اکرم کریمی اصل

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of two types of intense training on the levels of thioredoxin reductase-1 enzyme and malondialdehyde in testicular tissue of male wistar rats.19 male Wistar rats,8weeks old and weighing200± 5g, after10 sessions of introducing training protocols and after weighing, were randomly divided into3groups(control, intense endurance training, intense training).Intense endurance training protocol included running on a treadmill for8 weeks and intense periodic training protocol included running on a rodent treadmill for 8 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session,the rats were anesthetized with ether and sacrificed and then the testicular tissue was isolated under sterile conditions.The amount of Thioredoxin Reductase-1 was determined by ELISA method and using a spectrophotometer and also the concentration of Malondialdehyde was determined by three Barbituric acid method using a spectrometer. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used to analyze the data.After8 weeks, the amount of Enzyme in the intense endurance training group and intense periodic training group increased significantly compared to the control group(P<0.05). Also,there was no significant change in the amount of Malondialdehyde in testicular tissue of the intense endurance training group and intense periodic training group compared to the control group(P>0.05). According to the results of this research,it can be said that intense endurance training and intense periodic training has increased the amount of thioredoxin reductase-1 enzyme in a testicular tissue and by creating adaptation in the body's antioxidant system, has not increased malondialdehyde.

The aim of this study was to investigating the effect of high intensity interval training and endurance training along with jujube supplement consumption on the state of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity of testicular tissue of immature rats.

72 immature wistar rats with age of 22 days and weight of 60.64 ± 7.475 grams were randomly divided into 9 groups: control, intense interval training (HIT), intense endurance training (ICT), jujube , ICT + jujube, ICT + placebo, HIT training + placebo, HIT training + jujube and placebo. After a week of familiarization, the ICT protocol including running on a  rodent treadmill for 4 weeks (5 sessions/week) and the HIT protocol including 4 weeks (6 sessions/week) were performed. Distilled water gavage was given to the placebo groups, and jujube extract gavage was given to the jujube groups at a dose of 600 mg/kg of body weight, daily after training. The activities of SOD, GPX and CAT enzymes and MDA and TAC levels were measured by spectrophotometry and ELISA kit.

In the HIT group, a significant increase in SOD, GPX and TAC was observed after 4 weeks (P=0.001); In the ICT group, the amount of MDA decreased significantly after 4 weeks (P=0.022), while SOD (P=0.006) and TAC (P=0.001) had a significant increase. The amount of antioxidant activity and the level of MDA and TAC did not change significantly in the group of HIT + jujube extract, on the other hand, in the ICT + jujube extract group, only CAT had a significant decrease (P = 0.012).

 The results of the present study showed that intense interval and endurance training has reduced oxidative stress and significantly increased antioxidant enzymes in testicular tissue and immature rats. However, due to the few studies done in this field, more research is needed.

One of the appropriate strategies for combating the adverse effects of oxidative stress caused by strenuous activities is consuming a well-balanced diet and taking antioxidant supplements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of jujube extract consumption during two types of intermittent and intense endurance training on antioxidant indices and oxidative stress of the liver tissue of immature male rats.

72 male Wistar rats (aged= 22 days, weight= 60.64 ± 7.475 g) were randomly divided into nine groups after being weighed: control, placebo, jujube, intense endurance training (ICT), ICT + placebo, ICT + jujube gavage, high-intensity interval training (HIT), HIT + placebo gavage, HIT + jujube gavage. After a week of general and specific familiarization, the ICT protocol including running on the treadmill for four weeks (five sessions per week) with progressive duration and intensity and following the principle of exercise overload was implemented on an animal treadmill. So that the speed in the first week was equal to 10-18 meters per minute and its duration was 10-30 minutes, and in the last week the training speed reached 30 meters per minute and its duration was 55-60 minutes. The HIT training protocol was also carried out in the form of training with the pattern of seven-day courses (six days of training and one day of rest to prevent overtraining). Based on the principle of overload, training was applied in such a way that the training speed in the familiarization week was equal to 10-16 meters per minute and its duration was one minute, and in the last week the training speed reached 36-40 meters per minute (equivalent to about 85% of Vo2max). Distilled water was given to the placebo groups, and 600 mg/kg of jujube extract was given daily to the jujube groups after training. The activity of GPX, SOD, CAT enzymes, TAC and MDA was assayed by spectrophotometric method using diagnostic ELISA kit. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that ICT and HIT significantly decreased MDA activity (P < 0.05). However, ICT and HIT did not affect the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX) and TAC (P > 0.05). On the other hand, HIT training significantly increased CAT enzyme (P < 0.05). The results also showed that groups with jujube gavage did not have a significant effect on the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX, CAT), TAC and MDA (P > 0.05).

it seems that ICT, HIT moderates oxidative indices, and HIT training improves the antioxidant index CAT in immature rats.

Intense sports activity, by creating oxidative stress, plays a role in causing some muscle damage and the spread of inflammation after the activity. On the other hand, it has been stated that oxidative stress tolerance can be done by stress proteins such as hemoxygenase. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine and investigate the effect of intense endurance training on hemoxygenase-1 and TNF-α enzyme levels in the stomach and intestinal tissues of male Wistar rats.

In the present experimental study conducted in 2017, 16 male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into 2 groups (control and intense endurance training) after 10 familiarization sessions and weight lifting (mean and the standard deviation of the control group was 203.125 ± 8.18 and intense endurance training was 211.25 ± 7.9). The intense endurance training protocol included running on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week), water and standard food were freely provided to the samples. 48 hours after the last training session and 4-hour fasting, the mice were dissected and tissue samples were collected, and hemoxygenase-1 enzyme concentration and TNF-α level were measured using an ELISA kit. Collected data were analyzed using independent t-test.

The results indicated that intense endurance training had no significant effect on the level of hemoxygenase enzyme in the stomach tissue of rats (p=0.88). Moreover, the amount of hemoxygenase-1 enzyme in the intestinal tissue of mice did not change significantly (p=0.79). The amount of TNF-α in the stomach tissue of mice was not meaningfully different between the two groups (p=0.48). The amount of TNF-α in the intestinal tissue of the two groups was not significantly different (p=0.12).

Due to the non-change of TNF-α level, probably regular endurance sports training made the stomach and intestinal tissues safe from the destructive effects of intense endurance training by creating a beneficial adaptation in the antioxidant system. On the other hand, there is a possibility that the lack of significant changes in the inflammatory index in the present study could be related to the intensity of the exercise used. Correspondingly, if the intensity of sports activity is suitable for changes in inflammatory index levels, the lack of proper exercise by the samples of the present study was probably a factor in the absence of significant changes.

Physical activity of any intensity and time effect on the oxidative stress and Antioxidant system. So, the proper choice of type, time and intensity of exercise is necessary. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of strenuous endurance (SET) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the TRX1 and MDA of lung tissue in male wistar rats.

24 male Wistar rats, were randomly divided into three groups: (Control, SET, HIIT). The training protocols were consisted SET and HIIT on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 days a week). Forty-eight hours after the last session of training lung tissue samples were collected. Lung concentration of TRX1 was measured by ELISA and MDA concentration was measured by tribarbituric acid. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used.

The results of this study showed that after 8 weeks, there were no significant differences in TRX1 level of lung tissue in SET and HIIT groups compared to control group (p = 0/43). Also, there were no significant differences in MDA level of lung tissue in HIIT groups compared to control group (P = 0/06), but the level of MDA was significantly decreased in SET group compared to endurance group (P= 0/02).

According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that 8-week SET, while reducing MDA, did not on TRX1 level of lung tissue.

Exercise is one of the effective factors in causing oxidative stress. Increased oxidative stress can be effective in the development of injuries and cardiovascular disease and stimulate the production of cytokines from many cells, but on the other hand to counteract these pressures, the body responds to oxidative stress by activating the antioxidant defense system and other protective systems. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of intense endurance training and intense periodicity on co-oxygenase-1 and alpha tumor necrosis factor in the heart tissue of male Wistar mice. 

The present experimental study was conducted on 24 adult Wistar rats in 2019. After two weeks of identification and weight lifting, they were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, intense endurance training, Intense periodic exercise). The protocol of intense and intense endurance training included running on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week), standard water and food, and was freely available to the subjects. Forty-eight hours after the last training session and 4 hours of fasting, the subjects were dissected and tissue samples were collected. Subsequently, the concentration of HO-1 enzyme was measured by ELISA and TNF-α was measured by ELISA. The collected data were analyzed using Shapirovilk statistical tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. 

There was no significant difference in TNF-α levels after 8 weeks of strenuous endurance and high intensity interval training (P˃0/05). Furthermore, 8 weeks of strenuous endurance training and high intensity interval training had no significant effect on the amount of HO-1 enzyme in heart tissue (p <0.05). 

Since the levels of HO-1 and TNF-α in heart tissue did not change after 8 weeks of intense endurance training and intense intermittent training, it can be concluded that regular exercise, by creating a beneficial adaptation in the antioxidant system, they make oxidative stress more resistant.

free radicals cause more than 60 diseases; however, antioxidants can stop the harmful processes induced by free radicals in the body. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of strenuous endurance training (ET) and high-intensity interval training (HT) on thioredoxin reductase-1 (TRX1) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in hippocampal tissue in male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of control, ET, and HT. The training protocols consisted of ET and HT on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 days a week) and the hippocampal tissue samples were collected 48 h after the last session of training. Tissue concentration of TRX1 was measured by ELISA method and MDA concentration was measured by Thiobarbituric acid. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance.

Based on the results, after 8 weeks, there were no significant differences in the TRX1 level in hippocampal tissue in ET and HT groups compared to the control group (P=0.62). Moreover, after 8 weeks, there were no significant differences in the TRX1 level in hippocampal tissue in ET and HT groups in comparison to the control group (P=0.83).

In conclusion, 8 weeks of ET and HT did not affect the TRX1 and TRX1 level in hippocampal tissue in male Wistar rats.

Oxidative stress from exercise, either injured muscles and reduces performance in athletes, or stimulates the production of cytokines from many cells. body respond to oxidative stress by activating antioxidant defenses and other protective devices to counteract these body pressures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 8  weeks of strenuous endurance training on HO-1 and TNF-α  in gastrocnemius and soleus muscle tissue of male wistar rats.

16 adult male Wistar rats, were randomly divided in 2 groups (control and endurance training). The strenuous endurance training protocol included running on the treadmill for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week). Standard meal and water were freely provided for the subjects. 24 hours after the last session of training and 4 hours of overnight fasting,  tissue samples were collected and HO-1 and TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA method. Independent t-test was used for data analysis.

The results showed that 8 weeks of strenuous endurance training did not have a significant effect on the amount of HO-1 enzyme in gastrocnemius and soleus muscle (P˃0/05). Also, 8 weeks of strenuous endurance training had no significant effect on TNF-α in soleus and gastrocnemius muscle (P˃0/05).
Discussion and

Due to the lack of effect of exercise on the levels of HO-1 and TNF-α, it can be said with caution that regular exercise has created a useful adaptation.

Decreased muscle strength in the lower extremities is one of the disorders caused by type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks strengthening training on some biomechanical parameters of knee joint in type 2 diabetic patients. 24 patients with type 2 diabetes participated in the study and were divided in control group (N=12) and exercise group (N=12). Before and after six weeks of strengthening exercise program, research variables were measured by isokinetic dynamometer. The results showed that there were significant differences in concentric peak torque of knee flexion and extension and time to concentric peak torque of knee flexion and extension between two groups. It seems that strengthening exercise can improve the power generation capacity and neuromuscular function in patients with type 2 diabetes by increasing knee concentric peak torque and decreasing time to concentric peak torque.

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and black carbon particles on gene expression of NF-κB and TNF-α in rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats with an average body mass 279.29±26.97 g were randomly divided into 4 groups A: without exposure PM10 and aerobic exercise, B: aerobic training, C: exposure to PM10 carbon black (5 mg/m3; per rat), D: and aerobic exercise concomitantly with exposure to PM10 carbon black. Twenty-four hours after the last training session and exposure, the animals were sacrificed. Real time-Pcr technique was used. Two-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD was used to determine the significance of differences between groups. There was significant difference between groups A and B (P=0.001) and B and D (P=0.003) in the amount of TNF-α. Significant difference between A and B groups (P=0.008) in the amount of NF-κB was observed. four weeks of aerobic exercise and PM10 exposure lead to modify the inflammatory factors of NF-κB and TNF-α. It seems that these changes lead to reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

The propose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and exposure to PM10 carbon black on IL-6 mRNA expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of male Wistar rats. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats (8-10 weeks age) were randomly divided to 4 groups: A: Control (n=6), B: Aerobic training (n=6), C: Exposure to Carbon black (n=6), and D: Aerobic training plus exposure to Carbon black (n=6). In order to exposure the animals to carbon black particles with diameter less than 10 microns was used particle injection device and chamber (Falunak). The rats of air pollution and air pollution-aerobic training groups were exposed to PM10 carbon black for four weeks (five days per week, two hours per day). After that, the rats of air pollution-aerobic training and aerobic training groups were carried out aerobic training program with 50% of own maximum speed for 4 weeks (60 minutes per session). The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last session. The mRNA expression of IL-6 were analyzed in hippocampus and frontal cortex tissues by Real time – PCR. In order to determine the significant differences between groups two-way ANOVA test were used. Particulate air pollution resulted in significant increase in IL-6 gene expression in the hippocampus (p=0.007) and frontal cortex of the brain tissue (p=0.010), however, the training had no significant effect on the expression of this gene. Despite the lack of significant effect of training on gene expression of IL-6, the results showed that the expression of this gene in training and training-air pollution groups was lower than air pollution group. So, it seems that training can moderate the neuro-inflammatory effects of air pollution by reduction of IL-6.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of menstrual cycle phases on some physiological factors (heart rate, systolic and diastolic tension, Vo2max and anaerobic power) of athlete females. Fifteen athlete females (age: 21.73±1.49 y, weight: 58.03±5.99 kg, height: 1.61±0./04 m, Mean±SD) with regular menstrual cycles (25-35 days) and no oral contraceptive use within the previous six month participated in this study. Menstrual cycle phases [early follicular (EF), late follicular (LF), and midluteal (ML)] verify with method of serum estrogen and progesterone concentration measurements. Ryming-Astrand sub-maximal test and RAST test used to estimate VO2max and anaerobic power respectively. One way repeated measures ANOVA and bonferroni post hoc test (α ≤ 0.05) applied for statistical analysis. Results indicated that heart rate in the ML phase is significantly higher than in the EF and LF. During LF phase, rest systolic tension and VO2max significantly increased. There was also significant decrease in maximal power and fatigue index in ML phase, whereas there were no significant differences in rest diastolic tension, mean and minimal anaerobic power between three different phases of menstrual cycle. Results indicated that menstrual cycle phases affects on some physiological factors of athlete females

Balance is an index to determine the level of independency of elderly(65 years and older) in their daily activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a functional training program on static and dynamic balance of elderly male able-bodied subjects. Thirty elderly male subjects (age: 70/83±3 y, weight: 70/60±2/44 kg, height: 1/78±2/28 m) participated in this study where they randomly divided in two control and experimental groups. The pre-test of Sharpened-Romberg (static balance with eyes open and close) and Timed-get up and go (dynamic balance) balance tests applied a day before starting functional training program. Experimental group participated in functional training program three days a week for six weeks. Control group asked to continue their daily activity. The post-test applied afterward. Descriptive statistics, T-test for independent samples and paired sample T-test (α ≤ 0.05) applied for statistical analysis. No significant differences seen in all three balance tests between two groups, but experimental group had better performance than control group in post-test. Paired sample T-test showed significant differences between pre and post-tests in all three tests for experimental group while no differences observed in control group. Due to results, static and dynamic balance among participants of this study is improved as a result of using functional training program. However, further evaluation needed to be done for long-term effects of using functional training program.