اناهیتا روزی طلب

Unidimensional inequality has been estimated many times; but individual well-being is a multi-dimensional concept that depends not only on income but also on other benefits such as education, health, and housing. The main aim in this research has been to evaluate the inequality concerning commodity groups in the household basket and compare the multi-dimensional inequality with that of one-dimensional (total expenditure) inequality for urban, and rural areas as well as the country as a whole. Therefore, the multidimensional Gini coefficient is estimated according Kumar Banerjee (2010) during the period 1984-2021. Doing so, we have used the household income-expenditure microdata collected in the 9 commodity groups of food, clothing, housing, services, health, recreation and entertainment, education, transportation and communication, and others by Statistical Center of Iran.  The results indicate that the multi-dimensional inequality trend have been increasing for urban and rural so the country as a whole, while the one-dimensional expenditure(unidimensional) inequality shows a decreasing trend and the gap between trends were also increasing. The multidimensional inequality headways been more than that of unidimensional inequality level as has been expected, which more corresponds with real evidence in Iran.

Most tax policies are based on how taxpayers make decisions based on classical economic models. However, the studies show that the conventional decision-making models that are independent of the foundations of  social  psychology and they are designed only based on economic components, cannot explain the changes and the precise way of decision makers. The tax tendency is one of the most important approaches to improve the efficiency of tax organizations. The goals of this approach are achieved when it can properly identify and control the factors affecting it. The aim of this study is to investigate the willingness to pay taxes using behavioral economics tools. Therefore, the questionnaires were distributed among the production units located in Semnan industrial town with 50 workers or more to examine the taxpayers tendency to pay taxes. The findings show that there are two implications of behavioral economics, other measures of behavioral economics such as ownership effect, subjective accounting, anchor effect, fairness and etc, explain the willingness of individuals to pay taxes. Therefore, if the government pays special attention to the criteria of behavioral economics in collecting taxes, the most taxpayers are willing to pay the right amount of tax timely.

In this study, considering the importance of crime and its harmful socio-economic effects, after specifying the model to investigate the economic factors affecting crime (unemployment rate, inflation rate and real exchange rate) on crime using the Markov-swtiching model and time series data (1984-2013) has been studied in Iran.The main focus of the paper is on crime and unemployment variables and other influential variables have been included in the model of control variables vector.. The results show that the relationship between unemployment at high levels of crime is positive and direct and at low levels of crime there is a negative relationship, and other economic variables such as real exchange rate, inflation rate have a positive effect on crime. Crime as a phenomenon Social, like other social phenomena, has different dimensions, and various factors can play a role in its occurrence, and as a result, social phenomena change slowly. Thus, if the social and economic environment of politics has a direct impact on crime rates, crime cannot be prevented in a country by increasing the punishment for criminals or forcing the police to deal with them or creating economic well-being and raising their standard of living. Preventing the crime of persons requires a comprehensive effort in all its dimensions so as to achieve success in this regard.

The aim of this paper is to examine the causal relationship between carbon dioxide emissions per capita, energy consumption per capita, gross domestic production per capita, trade openness, financial development and urban population in Iran for the 1977-2015 periods. Hence, the bounds F-test of co-integration was used to explore the relationship between above variables. The results show that elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions per capita relative to gross domestic production per capita, trade openness, energy consumption per capita and urban population is positive and to the financial development index is negative. In addition, this paper explores the causal relationship between the study variables using the error-correction model based on Granger’s causality tests. The causality test results showed that there is two-way causality between financial development and gross domestic production per capita while there is one-way causality between carbon dioxide emissions per capita and trade openness, energy consumption per capita and urban population.

Most economic activities inevitably use natural resources and at the same time by releasing waste material which is a result of production activities, imposes pressures on the natural ecosystem. In this study it has been attempted to investigate the relations between carbon dioxide emissions and national income variables, trade liberalization, electricity generation, total consumption of petroleum products, natural gas consumption and domestic investment in the form of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by applying time series data of Iran’s economy during the time period of (1979-2010) and by adopting Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. This shows that environmental hypothesis and Kuznets Curve are partly approved in Iran. In order to accomplish this issue thoroughly, standard growth and perfect technology in production is required. The results of this study indicate that increase in national income, trade liberalization, electricity generation, total consumption of petroleum products,  natural gas consumption and domestic investment have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emission. Moreover, it has been found that chi-income has a negative, however, more insignificant, compared to income, on environmental pollution