امیر احمدی

One of the biggest challenges facing humanity is achieving healthy diets for all people on a global level. The current research was carried out with the aim of identifying and analyzing the effects of the most important factors affecting the dimensions of food security in the form of the food environment and food supply chain. In terms of methodology, this research is non-experimental and descriptive in terms of variable control, field in terms of data collection method, and finally, in terms of generalizations, it is survey type. The statistical population of this research is 304837 rural households in West Azerbaijan province. Using Cochran's formula, 482 households were selected as the statistical sample size by the multi-stage stratified sampling method. In order to measure the performance of food system activities on aspects of food security, the partial least squares (PLS) method was used. The results in relation to the test of the effect of food system activities on the aspects of food security showed that the component of price and financial ability related to the sub-sector of the food environment and the component of food storage and distribution related to the sub-sector of the food supply chain had a negative and significant effect on the dimensions of food security. This is despite the fact that other evaluated components have had a positive and significant effect on the dimensions of food security for rural households in the studied area. In general, all the investigated activities explain 79% of food security changes.

The precise and fair implementation of laws in the judicial policy of legal systems is inevitable. In two-value or Aristotelian logic, the foundations and principles of science are subject to a fixed rule that thing is either right or wrong. Fuzzy thinking in the interpretation and explanation of laws, both quantitatively and qualitatively, represents a special framework in the purposeful examination of ambiguities and uncertainties. Fuzzy thinking represents a special framework for the purposeful study of ambiguities and uncertainties in the application of laws, both quantitatively and qualitatively, therefore, the design of fuzzy thinking in measuring and explaining criminal and legal matters can be very effective in advancing towards criminal justice. Because the logic used in our laws, which has its roots and precepts in Islamic law, is multiple logic, and propositions and legal materials are often graded and used continuously with variables as examples. This study aims to try a new approach to explaining and interpreting laws based on fuzzy thinking in times of ambiguity and complexity and to help build a logical and equitable framework that leads to the development of rules based on legal variables and components. The result is that with the theory of explanation and interpretation of the existing laws based on fuzzy thinking, as well as the design and implementation of the fuzzy judicial system with the help of experts, it is possible to progress towards a more accurate and fair judicial system. Because the thinking and subjective criteria of the judges in interpreting the laws can be fuzzy and the judges also issue more fair verdicts. For example, to prevent crimes leading to imprisonment, which will reduce the number of prisoners. Therefore, the fuzzy thinking plan in evaluating and explaining legal issues can be very efficient in moving towards criminal and legal justice.

Law is one of the key concepts of the constitutional era. Examining this concept from the perspective of the history of concepts is important because it shows the course of its creation and evolution. In this regard, to examine the concept of the law, the details of the parliament's deliberations were used and the opinions of Sheikh Ibrahim Zanjani, one of the constitutional clerics, as a representative of the second and third terms of the National Assembly, were researched. The purpose of this research is to answer the question of how much he understood the concept of law as one of the supporters of constitutionalism. Considering that Zanjani had a seminary education and, on the other hand, due to his interest in the developments of the new era, he had studied the works of the Intellectuals and the laws of other countries, it is important to examine the concept of law in his opinions from the perspective of Iran's constitutional history. In this research, relying on the details of the negotiations, with the analytical-descriptive method, documentary and library sources and other internet sources have been used to investigate the issue. The results of this research showed that Sheikh Ibrahim Zanjani had a relatively accurate understanding of the concept of law and its characteristics, but he was not familiar with the logic of law and the methods of interpreting laws in modern law.

Roads and their legal setbacks constitute vital components of national infrastructure in every country. The entitlement to traverse these roads may arise either organically or through established conventions on private property. This article delves into the regulations governing roads and setbacks for right of way, examining them through the lens of jurists associated with diverse Islamic denominations. Additionally, it scrutinizes the legislative policies of Iranian law, highlighting existing gaps therein. Consequently, the focus lies on delineating specific criteria for classifying road types and their associated regulations. Our research reveals both similarities and disparities among jurists representing various Islamic denominations concerning road rules and classifications. Furthermore, the legislative policies of Iranian law exhibit deficiencies regarding road regulations and setbacks. To address these gaps effectively, leveraging insights from these discussions can serve to refine existing legal frameworks pertaining to roads and right of way.

In the scientific system of any country, monitoring the performance of faculty members is very important. In case of violation by the faculty members of the university, it is inevitable to investigate their violation as the case may be. According to the law and the executive regulations, the process of hearing the violations of the faculty members is in the initial and appellate administrative board. It is worth mentioning that the investigation of the violations of the faculty members of the Islamic Azad University and the Litigation steps will be based on the regulations of this university. The purpose of this research will be to examine the shortcomings and provide solutions to the principles of fair proceedings with a view on jurisprudence, regarding the process of dealing with the violations of academic staff members of universities and higher education institutions. Qualitative research method has been done using questions. The finding of this research is that the regulations of this field have gaps and deficiencies, which in some cases cause violation of the rights of faculty members in the process of investigation. By examining the law and the regulations on the violations of academic staff members and by asking experts and members of the trial and appeals of disciplinary violations, we can conclude that there are shortcomings and gaps in the process of investigation. Among these cases, it is possible to point out the absence of a lawyer, the lack of documentation and justification of the rulings issued by the board, the non-specialization of the proceedings, the non-attendance of proceedings, the non-publicity of the proceedings, the lack of sufficient mastery of the members of the violation board to the laws which is provided for each solution.

Challenges such as climate change, economic recession, urbanization, globalization and the scarcity and limitation of natural resources have put pressure on food systems and have turned food insecurity into one of the most important issues of the world today, which must be seriously considered. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors influencing the formation of food insecurity in rural households in the form of a food system approach. The main tool for measuring household food insecurity is the HFIAS standard questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is 304837 rural households of West Azerbaijan province. Using Cochran's formula, 482 households were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling as the statistical sample size. The results showed that 17% of rural households were in the food safe group and 83% of households experienced different degrees of food insecurity (mild, moderate and severe). Background variables of household head age, household size; Education level and average annual income had a significant relationship with household food insecurity. The partial least squares analysis (PLS) method was used to measure the impact of food system stimuli on household food insecurity. The results showed that in total, food system stimuli explain 65.5% of food insecurity changes. Considering the potential of the study area in the field of agricultural production, improving and upgrading infrastructure and transportation facilities in the field of technology and infrastructure, as well as reducing instability and instability in food access, including supply fluctuations and Food prices in the political-economic stimulus sector are suggested in order to reduce food insecurity among households in the study area.

 In Western thought, the sovereignty of the people is manifested in a democratic system, and the individual deals with his social relations with an identity independent from the society and the government. Also, the legitimacy of laws and government comes from the sovereign will of the people, and governments guarantee the rights and freedom of the people.In fact, maintaining and respecting such mutual rights is necessary for the individual and the society. Because it is only in the shadow of fulfilling duties and fulfilling the right that the government and the individual can grow. In the Islamic system, there is a direct relationship between the people and the absolute sovereignty of God, and the people have been granted the right to self-determination, and the people have accepted this religious basis. The purpose of this research is that considering the fact that the government of Iran is republican and Islamic, this article aims to address the issue of how far the law of Iran as a republican state and Imami jurisprudence as well as international documents is correct. The sovereignty of the people and the establishment of democracy have been taken into account, and on the other hand, considering its Islamic nature, how has this right been applied?

The research method in this article is conventional in human sciences and the method of library study, which was compiled by analyzing the available materials in an analytical and descriptive way, while finding the necessary research and responding to the points and issues rose in this article.

In the present study, the internal aspect of the right to self-determination, which is the right of the people to elect the government system and participate in the decision-making of the society, in terms of international laws and documents and the law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is based on Islamic jurisprudence, and its adaptation to Islamic jurisprudence , has been investigated and it can be seen that the Islamic Republic of Iran is a system based on religious democracy, which has been very successful in establishing a democratic system. Also, by studying Islamic sources, we can say that there is no conflict between the principles of Islamic jurisprudence and the right of people to rule, and the difference is in the rules of rule.

IntroductionEmergence of social networks has significantly changed not only personal communication, but also the perspective of commercial and political communication around the world. From a political point of view, social networks have a significant impact on the field of political marketing. Thus, leaders, political parties, and politicians increasingly use social networks to inform citizens, communicate with them, and invite them to participate in politics (Vesnic-Alujevic, 2012). The concept of political marketing refers to the use of marketing principles and tools in political campaigns by political parties and leaders that can attract voters’ attention in order to win votes (Newman, 2012). Social networks play a huge role in various forms of political participation, including electoral arenas (Vergeer, 2013). They refer to various online tools that facilitate initiation of conversations and the dissemination of information between users (Kushin & Yamamoto, 2010). They allow users to develop online relationships where people with common interests can interact, and share opinions and knowledge (Steenkamp & Hyde-Clarke, 2014). According to political marketing, social networks can be mentioned as one of the important and influential factors for citizens' political participation in elections (Malherbe, 2015). Citizens have a direct influence on the elections and determination of the country's destiny with their political participation, but no study has yet been conducted on election coverage through social networks, which can have a tremendous impact on the electoral arena. The problem of which networks can be used in the election process depends on the legal, political, and cultural conditions of the country on the one hand and the users who follow different motives, needs, and specific behaviors on the one hand. Therefore, according to what was said and since the purpose of this research was investigating the effect of political marketing through social networks on the participants’ loyalty to elections from the perspective of the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the researchers also looked for an answer to the question of how social networks can affect the election participants’ loyalty through political marketing under the shadow of legal and regulatory institutions.  Materials & MethodsThis study was a "descriptive survey of correlation type" in terms of purpose and an "applied" research in terms of data collection method. The unlimited statistical population included the 384 citizens of Kermanshah Province, who were selected via the simple random method (Table 1). From among the questionnaires related to social networks, the questionnaire of Auter and Palmgreen (2000) consisting of 21 questions and that of Tsiotsou (2015) consisting of 4 questions were applied. The questions were localized by the researchers according to the conditions and laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The measurement scale was based on the 5-choice Likert spectrum questions. To confirm the research validity, 3 types of validity (content, convergent, and divergent validities) were used and 3 criteria (factor loading, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and composite reliability coefficient) were used to confirm its reliability. Discussion of Results & ConclusionsAs it was said, the purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of political marketing on the participants’ loyalty to the elections through social networks and from the perspective of the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results of the research hypothesis, which was the possible effect of political marketing on the participants’ loyalty in the elections through social networks, showed that social networks had an effect on the participants’ loyalty in the elections from the perspective of the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This finding was consistent with the results obtained by Asplund et al. (2014), Nisar & Whitehead (2016), Dabula (2017), Mahesar et al. (2021), and Hamid et al. (2022). In most studies, social networks was believed to offer great opportunities for leaders and political parties and thus, the power of these networks could be used in the electoral field. This was the reason for the findings of this research to be in line with those of the previous studies. The difference between this study and the previous researches was that none of the studies conducted in this field had any references to the laws of the countries governing the mentioned networks and only measured the relationships between the variables, while the researchers in this research expressed the legal conditions and these social platforms could operate within the framework of the law of the Islamic Republic of Iran besides examining the relationships between the variables.

Issuance of negotiations instruments, checks, promissory notes, bills of exchange, their endorsement or guarantee, as well as the acceptance of bills of exchange must be according to the general rules of contracts to be considered a legal act. However, according to the international conventions of Geneva and UNCITRAL regarding negotiations instruments, the meaning is specified using a signature and seal. The definitive stage of delivery of the document after signing, which must be done with consent, is also important. Iran's law is silent on the legal effect of submitting a negotiation instrument while it is defined as the role of submission in international documents and English Law. Transfer of a document is considered as the intention to declare the will, or a declaration of the will along with the complementary and final signature.

Nowadays, natural pigments are widely used in the food, cosmetics and sanitation industries. In recent years, numerous researches have been done on the methods of extraction and evaluation of the properties of natural pigments. The purpose of this study is comparison of enzymatic and ultrasonic extraction methods for the antioxidant properties of chlorophyll extracted from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Antioxidant activity was performed by three methods including DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results show that the concentration of chlorophyll a in alfalfa is higher than that of chlorophyll b and also the enzymatic method demonstrates higher yield in chlorophyll extraction. In addition, higher concentrations of alfalfa extract showed higher antioxidant activity in inhibiting DPPH free radicals and ferric reducing antioxidant power (p <0.05). Also, with increasing the extract concentration, total phenolic compounds and flavonoid compounds increase (p <0.05). Due to the better performance, the enzymatic extracted chlorophyll was used to evaluate the antioxidant properties, inhibition of free radicals DPPH and ATBS and ferric reducing antioxidant power and the result shows the higher chlorophyll concentration, the higher antioxidant properties. Due to the appropriate antioxidant effect of alfalfa chlorophyll extracted by enzymatic method, its application in food, pharmaceutical and health industries can be evaluated and industrial scale extraction systems can be designed using this technique.

Potholes are one of the spectacular landforms of rocks, especially sandstones. In this paper, 48 samples of Agha-Jari Sandstones were prepared and thin sections were obtained from them to investigate the sandstone minerals and porosity by Polarizing microscope and also by Bernard calcium meter. For estimating of rock hardness we use Schmidt Hammer Model N and ISRM (1978) standard. Maps were prepared with 1:25000 topographic map, Arc/GIS software and Jmicrovision software was used to obtain the amount and percentage of thin section minerals. The results showed that Potholes are a function of physical conditions of rocks and mineralogy compounds of rocks with the erosion role of water flow in calcium carbonate of stone. Based on the data and results, it was found that the characteristics of Agha-Jari sandstone compounds play an important role in the generation of Potholes in this formation. It was determined that the abundant presence of Feldspar minerals and high percentage of porosity in the oldest layer (A) of Agha-Jari Formation plays a great role in the looseness and creation of Potholes in that layer. Other layers with Potholes such as (B, D, C, and F Layers) show a significant relationship between increasing quartz percentage and decreasing the percentage of feldspar and calcium carbonate. The results also showed that the mean calcium carbonate of Agha-Jari sandstone is about 50% which is one of the reasons for the existence of Potholes in layers despite the hardness of Schmidt Hammer is high.

Lack of food diversity as the most important aspect of household access to food is a major challenge for rural communities. The main purpose of this study is to assess the food security status of rural households in the study area using the food diversity index and determine the main factors affecting the household diet. This cross-sectional research is one of the applied researches that has been compiled by a descriptive-analytical method. The main tool for data collection is a combination of a standard questionnaire calculating the score of food diversity in terms of counting food groups consumed by the household in the reference period of 24 hours before the interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes all rural households in West Azerbaijan province. 482 households were selected as a statistical sample by cluster sampling in several stages using Cochran's formula. The results showed that the main food groups consumed by rural households in West Azerbaijan province are cereals with% 57.9, root and tuberous plants with% 56.4 and legumes with% 49.8.Also, in terms of food diversity classification of rural households, %58.1 were in the category of moderate food diversity. Analysis of hypothetical relationships based on standard values obtained from Maximum Likelihood Estimates and Bayesian maximal estimation methods in Amos software showed that the variables of livestock ownership, education level, household size, and annual income, in general, explain% 85 of the changes in food variability dependent variables. It is suggested to diversify the sources of income and at the same time improve the level of education of the head of the household, which leads to increasing nutritional knowledge and leading the diet towards choosing and consuming healthier and more varied products in the diet of rural households

The concept of Human Rights is respected in all cultures and numerous laws have been enacted in this regard, and it is not necessarily limited to the contemporary era. As literature is a manifestation of culture reflected in the context of society, it reflects examples of human rights. In the field of Persian literature, Hafez in the mirror of the Divan of Ghazals, while dealing with lyrical, romantic, mystical and ... issues, has also spoken about Human Rights issues. In various verses, he has repeatedly objected to the shortcomings of Human Rights and called on his audience to directly and indirectly adhere to its principles. To achieve this goal, Hafez has made innovations, including the development of Rend's personality. In this study, citing library sources and descriptive-analytical method, the concepts of "Human dignity", "social justice" and "freedom" in Hafez's sonnets (with an approach to Rand actions) and the UN Declaration of Human Rights have been explored. . The results of the research show that Hafez's creation in the Divan of Ghazals was a critical and protest attempt to highlight the deprivations related to Human Rights in Iranian society and to increase the scope of knowledge and insight of the oppressed people. Also, in this way, the "insider / foreigner" dichotomy in the whole political structure of Iranian society is described. Another is that The concepts mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights have no roots exclusively in the contemporary world and go beyond time and geographical boundaries.

There are different cases of crimes against property and ownership. In Iranian law, the titles of these crimes are clear and the legislature has prescribed punishments for them. In the case of emerging and virtual crimes against property, the legislature has not criminalized substantive criminal policy in proportion to the reduction of crimes in the law. The purpose of this study is to explain the basis of criminal policy in crimes against property and to present the types of substantive differential criminal policy.

In this research, the concept and theoretical basis of substantive criminal policy based on the legal element of crimes against property is discussed and the presentation of a model based on a distinct criminal policy will be considered.

Differential criminal policy in cybercrime based on the constituent elements of crime in the prevention of cybercrime can greatly prevent.

The research method is descriptive and analytical and by collecting materials in the form of a library and expressing differential substantive criminal policy. Based on the proposed principles and reviewing the Iranian criminal law on new crimes against property and ownership, it can be concluded that cases of crimes against property and ownership in the context of differential criminalization or aggravation of punishment of offenders whose victim has lost property in public crimes Also, in the cases of computer crimes against property, criminal and criminal policy, no proper differentiation has been made. This study, considering the constituent elements of crime, seeks to provide differential patterns and solutions.

In this paper, the performance of a diaphragm dosing pump of the injection odorizers is simulated with the fluid-structure interaction analysis. The simulation results are validated with experimental data and the largest relative error is 16% for the average flow rate. Performance simulation of the diaphragm pump for the diaphragm oscillation period of 1 second and three different diaphragm displacement amplitudes of 0.8, 0.5, and 0.2 mm, shows that as the amplitude increases, the fluid velocity and consequently the flow rate of the pump increases. The average flow rate of the pump in the mentioned amplitudes is equal to 0.002, 0.0013, and 0.0005 kg/s, respectively. As the amplitude increases from 0.2 to 0.8 mm, the maximum stress applied to the diaphragm increases from 32.2 to 99.2 MPa (equivalent to 208%). Also, the effect of diaphragm oscillation frequency on pump performance is investigated. The results show that the pump's flow rate directly and linearly relates to the diaphragm oscillation frequency. In contrast, the applied stress on the diaphragm is not frequency-dependent and in the same ratios of the period, the applied stress is almost constant. According to the results, if the pump amplitude is set to 0.5 mm and the frequency is 1.6 Hz, instead of operating at a diaphragm amplitude of 0.8 mm and a frequency of 1 Hz, the pump's flow rate will be the same. While the maximum amount of stress in the diaphragm will be reduced by about 30% and the probability of damage will be reduced.

Undoubtedly, nowadays, innovation is one of the most important competitive advantages of organizations. In order to employ, implement and develop innovation in organizations, it is necessary to use strategies appropriate to the environment. The purpose of the research is to investigate the impact of strategic orientation and strategic flexibility on product innovation in Pars Khodro Company. The population of this research includes 300 employees of the Quality Assurance Unit of Pars Khodro Company. The sample size was calculated using Morgan's table and 169 people were used as a sample. The necessary data has been collected through standard questionnaires. The research findings show that there is a positive and significant effect between multiple strategic orientations, strategic flexibility and product innovation, there is a positive and significant effect between entrepreneurial orientation and product innovation, between Learning orientation has a positive and significant effect with product innovation. Also, learning orientation positively mediates the effect between entrepreneurial orientation and product innovation. Coordination flexibility positively mediates the effect between entrepreneurial orientation and product innovation. Coordination flexibility It positively moderates the effect between learning orientation and product innovation. It can be stated that the moderating effect of resource flexibility is not significant in the effect between coordination flexibility and product innovation.

According to the principle of freedom of contract, any commercial contract that is not contrary to Sharia and law is valid. The purpose of this study is to investigate the validity and validity of the evidence of e-commerce contracts and to clear up any ambiguities in this area. In this research, I will first state the Tradition. Then, we will examine the general Qur'anic evidences and the meaning of the verses that have been mentioned regarding the sale, trade, and lawful and unlawful businesses, and I will explain the naming and generalization of these verses. Examining the requirements of the principles as the third reason and the requirements of the rational structure as the fourth reason for the legitimacy of electronic contracts has not gone unnoticed. From this research, it can be concluded that according to the above reasons, e-commerce contracts are legitimate and are accepted by the legislature and human societies. Also, directing e-commerce rules to dynamic jurisprudence to remove doubts between the parties to the contract is one of the achievements of this article.

Undoubtedly, justice in societies requires precision and proper implementation of laws. Postmodernism and fuzzy logic largely removes the barrier to Aristotelian dualism and the obstacles to the advancement of science. Given the increasing numbers of inmates, the necessity of using postmodern criminology and the use of appropriate and varied responses by legislators to crime seems to be a psychological action based on fuzzy logic. The present study is a descriptive study using survey method and questionnaire in accordance with Islamic Penal Code. Given the increasing number of prisoners, using the fuzzy logic and postmodern criminology, the effect of the two on imprisonment was investigated. The findings of this study show that by establishing a fuzzy system and postmodern forensic investigations of the offender's position and status while committing the crime, judges can issue alternative sentences of imprisonment in light of the conditions provided by law. Thus, both the inflow of prisoners is reduced and the exposure of new damage can be kept away. It would appear that we will move to a more rigorous approach to judicial justice by relying on Islamic jurisprudence and the creation of a fuzzy system in the judiciary and a postmodern view of crime.

Social commitment and rule of law are influential among young people as social productive forces. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of religious orientation and its effect on social commitment and legalism.

This research is a part of "applied research" in terms of purpose and the questionnaire is used and the statistical population is the youth research of Islamabad-e-Gharb city. As a research sample, 384 people in the age group of 18-29 years were selected by random sampling method. Content validity, convergent validity and divergent validity in evaluation were used to confirm the validity of the questionnaire and its measurement tools. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, combined reliability coefficient and composite reliability coefficient. In this research, software (SMART-PLS) has been used and partial least squares method has been used for data analysis.

The coefficients obtained from the T test showed that: Religious orientation has an effect on social commitment (19.443), religious orientation has an effect on legalism (4.333) and social commitment has an effect on legalism (5.750). In examining the mediating role of social commitment in the influence of religious orientation on legalism, the value of the Sobel test is about (5.50).

The effect of religious orientation on social commitment and legalism was confirmed. Also, the social commitment variable can play a mediating role between religious orientation and legalism. It can be concluded that if young people are encouraged to legalize through religious orientation, social commitment should be possible among young people as well. increased.

In this study, we address issues concerning virtual contracts and express gaps concerning Iran's codified laws, Islamic jurisprudence, and international documents such as the Geneva Convention and the Convention on the International Sale of Goods, which are not explicitly addressed in Iran's e-commerce law. Consequently, in this research, the effects of conciliation of the parties to the contract by telephone, telex, and new virtual devices will be explored as well as the effects and rulings of contract conclusion. This research is applied from the standpoint of purpose, descriptive, and structural. The study concludes that there are challenges and gaps in the law for the conclusion of a virtual contract, and reveals a solution to eliminating these challenges and gaps.

In human livelihood, there is an important right called for-profit right, which the legislator has stated in the civil law and jurists of its rules and effects. In this research, it has been tried to express the reasons for the legitimacy of for-profit rights, including the life, competitive and residential right, according to Quranic and narration studies. But what is generally about the act of charities in the way of God can be one of the proofs of the legitimacy of these for-profit rights, of which verses have been mentioned. Also, in this research, other reasons such as narrative reasons, the actions of the companions of the Prophet (PBUH) and the basis of reason have been discussed as "as a source of legitimacy of for-profit rights". The purpose of this study is to investigate the legitimacy of for-profit right according to Islamic jurisprudential sources. Therefore, according to the emergence of new and emerging examples in this matter, the great Islamic jurists and Islamic jurists have a certain criterion for determining the types and rules of for-profit right.

Addressing the level of support provided for natural resources given the speed of their destruction and the threats they face, can be considered as one of the priorities in criminal justice policies. In this study, the legal aspects of criminal justice policies in regards to criminal and non-criminal protection of natural resources is analyzed. The present study deals with an applicable and problem-oriented subject and uses an analytical and descriptive method for its research. The purpose of this study is, to explore and present a solution under the jurisdiction of criminal justice policies to help protect natural resources and to identify the shortcomings and gaps in this field. Information was gathered via interviews and the study of judicial procedures was employed to ensure the protection of natural resources.Having assessed the current state of Iran's criminal justice policies regarding the subject under investigation, an appropriate model of criminal and non-criminal judicial prevention in the field of natural resource protection is presented. This paper concludes that it is necessary to abolish the old, inefficient and comprehensive laws regarding the protection of natural resources and that it is vital to complement the laws in this field. This would in turn lead to the creation of a coherent and unified inter-judicial criminal policy.

In Islamic jurisprudence and law, Qasamah has been stated as one of the proofs of the lawsuit in crimes such as murder, wound, and amputation. Regarding the collection of the traditions of the infallibles and also the historical background about Qasamah, the doubt and the denial of any jurist and lawyer in this jurisprudential establishment, in which Qasamah is the reason of proof, seems unnecessary. Therefore, this research aims to examine the question of why the Imams (AS), while strongly emphasizing the consolidation of Qasamah and the expressing its irregular nature and the likelihood of establishing Qasamah as a legal reason, have been restricted Qasamah to specific cases. In addition, this research studies the evidences of Qasamah documentation and analyzes the possibility of the reason for its rejection, as well as further deduction in the traditions. It should also be mentioned that the research does not study the conditions of the lawth and the number of oaths necessary for murder, wound, and amputation of the organ. The result of the research shows that Qasamah is not a reason of proof. The problems and doubts about the implementation of Qasamah have been explained in this regard. Therefore, it is suggested that the legislator carries out the necessary examinations and makes the necessary changes in the Islamic Penal Code.

In the mirror of the Divan of Ghazals, Hafez, while addressing lyrical, romantic, mystical, etc. issues, has also spoken about political and social issues, especially human rights. In various verses, he has repeatedly protested against the shortcomings of human rights and called on his audience to observe it directly and indirectly. To achieve this goal, Hafez has made innovations, including the development of Rand's personality. The main issue of the present study, which is based on library resources and comparative methods, is to examine Hafez's human rights motives for addressing Rand's character in order to answer the question, what human rights did the poet refer to in this way? The main hypothesis of the research is based on the principle that Hafez focuses on important concepts such as: equality and social justice; Personal and social security; Political, public and psychological freedoms; Human dignity; Economic, social, and cultural rights have been contemplated by representing Rand's verbal and practical actions. Overall, Hafez's creation in the Divan of Ghazals has been a critical and protest attempt to highlight the human rights-related deprivations in Iranian society and to increase the scope of knowledge and insight of the oppressed people. Also, in this way, the dual "insider / foreigner" is described and highlighted in the whole political structure of Iranian society.