economy and the country's programs and policies. In this regard, problems such as reducing domestic production and increasing unemployment and reducing productive investment and reducing entrepreneurship and reducing public incomes With the government. Nevertheless, various economic and non-economic factors are involved in the phenomenon of smuggling of goods and currency. And relevant experts and researchers to be comprehensively identified and analyzed. In this study, which was conducted to investigate the causes of smuggling of goods in the border cities of West Azerbaijan province, a semi-structured interview technique was used to collect data and a background theory was used to analyze the information. Based on the purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation criteria in this region, 18 key informants and trafficking activists, officials and relevant officials, researchers and university professors have been interviewed. The data from the interviews with the participants in the study are classified around three central codes, which are "factors related to unfavorable control policies", "problems and shortcomings in the local community" and "individual and personality factors".

Genetic variability of longspine scraper populations from the Choman, Shui, Garmab (Baneh region), Gheshlagh, Sirvan, Gaveh-Rud (Sirvan region), Rowar (Marivan region) of Kurdistan province were examined using Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism markers (IRAP) method. IRAP molecular markers data analysis showed the highest and the lowest number of bands, polymorphic bands, percent of polymorphic bands, number of different bands, number of private bands, number of effective bands, Shannonchr('39')s information index and expected heterozygosity in the Rowar and the Garmab populations, respectively. The highest and the lowest genetic distance was observed between the Rowar and the Shui populations and between the Choman and the Garmab populations, respectively. The molecular variance analysis results revealed that 9% of genetic variance was between geographic regions, 16% among and 75% within the populations. The highest and lowest gene flow rates (number of migrations per generation) were observed among the Choman, Garmab, Rowar and Shui populations, respectively. Phylogentic relationships of the populations were evaluated using the maximum parsimony methods. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Marivan region is in a sister clade with the regions of Baneh and Sirvan. The results of this study showed that although the longspine scraper population of Marivan region was different from other populations, the existence of similarities prevents its complete separation. However, fish belonging to each population of the studied geographical areas can be distinguished by their private bands. The results of this research showed that the IRAP marker has high reproducibility and greater power in detecting genetic diversity and can be used effectively to study the genetic diversity of fish, including the longspine scraper species.

Kurdistan province is one of the most important provinces in Iran in terms of surface and underground waters, and the Garan resevior (Marivan) has important rules in aquaculture and fisheries activities. For this purpose, the present study was carried out including a survey of 22 physico-chemical parameters at four sites of Garan reservoir from July 2017 to August 2018. Results showed that the mean value of water temperature 11.13 ± 6.7 °C and the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration was 8.44 and 3.87 mg/l for surface and deep layers respectively. Based on the results, was shown that the Thermocline and oxycline start from June and they vanish in December as well as. Mean of pH value 7.99 and secchi disc depth was high (2.3 m) relatively. Also the mean value of alkalinity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and electro conductivity 138.59, 1.32, 25.02, 0.047, 156.91 mg/l and 242.18 (µmhos/cm) respectively. Also mean of nutrients were within desirable limits. In general, although seasonal and spatial variations were observed in some parameters, but according to the results of physico-chemical characteristics, the Garan reservoir could be considering suitable for standard pattern of aquaculture activities.

Continuous quality monitoring of water resources are important tools to manage and protect these valuable resources. Kurdistan province is one of the most important provinces in Iran in terms of surface and underground waters, and the Garan reservoir (Marivan) has important rules in drinking water supply, agricultural and industrial activities. For this purpose, 9 water physicochemical and microbial characteristics were studied to determine water quality using NSFWQI index at four sites of Garan reservoir from July 2017 to August 2018. Results showed that the average temperature of water was 11.13 ± 6.7 °C and the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration was 8.44 and 3.87 mg/l for surface and deep layers respectively. Also the annual mean value of Nitrate, Phosphate, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Solids (TS) and pH were 0.66, 0.052, 1.32, 156.91 mg/l and 7.99 respectively. The mean of fecal coliform was 20.15 MPN so that the minimum of value was seen in October (0.25 MPN) and maximum of value was observed in March (208 MPN). As well as Lake Water had good quality according to NSFWQI index value (70.72). In general, although temporal and spatial variations were observed in some of the measured parameters, but based on the results of the physico-chemical characteristics and NSFWQI index, the Garan reservoir is categorized in having middle to good levels therefore, it was evaluated as desirable for agricultural, industrial activities and even drinking water after regular treatment.

Buying or renting a home is one of the biggest decisions anyone can make in life. Regarding spatial decision-making for buying / renting housing, Many multi-criteria decision-making models that have been developed along with Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used today. In this study, in order to find a suitable neighborhood for buying / renting a house, the method of analytic hierarchy analysis and the capabilities of the geographic information system were used. The criteria used were distance from offices, housing quality, housing price, distance from school, population density, crime density, hospital density, per capita green space and distance to the service center. After performing the steps of AHP method, it was found that the quality of housing with 17.55% is the most important criterion, then the layers used in GIS were prepared and combined The results showed that The Elahparast, Mirdamad 2 and Sari Zamin 2 neighborhoods are the most suitable neighborhoods for buying and renting housing based on the criteria used.

A total of 300 freshwater fishes, belonging to nine species were collected from Gheshlagh basin. Sampling was carried out in the two stations namely river and dam Gheshlagh seasonally in the vicinity of Sanandaj city, Kurdistan Province from September 2016 to August 2017. In the present study were found three digenean trematode (Clinostomum complanatum, Posthodiplostomum sp. and Allocreadium sp.), two tapeworms (Khawia armenica and Schyzocotyle acheilognathi), two Monogenea (Dactylogyrus hypophthalmichthys and Paradiplozoon sp.) and an Acanthocephala (Pallisentis (Pallisentis) cholodkowskyi). The digenean parasites were isolated from the river, monognean parasites from the dam and the tapeworms and spiny-headed worm from both stations. The C. damascina was highly infected with parasites (6 species), followed by S. cephalus (4 species), A. mossulensis (3 species), C. trutta (2 species), B. lacerta (2 soecies), G. rufa (2 species), C. auratus (2 species) and H. molitrix (1 species). A total of 45% of fish were infected with parasites, and Posthodiplostomum sp., P. (P.) cholodkowskyi were the most prevalent (25.7% and 10.7%, respectively) and Schyzocotyle acheilognathi was scarce (0.3%). The highest mean abundance of infection was 0.63±2.3 (P. (P.) cholodkowskyi) and followed by 0.56±1.2 (Posthodiplostomum sp.) and the highest mean intensity of infection was 1.3±4.3 (P. (P.) cholodkowskyi) and 1.1±2.5 (Posthodiplostomum sp.). The prevalence and intensity of infection based on season and fish length were investigated. The present study is the first report of C. complanatum and Posthodiplostomum sp. from this region and the first report from their host species, C. damascina, A. mossulensis and G. rufa.

The Zrebar Lake is a most important natural freshwater Lake ecosystem in the Kurdistan Province, west of Iran.  Since Decembeer 2019, there has been reports of an unusual fish species sighting in the Zrebar Lake. This has led our efforts to set traps, capture and identify the species as Esox lucius Linnaeus. Consequently, we made further, field assessments and conducted biological study in the laboratory. The preliminary results showed that the captured E. lucius from Zrebar lake have in average a body weight of 630.3 ± 182.1 gr, total length of 418.4 ± 41.3 mm, and age of 2.7 ± 0.5 year. Further we observed that the number of eggs per gram in females was 171.9 ± 26.3 and females sexual maturation stage is 5.13 ± 0.35 years(lowest stage 5 and 6 at most) and sexual maturation stage of males is 2.5 ± 0.57 years (lowest stage 2 and 3 at most). According to the RLG index (0.98 ± 0.12) this fish has a carnivorous diet with observation of Carassius carassius (Crucian Carp), Squalius cephalus (Common Chub), Alburnus sp. (Bleaks) and frogs (adult) in their Gastrointestinal tract. . Based on these observed diets, this invasive fish can have a direct and indirect impact on the population of many aquatic species in particular fish and amphibians. Our first observation on the reproductive organs of the male and female specimens obtained showed that they have an established mature and reproductive population in Zaribar Lake. This means that if they enter the downstream freshwater systems they can pose a serious threat to native fish populations and overall freshwater ecosystem.

In order to determine the age and growth of Chub in the Gheshlagh River of Sanandaj, two areas were selected; one in upstream of the river (Naysar; high water quality) and the other in downstream (Soaryan; impaired water quality). A total of 280 fish specimen were caught during four seasons. The overall male to female ratio was 1:1.86 in Naysar and 1:0.61 in Soaryan. Both ratios were significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio (P<0.01). The age of individuals was from 0+ to 5+ in both areas. The overall length-weight relationships were calculated as negative allometric in Naysar and isometric in Soaryan. The fork length and body weight of fish samples in Soaryan were significantly larger and heavier than those in Naysar in most of age classes and in both sexes. The average asymptotic length was calculated as 28.2 cm for male and 35.5 cm for female based on von Bertalanffy growth equation for all fish samples in Gheshlagh river system. The overall condition factor was estimated as 1.53 and 1.5 for male and female, respectively. In most of age classes, the condition factor was significantly larger in Soaryan fish samples in comparison to Naysar samples. Results showed that some Chub biological parameters were different between two study areas. These differences could be due to the entrance of Sanandaj wastewater into Gheshlagh River in Soaryan area.

Striped hyena is the only member of Hyaena genus from Hyaenidae family in which lives in Iran. It belongs to the CARNIVORA order and Feliformia Super-family. In overall, our information about this species is little nationally and internationally. Therefore, basic information would be required to perform the informed protection action plan toward such valuable species. In present study, we evaluated the gene diversity within the hyena populations in Iran by reproducing a 404 base pairs from mitochondrial gene ND2. DNA was extracted from 30 muscle tissue samples of the Iranian Stripped hyena collected form road killed specimens in 12 different provinces. To determine the taxonomic status of the studied species, Mega 6 and Mr. Bayes 3.2 software were used to draw phylogenetic trees (i.e. Neighbor Joining, Minimum Evaluation and Maximum Likelihood models). The obtained results revealed that there are only 0.74 percent genetic distances between specimens and there is no significant gene diversity amongst the Iranian Stripped hyena populations. In addition, the obtained posterior probability over 90 percent for all specimens suggests that all studied specimens are belong to the same species. Although, observed low genetic diversity in Iranian Stripped hyena could be translated to the higher sensitivity of this species against environmental stresses. But, according to the fact that gene differential relatively could reduce by using short base sequence, using other mitochondrial genes as well as longer base sequences are suggested to obtained more clear picture from the Iranian Striped hyena genetic status

The present investigation was aimed to study the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Lebanon Oak (Quercus libani Olive.) in Marivan city-kordistan. To investigate the effect of altitude on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Lebanon Oak, 108 circular plots of 1000 m2 on three elevation classes of 1400-1600, 1600-1800 and 1800-2000 m were designated. Within each plot, the desired characteristics include: trees diameter at the breast height, height of trees, basal area, crown coverage, quality of trunks, crown symmetry and the status of regeneration were studied. Results showed that DBH quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Lebanon oak trees within the altitude of 1600-1800 m above sea level were significantly different compared with trees located in the altitude of 1400-1600 m. The highest mean diameter at breast height (20.77 cm), trees height (6 meters), basal area (3.75 square meters per hectare) were located in the altitudes of 1600-1800 meters above sea level. The average number of trees per hectare and average crown coverage were 92 and 12% in this altitude, respectively. 37.9% of the trees had a symmetrical crown. Also, about 48% and 52% of the tree regeneration were with the coppice and seed origin in this altitude, respectively. The results also showed that no significantly difference was found between the elevation range for 1600-1800 and 1800-2000 and the suitable elevation range of Lebanon Oak trees regarding to the quantitative and qualitative characteristics was 1800-1600 m.

The purpose of this study is determination of best altitude range for forestation of Quercus libani Oliv in Kurdistan province and dendrochronology of this species. For this purpose، twelve disks as a random sampling used from pulled trees on three elevation classes (1400-1600m، 1600-1800m، 1800-2000m) in Marivan forest. ANOVA results showed that diameter growth on these elevation ranges have significant difference (p<0. 05). The average annual increment diameter on first class (1400-1600m) measured about 2. 2mm، second class (1600-1800m) 2. 6mm and third class (1800-2000m) 1. 8mm. Also، results showed that second class site has a better growth condition than other sites. Thus in three sites، average of annual diameter increment in Quercus libani Oliv indicated a direct relationship with precipitation of the last 17 years.

Some hematological indices and plasma biochemical parameters were determined in two Capoeta; C.trutta and C.damascina from Gheshlagh Dam Lake, Sanandaj based on seasonal changes and thier age and gender dependent.There was no gender dependent significant difference in hematological indices of both species. Comparsion of indices between the two studied species showed that neutrophil and monocyte percentages, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in C.damascina however, the percentage of lymphocyte was higher in C.trutta than C.damascina. Total leukocyte count, monocyte percentage and plasma total protein of C.trutta were significantly different among 2-4 years old classes, however there was no significant difference between indices of C.damascina for the same age groups. The effect of season on blood indices of C.damascina showed that the highest total leukocyte count and plasma phosphorus concentration were attained in summer, while the highest values for monocyte percentage and hematocrit were observed during winter. Erythrocyte count and hematocrit of C. trutta were raised in winter and mean corpuscular hemoglobin was decreased in this season. The study has provided baseline haematological and some biochemical data of C.damascina and C.trutta which could be used in health monitoring and future comparative surveys of these species.