فهرست مطالب امین شهسوار

The main purpose is to provide effective policies on land use changes in increasing the urban environment quality from the citizens’ perspective in the studied area, the lands of 64th Urmia Division. The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. the innovative aspects of the current research in the field of research methodology can be mentioned the use of Michael Walker's satisfaction-importance matrix model. Data collection has been done in two ways of the field and document. Research data has been collected through interviews and questionnaires completion. The criteria of this research include physical-spatial (mental), physical-spatial (objective), socio-cultural, economic and environmental sub-criteria. The statistical population of the research is the residents and users of the immediate lands area of 64th Urmia Division, which is estimated to be 361 people using Cochran's formula. Questionnaires were randomly distributed. The reliability of the research has been confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test and the value is 0.76. Michael Walker's satisfaction-importance matrix model analysis method was used in order to analyze the views of residents. The results of the surveys show that the level of satisfaction-importance for all indicators is more than 0.2, so increasing the emphasis on all indicators is prioritized. The indicators of quality of access, quality of buildings, access to green space are the most important, and the indicators of identity and readability, active economy of the area have gained the most satisfaction. According to the obtained results, the importance of the sub-criteria is at a good level and the level of satisfaction is at an average level.

In this contribution, a laboratory comparison of the cooling capability of two-hybrid and three-hybrid nanofluids in a photovoltaic/thermal system equipped with a spiral plate-tube collector is devoted. Stable suspensions of water-graphene oxide/titanium oxide, water-graphene oxide/iron oxide and water-titanium oxide/iron oxide as binary hybrid nanofluid and watergraphene oxide/titanium oxide/iron oxide nanofluid as ternary hybrid nanofluid have been used. Several experiments have been conducted to investigate the effect of nanofluid mass flow rate (20-80 kg/h) on system performance using a solar simulator. It was revealed that among the examined systems, the best thermal, electrical and overall performance always belongs to the photovoltaic/thermal system containing ternary hybrid nanofluid, while the worst performance always belongs to the system containing water-titanium oxide/iron oxide nanofluid. belongs to. The results showed that the thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and overall efficiency of the system containing ternary hybrid nanofluid were in the ranges of 53.14-80.14, 13.01-13.02 and 89.78- 95.29, respectively. is a percentage Also, it was found that the thermal, electrical and overall performance of the investigated systems improves with the growth of mass flow rate of nanofluids.

Peri-urban territories as a socio-economic space with a combination of urban and rural characteristics are often known as surrounding areas where agricultural, urban, and natural systems are in stable and continuous interaction with each other. In these areas, there are various connections according to the conditions and economic bases. These connections can create development or anti-development effects for any of the urban or rural spaces (especially villages). By understanding the mentioned issue, this research aims to analyze these regional relations in the center of Zanjan province. Therefore, with a descriptive-analytical method, the method of mutual communication between the surrounding sample villages and the city of Zanjan has been studied, and in this regard, the relevant indicators that were extracted by trusted sources have reached acceptable validity and have been used for the analysis of the research. Documentary and survey information data was collected. AHP and TOPSIS models were used for data analysis. On the other hand, based on the collaborative method carried out by the researchers of this research and some available scientific documents and sources, the degree of dependence of each of the peripheral sample villages to the center of Zanjan city has been determined. The obtained results indicated that peri-urban settlements, despite their spatial integration with urban areas, can be distinguished from both urban and rural areas due to their rapid growth, dynamics, and mixed social, economic, and environmental characteristics. Also, the final results of the research indicate the high dependence of Valaroud village on Zanjan city, and the villages of Dovasb, Dizjabad, and Razbin are placed in the next ranks respectively.

The main purpose of the research is to analyze the livability situation in Kouye Salar neighborhood. The most important distinguishing point of this research with similar researches is the use of the combined method of inferential statistics - spatial interpolation - structural relations. The present research method is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature and is practical in terms of purpose. To collect of information, a library-document and field-survey method was used. The tools of data collection are in several ways: observation, questionnaire, and taking notes. The statistical society of this research is the residents of Kouye Salar neighborhood, which has 18,000 people according to the 2016 census of the Statistics Center. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used and the sample size was 376, which was distributed in the study area using the cluster random sampling method. One-sample t-test was used for quantitative data analysis and IDW method was used for spatial data analysis. The DEMATEL model has been used to evaluate the relationship between the livability dimensions. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the questionnaires was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test with the alpha coefficient value of 0.775. Based on the results of the research, the dimensions of livability, which include social, economic, environmental, urban management, historical pattern, and facilities and services, have obtained average of 2.94, 2.07, 3.01, 1.25, 1.83, and 2.55, respectively and also, the livability level is unfavorable with an average of 2.27. Also, the results of the spatial analysis of the livability dimensions in Kouye Salar neighborhood show that about 66% of the neighborhood is in an unfavorable condition. According to the results of DEMATEL model, the dimensions of urban management, economic and facilities and services as "cause" and the three dimensions of environment, social and history pattern as "disability" are extracted and shown in the livability of the locality territory.

Urmia, as one of the most populated cities in Iran, has faced many problems in terms of physical and environmental aspects due to the changes made in the system of dividing the regions of this city. Also, with the investigations carried out in line with the situation of the distribution of service users in the areas of this city, it is possible to point out the unfair distribution of services in these areas. Also, with the investigations carried out in line with the situation of the distribution of Urban Public Services in the areas of this city, it is possible to point out the unfair distribution of urban public services in these areas. These things directly affect the living conditions of the residents, therefore, due to the importance of the residents' view of the living conditions in urban settlements and on the other hand the changes that have taken place in this city, the physical and environmental aspects of livability in this city have been examined. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to prioritize urban areas from the perspective of physical and environmental indicators of livability in the 5 regions of Urmia, so that by understanding the relationship between the built environment and users to evaluate livability, it is possible to provide a general insight regarding the livability situation in cities. The present research method is applied based on its purpose and descriptive-analytical based on its nature. Data collection in this research has been done in two forms, documents, and field collection. The statistical population of this research is the population of the 5 regions of Urmia, according to the statistics of the Iran Statistics Center in 2015, there are 736,224 people, which was used for sampling the Cochran formula with an error percentage of 0.05 so the sample size of the research is 384. which is randomly distributed according to the population ratio of each region. The validity of the questionnaires has been confirmed by experts, and the reliability of the questionnaires has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test with a value of 0.791. Data analysis has been done quantitatively using a one-sample t-test and the TOPSIS model. Research indicators include infrastructure facilities and services, public transportation, pollution and environmental health, landscape, and green spaces. The results of the research show that according to the one-sample t-test, physical and environmental indicators in Urmia Region 1 have better conditions than other regions. Also, according to the results of this test, Regions 2 and 3 are at a lower level than the average level and need special attention from the city management to improve the current situation. According to the results of the TOPSIS model and users' opinions in the ranking of Urmia regions, Region 1 ranked first, Region 5 ranked second, Region 4 ranked third, Region 3 ranked fourth, and Region 2 ranked fifth in terms of physical and environmental indicators of livability.

In the current cities of Iran, most of the passages and public spaces of the neighborhoods have been reduced to the level of passageways and social life has disappeared from them in such a way that they continue to live without any cultural and social burden. This has aggravated their identity crisis and lack of vitality which requires the serious attention of urban planners to improve the sense of vitality in these spaces. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the importance and satisfaction of vitality indicators and items in Imam Khomeini street of Urumia and strategies to strengthen it are provided. The research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. Data collection has been done in the form of a field survey and questionnaire. The research indicators include socio-cultural, physical-spatial, and economic-welfare indicators. The statistical population of research includes all the users of this space, and the sample size is 384 people by using Cochran's formula. The validity of the questionnaires has been verified by experts and its reliability by using Cronbach's alpha test with a coefficient of 0.751. In order to analyze the information, Walker's (1996) satisfaction-importance matrix model has been used to identify the level of satisfaction and importance of each of the research indicators and propose policies to improve their situation. According to the research results, in the cultural-social dimension, the items "gathering spaces and social interactions" and "safety in pedestrian and bicycle traffic" has the most importance and satisfaction, respectively. In the physical-spatial dimension, the item "diversity of uses" has the most importance and the item "round-the-clock activity of the uses" has the highest level of satisfaction. In the economic-welfare dimension, the item "ease of access to public transportation" and the item "psychological comfort" have obtained the most importance and highest level of satisfaction. In order to improve the satisfaction status of each item, implementation strategies have been presented.

In the present experimental investigation, the thermal and electrical performances of a photovoltaic/thermal system equipped with a sheet-and-grooved serpentine tube collector are investigated. The water-magnetite nanofluid is used as the heat transfer fluid. The effect of nanoparticle volume concentration (0-1%), nanofluid mass flow rate (10-40 kg/h) and groove pitch (0, 0.54 and 8 mm) on the temperature of photovoltaic panel, thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and overall efficiency is examined. A review of the literature reveals that the present study is the first experimental study on the performance of photovoltaic/thermal systems with a sheet-and-grooved serpentine tube collector. 

In order to evaluate and compare the performance of the PVT systems studied in the present study, weather conditions such as ambient temperature and solar radiation intensity should be similar in different experiments. Therefore, it was decided to perform the experiments using a solar simulator capable of producing a uniform heat flux (1000 W/m2) at a constant ambient temperature (22 °C). The collector is connected to the bottom of the photovoltaic panel and the serpentine tube is welded to the bottom of the collector. In this way, the heat of the photovoltaic panel is transferred to the collector and from the collector to the serpentine tube, and finally, the nanofluid flowing in the tube receives heat from the tube wall and heated. After leaving the serpentine tube, the heated nanofluid enters a heat exchanger and transfers its heat to a coolant and, as a result, cools down. The grooves create secondary flow in the nanofluid that disrupts the thermal boundary layer and increases heat transfer from tube wall to the nanofluid. On the other hand, the grooves increase the pressure drop of the nanofluid, and thus increase the pumping power required to make the nanofluid flow in the serpentine tube, which is not desirable at all. 

The results showed that the thermal, electrical and overall efficiencies of the system with a sheet-and-plain serpentine tube collector are in the range of 30.89-41.09%, 11.89-11.99% and 62.19-72.63%, respectively. These values for the system equipped with a sheet-and-grooved serpentine collector having groove pitch of 8 mm are 34.57-46.81%, 12.06-12.15% and 66.30-78.78%, respectively, and for the system equipped with a sheet-and-grooved serpentine collector having groove pitch of 5.4 mm are 37.03-50.89%, 12.29-12.38% and 69.37-83.47%, respectively. Among the systems studied, the best thermal, electrical and overall performance belongs to the system having groove pitch of 5.4 mm, while the worst performance belongs to the system equipped with a sheet-and-plain serpentine tube collector. In addition, the results showed that increasing the nanoparticle concentration and nanofluid mass flow rate leads to improved thermal and electrical performance of all three systems studied in the present study.

Using a grooved serpentine tube instead of a plain serpentine tube causes the hot fluid near the tube wall to mix with the colder fluid passing through the central areas of the tube, and thus, the temperature distribution of the fluid becomes more uniform, which improves its cooling capability. This effect is enhanced by reducing the groove pitch. On the other hand, the larger the number of grooves, the greater the pressure drop across the nanofluid current in the serpentine tube, which in turn increases the power required to pump the nanofluid into the collector and, as a result, reduces the net electrical output of the system. Fortunately, the share of pumping power in the electrical power generated by the system is about 1%, which makes the positive effect of using a grooved serpentine tube more than its negative effect, and as a result, the performance of the photovoltaic/thermal system with a sheet-and-grooved serpentine tube having groove pitch of 5.4 mm is better than other systems. Also, because the nanofluid has a higher thermal conductivity than the pure water, it can receive more heat from the tube wall, which better cools the panel and, thus, improves its electrical efficiency. On the other hand, at the same mass flow rate, the velocity of the nanofluid in the tube is lower than that of water, which leads to a lower pressure drop of the nanofluid compared to water. Overall, the results showed that nanofluid is a better coolant than water for use in the photovoltaic/thermal systems studied in the present study. Increasing the mass flow rate also leads to an increase in the coolant velocity, which leads to a simultaneous increase in heat transfer and pressure drop, the former of which is desirable and the latter of which is undesirable. The results showed that the positive effect of increasing the mass flow rate outweighs the negative effect, and as a result, increasing the mass flow rate leads to improved thermal, electrical and overall performance of the studied photovoltaic/thermal systems.

The aim of this study is to numerically investigate various aspects influencing the entropy production in a twisted double-pipe heat exchanger. In the inner tube, a combination of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles in the base fluid (solution of 0.5 wt% Carboxymethyl Cellulose in water) was used as the non-Newtonian nanofluid. In the space between the two pipes, water flowed in the opposite direction with the Reynolds number (Re) of 1000. The effect of nanoparticle concentration (φ), nanofluid Reynolds number and twist pitch on the results were investigated. The results show that increasing Re from 500 to 2000 increases the thermal and frictional entropies. Also, increasing φ from 0 to 3% reduced both types of entropy. At Re=2000, increasing φ from 0 to 3% caused a decrease of 9.2%, 15.3% and 11.8% for thermal, frictional and total entropies, respectively. In addition, increasing the twist pitch increased them especially for thermal entropy. Also, it was observed that for all the considered values of φ, the Bejan number increases with increasing Re, and at a constant Re, increasing φ causes it to increase slightly.

The main purpose of this study is policy is policy-making of promotion the local management status in informal settlements with community-based approach. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection and information is survey. Two library and field methods have been used in order to study and formulate theoretical foundations related to the research topic. The SWOT model has also been used to analyze the data. Whereas the mechanism of the council's internal relations must move from "secretary-centered" to "council-centered"; The council and the municipality should have an efficient and transparent model, maintaining the independence of the supervisory body (council and council) from the executive body (municipality) in the type of neighborhood administration, considering the existence of three sides; The district municipality, the neighborhood house and the council in each neighborhood. Therefore, it seems that the project, due to its goal of empowering neighborhoods, can be effective in empowering and creating a communication channel between government organizations and neighborhoods. The results show that in order to improve the current situation of local management, certain combined strategies should be used, which are: Low-top planning with a combination of collective votes, Existence of a valid database in line with the requirements for neighborhood management, Increasing the participation of neighborhood residents with awareness in the field of neighborhood management and housing, Legal and constructive interaction of the urban management complex with the citizens and residents of the neighborhood.Extended Abstract

    In recent decades, with dramatic changes in the spatial structure of urban neighborhoods, their political, social and economic role has diminished and deficiencies such as environmental pollution, unemployment, poverty, marginalization, housing, socio-psychological and cultural damage, especially the loss of material and spiritual capital. In today's local society, citizen participation in the management of urban affairs has decreased and the level of local community participation in the design of urban neighborhoods has decreased, which has made the urban management system inefficient and so, it requires structural reform and maximum use of partnership management. The main purpose of local community development is to help the local community to build capacity and participation of residents for development, to solve economic, social, environmental and cultural problems and on the other hand, the purpose of local community planning is to improve the effectiveness of public services to meet people's needs. Local communities and improving the quality of life for all. In this regard, a people's aid-council was established with the aim of facilitating local problem-solving mechanisms with a participatory approach. Aid-Councilors at the neighborhood level through direct communication with local residents and through non-governmental organizations should identify the needs, shortcomings and limitations of the neighborhood, and since aid-councilors do not have executive guarantees, problems should be solved by interacting with executive bodies. Informal settlements are one of the main challenges of urban management and knowing the patterns in these settlements will help to manage this type of housing. Empowerment of local communities is a new approach to solving the problem of urban poverty, which no longer considers building engineering and injection of mere financial resources as the solution, but social engineering with the support and facilitation of the public sector and local and non-governmental organizations and active participation. The main purpose of this study is to present a proposed strategy to launch neighborhood management in informal settlements with a community-based approach that has sub-objectives; Assigning local decision-making to the local community, increasing the participation of local people, improving the conditions for effective communication with interventionist organizations, and empowering the mentioned neighborhoods. Given the importance of the issue, it seems that the existence of local management and neighborhood housing in informal settlements is effective in improving the current situation of the neighborhood economically, socially, physically and creating a channel of communication with city managers.

     The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection and information is survey. In order to study and formulate theoretical foundations related to the research topic, both library and field methods have been used. To achieve the objectives of this research will be done in two parts: documentary and field studies. Documentary study technique is based on taking notes from books and written works and will be used to know the opinions of experts in the field of concepts and based on content for theoretical issues related to the field of research. The SWOT model was also used to analyze the data, which ultimately provided strategies to improve neighborhood management. This model, provided fully implemented, will be an appropriate basis for policy-making.Results and Discsussion:     The aid-council has been established in order to carry out the actions of the councils and the neighborhood management in order to carry out the interactions and instructions of the municipality.Also, the goal of both projects is to empower the neighborhoods and follow the bottom-up planning. Differences in the degree of solidarity and belonging of citizens to the place of residence as well as the diversity of socio-cultural context in traditional and modern societies should be considered more in participatory planning. Given that aid-councils and local management as a model of participatory management of cities, to facilitate citizen participation at lower levels, especially neighborhoods, should be paid attention in the stages of establishment and how to determine its members to issues such as socio-cultural context and citizenship and the internal structure of the neighborhood in every city. After finding the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the current management of the neighborhood, an evaluation matrix of external and internal factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities has been formed in order to obtain their weighted points. The obtained combined strategies from offensive, change direction, diversity and defensive strategies are as follows:Availability of physical site for neighborhood management and equipped with a valid database;Optimal interaction between neighborhood management and neighborhood residents with a trust building approach;Ability to use ICT for standard monitoring and regular reporting;Decentralized neighborhood management system and organic service process.

      The need for citizen participation to improve the physical and socio-economic situation of urban neighborhoods is tangible and sensible. One of the strengths of settlements is the existence of social capital, regardless of its degree, so that the sustainable local management can be formed by valuing the connecting social capital and seeking participation. On the other hand, production in a city requires resources, interest and actors. In a situation of economic-financial deficit, even revenues with specific purposes (limited funds) as well as other revenues are increasingly important in the relevant budgets for efficiency and effectiveness in the management of informal settlements. It should be noted that the physical structure of the neighborhood reflects its strengths and weaknesses and issues. According to the research of this work, informal settlements generally have heterogeneity and conflict in their socio-cultural and physical contexts, and therefore, the issue of unsociability and lack of interaction among residents is rippling and this, makes the management of such residential areas doubly difficult, in other words, special bed and tools are needed for the dynamic presence of residents in the local community and to establish constructive interaction. Whereas the mechanism of the aid-council's internal relations must move from "secretary-centered" to "aid-councilor-centered"; and the council and the municipality should be in an efficient, transparent, clean model and maintaining the independence of the supervisory body (council and aid-council) from the executive body (municipality) in the type of neighborhood administration, considering the existence of three sides; District municipalities, neighborhood halls and aid-councils in each neighborhood, therefore, it seems that the plan, due to the purpose of empowering neighborhoods, can be effective in empowering and creating a communication channel between government agencies and neighborhoods.

In today’s world, the growing trend of urban population and urbanization process on the one hand, and the need to maintain land located in the suburbs and valuable  natural area and the need to save the land on the other hand, has put high-rise construction and dense urban development on the agenda of the urban management. The provision of housing and the issue of population housing have always been the most significant factor in the nature and objective of such planning, and may have marginalized considerations and observance of various physical, social, cultural and environmental criteria. Because of factors such as the reconstruction of the ruins of the eight-year war, the process of migration from rural areas and other cities of West Azerbaijan province to this city, at a time, the city of Urmia first began to develop horizontally through numerous changes in urban uses, after that time, due to huge costs, the existence of natural barriers from a geographical point of view, the inability of the local executive body in providing infrastructure networks, the tendency to develop high-rise buildings within the urban management setting and consequently among the private sector becamemore powerful. The process of dense construction of Urmia began more or less in the late 1990s, and since then, the city of Urmia has been the bedrock for the construction of high-rise residential buildings in high and relatively high areas; and during this period, natural resources and barren lands underwent land use changes and dense development; consequently, the development of high buildings, apart from social and cultural inadequacies, has imposed congestion and traffic problems in the alleys, as well as the inconsistency, heterogeneity and ugliness on the city.

This research is of cognitive type in terms of purpose, and is of evaluation type  in terms of method; it is of cross-sectional in terms of time; and, is quantitative in terms of data type. Primary data were analyzed in SPSS software, specifically through using one-sample t-test and Friedman test. The statistical population of the study includes citizens living in district 1 of Urmia Municipality, and based on Cochran's formula, the sample size has been calculated and determined to be 384 people. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was prepared based on simple random sampling method in the number of the sample size, and it was distributed in the study area. And its face and content validity has been estimated based on the purpose of the research through consulting with professors and experts, and its reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha test to measure the internal consistency of items, and was found to be 0.81.

Nowadays, the need for a high-rise construction strategy is more apparent due to the increasing population growth and land constraints. High-rise buildings, as the result of technological advancement, can increase pollution due to the negative environmental consequences associated with high population and building densities, if not properly controlled and supervised. In this study, according to one -sample t-test, all four dimensions include a moderate to high status (social: 30.4; economic: 28.7; environmental: 26.8; and physical: 45.6). According to Friedman test, the reason for the moderate to high social status is the proportionality of the security situation and the low rate of conflict, but the sense of belonging and life suitability in the units is not very satisfactory. The above-average economic status is due to the profitability in construction and the existence of seasonal jobs, which is associated with a service-oriented economy in strict 1 of the city of Urmia. Regarding the environmental dimension, the relatively good health status has taken an average to high score, and at the same time the quality of waste collection in strict 1 of Urmia is appropriate. But noise pollution is on the rise in the strict. In terms of the physical dimension, the proper quality of the water, gas and telephone network has given it a moderate to high status. But the physical dimension of district 1 has been problematic for high-rise buildings in cases such as neighborhood , emergency stairs, building strength, impact on street congestion due to shortage of parking areas.

According to the criteria studied and what is highlighted in the principles of high-rise construction, more density of the city leads to the lower transportation, while the case study in this research is one of the busiest parts of the city in terms of traffic, daily and night movement of personal vehicles. Despite the possibility of better and more use of urban lands, district 1, which has a higher slope and is at higher altitude comparing to the other areas of the city, does not have much power and possibility to get natural light, and has increased shading. It has inevitably failed to achieve urban sustainability. It can be acknowledged that despite the expansion of high-rise buildings and the vertical growth and density of the city, the location allocation of these units has not been done properly; and in the field of construction, the obvious principles such as height proportion, facade proportion, neighborhood, distribution of facilities and services, etc. have not been observed, and this issue has distorted the urban landscape. In addition, the lack of infrastructure such as multi-storey parking areas and the lack of parking in the buildings have contributed to the congestion of the streets. And all of theses issues are due to not following a distinct and standard pattern, and the process of transformation of the district has been mostly subjective in terms of high-rise construction.

Urban neighborhoods play a major role in urban life and decline. The transformation of the relationship between mass and space and the changing in population and construction densities due to changes in lifestyle, population growth and ... has caused a major transformation in the spatial structure of the neighborhoods and, finally, amount of social communication and interaction at the local level. These inevitable changes in the neighborhood and the city have caused major problems in which according to the relationship between the spatial and social structure of urban neighborhoods, it is necessary to improve the situation on the other side by interfering and changing in each of the fields. In the present research, neighborhood-centered spatial development strategy and plan in Ferdowsi neighborhood have been investigated. This research in terms of purposing is applied; in terms of nature and method is prescriptive; according to type of data is quantitative and qualitative; and in terms of time, is cross-sectional. In this research, by using the AIDA technique and based on strategies and decision areas, a strategic project has been presented in order to empowerment of Ferdowsichr('39')s neighborhood.

Quality of life is has a special place in urban planning studies according to objective and subjective conditions. The main goal of all plannings which is implied by thinkers and planners is Quality of life. The main objective of this research is to study the indicators related to quality of life from the viewpoint of the citizens of the new city of Parand according to 3 physical, functional and environmental characteristics. The research method is descriptive-analytic and survey based on using a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is 382 people. In order to analyze the variables studied, SPSS software and statistical methods such as mean responses, parametric statistical test T for independent variables, synthetics and ANOVA test were used. The results of the research show that the quality of life situation in the studied area in the field of transportation and environmental, economic and social communication is not favorable from the viewpoint of the sample population. Only the situation from the viewpoint of physical characteristics (spaces and buildings) of the sample population is medium (with the mean 3) evaluated.

Livable city is one of the new concepts of determining an urban’s current systems that has found the necessities and appropriate status due to developments in thoughts and aspirations of a contemporary society. Today, having the livability properties of cities is very important to achieve sustainable development in society. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of region 18th of Tehran's livability at the local level. Comparative Assessment Methodology was used. Data were collected using a questionnaire so 384 questionnaires were sampled. Livability criteria are evaluated in the form of 6 dimensions (social, economic, facilities and utilities. Urban management, environmental and historical pattern) SPSS&GIS for analyzing of the data were used. The results indicate that livability in the study area is down the average. The neighborhoods of Valiasr-e-jenoubi is at the highest level, and Yaftabad is at the lowest level of livability, respectively, and facilities and utilities dimension have also been most efficacy on spatial analysis of the livability of the region.

This paper discusses the simulation of the PV/T air systems with natural airflow operation for both glazed and unglazed types. Comparisons are made between the theoretical and experimental results and good agreement between these two values are obtained. Additionally, the influence of the glass cover on the different system parameters has been evaluated. Results show that setting glass cover on photovoltaic panels leads to an increase in thermal efficiency and decrease in electrical efficiency of these systems.

This paper discusses the simulation of the Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) air systems with natural air flow operation for both glazed and unglazed types. Comparisons are made between the theoretical and experimental results and good agreement between these two values are obtained. Additionally, the influence of the glass cover on the different system parameters has been evaluated. Results show that setting glass cover on photovoltaic panels leads to an increase in thermal efficiency and decrease in electrical efficiency of these systems.