فهرست مطالب بابک بابایی

Sugar beet is important for amino acids like glycine betaine beside sugar because it has medicinal effects in poultry, fish and also in human as it is used for anti-cancer drugs. This design was conducted in order to optimize betaine extraction from sugar beet molasses in ion exchange chromatography method. Firstly, an experiment was conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications for optimizing suitable extraction condition of different injected materials to chromatography column. The first factor was injected materials including potassium chloride, pure sucrose and betaine, the second factor was related to column temperature including 25, 50 and 75°C and the third factor was different resins including experimental, commercial 1 and 2 resins. The extracted volumes of these injected materials were significantly different. The best temperature for betaine extraction was 75°C.the best resin for betaine extraction was commercial resin 1 in which betaine was extracted with more quantity and efficiency and faster in comparison with other resins. Secondly betaine of sugar beet molasses was extracted based on optimum condition at first step. The purity of extracted betaine was 54, 64 and 79% with mean of 65.66. This experiment was conducted in experimental level which would be useful for performing at industrial level in different sugar factories of the country to extract betaine from sugar beet molasses

The competition between weeds and sugar beets for essential resources ultimately impacts the sugar beets yield and quality. Hence, it is crucial to implement effective weed control measures to preserve the desired yield and quality of sugar beets. To assess the impact of various cultivation and weed control methods on weed control effectiveness, a study was conducted using split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications over two consecutive crop years, 2021 and 2022, in Karaj. The findings revealed significant year-to-year variations affecting product yield and quality. The interaction between the year and cultivation method notably influenced molasses sugar, K+, and alpha amino N. The primary impact of weed control was observed solely on weed fresh weight. Its interaction with the year's environmental conditions affected root yield, sugar content, Na+, K+, alpha amino N, white sugar yield, extraction efficient of sugar, molasses sugar, and leaf area index. Additionally, the interaction of weed control with cultivation method and year conditions significantly influenced sugar content, K+, extraction efficient of sugar, and molasses sugar. Notably, manual weeding and herbicide spraying led to improved weed control, resulting in a suitable sugar beet yield. In conclusion, the study underscores the pivotal role of weed control in determining both the quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beets.

The quantity and quality of sugar beet root impurities, especially sodium, is one of the factors affecting root quality and extraction coefficient of sugar (ECS) from sugar beet. Various factors such as soil conditions, application time, and quantity of different fertilizers have effects on the amount of sugar that can be extracted in the factory. Data and results obtained from researches conducted during 1997-2021, which were published in 30 final reports in Sugar Beet Seed Institute (SBSI), were analyzed in order to investigate the factors that affected sugar beet impurities and its quantitative and qualitative traits. The data of these reports were created in a database containing 480 rows and 26 columns. The data corresponding to the investigated treatments included manure, bacterial products and amino acids, and time and amount of nitrogen application were extracted from the database. Then, the reaction ratio (the ratio of trait changes in each treatment to the control in the same experiment), average of the reaction ratio, standard deviation, and the significant effects of the contribution of each factor to sugar beet root traits were determined. The results of the meta-analysis studies showed that consumption of 60 t/ha of manure, 150-200 kg/ha nitrogen, and the split application of 25% of N-fertilizer before planting, 50% during thinning, and 25% during the second thinning, increased root, sugar, and white sugar yields significantly, while sodium content in sugar beet roots did not change significantly. Excessive use of nitrogen (i.e. 250-300 kg/ha) and use of all nitrogen fertilizer after planting increased root sodium content by, respectively, 18% and 7.5%, while reducing yield. The bacterial product and amino acid only increased the sugar content by about one percent.

Different environmental and genetic factors such as variety, climate, soil and agronomic practices factors are effective in increasing root sodium content and reducing the yield and quality of sugar beet roots. Therefore, in this research, using meta-analysis, the effect of these factors has been determined and agronomic practices for reducing the sodium content of the roots and increasing the quality of produced sugar. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine management practices with significant effects on yield and quality of sugar beet roots in Iran.

This study was conducted on data collected from the experiments carried out at Sugar Beet Seed Institute (SBSI) in Karaj and Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in different provinces in Iran for the period of 1997 to 2020. Data were analyzed from 33 final technical reports of research projects of the the experiment that had appropriate agronomic management treatments. The data and information of these reports were created as a database containing 450 rows in 26 columns. The corresponding data to the investigated treatments were considered from the database and then the reaction ratio, average of the reaction ratio, standard deviation and the significant effect of each factor on sugar beet root yield and quality traits were determined.

The results of meta-analysis of agronomic practices factors in the period of 23 years of research showed that lack of irrigation in the early season after crop establishment caused significant decrease in root sodium content (α=0.05). The effects of row and plant spacing, land preparation methods, crop rotation, late season moisture stress, mild and severe drought stresses, on root sodium content were not significant. Crop rotation caused significant increase in root, sugar and white sugar yields by 17.5%, 23.7% and 26.7%, respectively. Early and late season drought stresses and severe drought stress caused significant decrease in root yield by 21%, 42%, 33%, respectively. Reduction in white sugar yield were 18%, 43% and 32% under above mentioned drought stresses conditions.

The crop rotation of legumes-wheat-sugar beet compared to the conventional rotation of wheat-sugar beet increased sugar beet root yield by about 20%. The best method of soil preparation was detrmined as plowing or using sub-soiller in autumn and carrying out other operations including disc and furrower in spring. Increasing the planting row spacing to 60 cm caused significant decrease in root, raw sugar and white sugar yields by 6% to 10% due to the decrease in plant density. Changing plant spacing within rows from 20 cm to 15 cm did not have significant effect on sugar beet traits. Water deficit at the early season and after the establishment of sugar beet crop decreaseed the sodium content of sugar beet roots during the season, and also reduced root, sugar and white sugar yields, but the amount of yield reduction was lesser than drought stress at the end of season. Therefore, it is recommended to continue irrigation during the sugar beet technological ripening stage. Irrigation could be applied after 70% decrease of the soil moisture content to reduce water use without any significant reduction in root yield.

The yield and quality of sugar in this plant, like other plants, are strongly influenced by environmental factors, and high modifications occur in its quantitative and qualitative performance. Therefore, the present research was designated and implemented to study the effect of genotype-environment interaction on the quantitative and qualitative production potential of sugar beet cultivars and also determine their adaptability to a wide range of environments with different conditions.

Seven cultivars of sugar beet, consisting of four domestic and three foreign cultivars formed the genetic material of the present study. The plant materials under investigation were cultivated in the randomized complete block design with four replications in four regions of Borujerd, Piranshahr, Jovein, and Shirvan in 2021. After harvesting and estimating root yield, sugar content, white sugar yield, and extraction coefficient of sugar for each of the experimental cultivars, analysis of the stability of root yield and white sugar yield were done by using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model and simultaneous analysis of the stability of four measured characteristics with a multi-trait stability index.

The additive effects analysis results of AMMI's model showed that genotype, environment, and genotype-environment interaction were significant at the 1% probability level. Analyzing the multiplicative effect of AMMI's model into principal components showed that in both studied traits, only the first two components of the interaction were significant at the 1% probability level. According to the biplot of the mean yield against the weighted average of absolute scores of the principal components, the Dena in terms of root yield and Dena and Sina in terms of white sugar yield was known as stable cultivars with suitable yield. In the biplot of the first and second principal components of the genotype-environment interaction, the Dena in terms of root yield and Dena, Ekbatan, and Sina in terms of white sugar yield was recognized as cultivars with suitable general adaptability. The studied areas were divided into three mega-environments in terms of each root yield and white sugar yield, so Jovein and Shirvan were identified as the first mega-environment, Borujerd as the second mega-environment, and Piranshahr as the third mega-environment. Based on the results of the multi-trait stability index, the Perfekta was the most ideal cultivar at the same time in terms of all four traits of root yield, white sugar yield, sugar content, and extraction coefficient of sugar, and after that, Flores and Sina were the ideal cultivars.

According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the environmental conditions and their interaction with the genotype play a significant role in influencing the phenotypic expression of traits in different sugar beet genotypes and cause yield fluctuations from one environment to another. Therefore, it is necessary to be more careful when releasing genotypes to introduce genotypes that are adaptable to the conditions of the target environment and produce suitable products.

To assess root and white sugar yield stability of 11 spring sugar beet genotypes together with three check cultivars, a field experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design with four replications in six agricultural research stations; Toroq (Mashhad), Zarghan, Khoy, Kermanshah Miandoab, and Karaj, Iran, in 2020 and 2021. Combined analysis of variance showed that genotype × environment interaction was significant (P < 0.01), and genotypes had different performance in different environmental conditions. Based on regression coefficient, deviation from regression, Shukla’s stability variance, Wrick's ecovalence, and coefficient of determination, GB-6 and GB-10 genotypes were identified with high root and white sugar yield and yield stability. Although the number of genotypes with yield stability increased by using superiority measure and coefficient of variation, three genotypes including; GB-11, GB-10, and GB-2 showed the highest yield stability for root and white sugar yield, respectively. Using GGE biplot method, GB-11, GB-10, GB-2 and GB-6 were identified with higher root and white sugar yield, than average of all genotypes, and higher yield stability, respectively. Considering the results of this research, GB-6, GB-11, GB-2, and GB-10 were identified as high-yielding genotypes with high yield stability.

In this experiment, physical and chemical characteristics of sugar beet seed and its relationship with germination traits was studied. This traits were evaluated on 10 sugar beet singles crosses that obtained from three locations including Ardabil, Firuzkuh, and Karaj. Results showed that bulk density, true density and electrical conductivity are influenced by environment and genotype. Percentage of solids soluble in sugar beet pericarp (germination inhibitors) it was only affected by the seed production environment. Both genetics and environmental conditions on the maternal plant during seed development and maturing were effective on germination percentage, germination velocity and mean germination time. But the germination uniformity of sugar beet seeds was only affected by genotype. On the other, the correlation between bulk density, true density, electrical conductivity, porosity and percentage of solids in pericarp solution of sugar beet seeds with some germination traits was significant. But, the germination uniformity had no correlation with the physical and chemical properties of seed. Increased density of the seed pericarp caused decrease of seed quality factors including electrical conductivity and percentage of solids solution on pericarp. Therefore, germination uniformity, which is less affected by the environment, can be used in breeding programs as indicator of seed quality selection. Physical and chemical traits that was a significant correlation with germination traits, in the management of sugar beet seed production with the aim of increasing the extraction coefficient and quality of sugar beet seeds are recommended.

In order to determine the genetic parameters and heritability of different traits of sugar beet and also the relationship between traits, full-sib and hybrid genotypes were evaluated in separate trials at Miandoab Agricultural Research Station under salinity and normal conditions in 2017. In full-sib trial performed under salinity condition, root yield, sugar yield, white sugar yield, leaf relative water content, root dry weight, and root/shoot ratio, and under normal condition, root yield, sugar yield, root/shoot ratio and specific leaf weight had higher genetic variance than environmental variance and consequently had higher broad-sense heritability. In hybrid trial performed under salinity condition, for white sugar yield, potassium content, potassium/sodium ratio, nitrogen content, and leaf area, and under normal condition, for root yield, sodium content, potassium/sodium ratio and nitrogen content, genetic variance was high and as a result, broad-sense heritability was above 0.5. Therefore, these traits can be considered in breeding and selection programs. Under salinity condition, the narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.16 to 0.66. The highest narrow-sense heritability was related to molasses sugar with 0.66, nitrogen content with 0.43, sugar yield with 0.38 and leaf relative water content with 0.38, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that these traits are partially controlled by additive effects and can be used for selection of different degrees. Under normal condition, the narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.01 to 0.29 and the relative water content with 0.29 showed the highest heritability. Under salinity stress, heritability of root yield and sugar yield was moderate; so yield could be improved by long-term selection and hybrid production. The results of regression and path analysis showed that under salinity and normal conditions, when the root yield was considered as dependent variable, specific leaf weight, leaf area, and relative water content explained the variation among which the leaf area had the highest positive direct effect on root yield.

Rhizomania is the most destructive disease in spring sugar beet along with root-knot nematode and are spreading in some parts of Iran. The best control method against these two diseases is using resistant cultivars. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and select a high yield hybrid resistant to rhizomania and root knot nematode. Twenty-seven full-sib families (S1) from SB-34 origin which screened with molecular markers for rhizomania and root knot nematode resistance gene, were used to develop double resistant hybrids. In the spring of 2015, vernalized families were crossed to one single cross (7112*SB-36) in separate isolates. In summer, S1/S2 seeds from the paternal plants and three-way cross hybrid seeds from maternal plants were harvested and cleaned. Out of 27 isolates, only 19 isolates had adequate seeds from both parental lines. In autumn of the same year, selected hybrids were planted in greenhouse in Karaj. Seedlings were analyzed by SCAR and SNP markers linked to rhizomania and root knot nematode resistance genes to determine gene frequencies in hybrids. Based on the results of molecular evaluation, 14 hybrids were selected. In the spring of 2016, selected hybrids along with some controls, overall 20 varieties, were planted in two rhizomania-infected areas in Khorasan Razavi and Fars based on randomized complete block design with six replications. Roots were harvested in autumn and qualitative and quantitative characteristics such as root yield, sugar content, and white sugar yield were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1.3 software. According to the results of field trials and the frequency of rhizomania resistance gene and root node nematode in the laboratory, hybrid SB36*(7112*930620) with 10.92 t/ha white sugar yield to be used.

Estimation of sucrose content in sugar beet through density determination is notable in terms of its non-destructiveness, inexpensive, speed and lack of destructive environmental effects compared with polarimetric method. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sugar beet root weight on sucrose estimation by densitometry compared with polarimetry method. One hundred fifty healthy sugar beet roots cultivated in the field and harvested in Karaj, Iran were randomly selected. Each root was considered as an experimental sample. Brei was prepared from the root samples after weighing and density determination. Qualitative characteristics included sucrose, dry matter, marc, and soluble solids. Identification of outliers’ data was performed by standardization of residues. Samples were divided up into 13 weight classes in 100 g groups and then a linear relationship between density and sucrose was determined for each class. Statistical comparison between slope and intercept of linear relationships was performed in a stepwise manner from the smallest to the highest weight class and if there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) data were placed in a statistical group. Results showed that average sugar content, dry matter, marc, and purity of the samples were 15.10, 23.46, 4.06, and 73.84%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) obtained from the linear relationship between density and sucrose in weight classes decreased with increasing root weight so that R2 = 0.997 for roots smaller than 350 g and R2 = 0.67 for roots larger than 1450 g was obtained. Statistical comparison of slope and intercept width regression coefficients from the origin of linear relationships between density (x) and sucrose (y) in weight classes resulting in three classes with a weight range of <350-750 g (small) including linear relationship y = 43.38x-32.557 and R2 = 0.92, medium weight class with weight range of 751 to 950 g (average) with linear relationship y = 51.55x-41.38 and R2 = 0.89 and weight class of 951 to roots larger than 1450 g (large) with linear relationship y = 58.05 x-48.014 and R2 = 0.77. Therefore, considering the root weight, the linear relationships obtained by density determination can be used instead of polarimetric method to accelerate the estimation of sucrose content.

Testing plant varieties under different regions is necessary to assess their stability. In this study, 17 sugar beet genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with six replications in five regions including Karaj, Hamedan, Miandoab, Mashhad, and Shiraz. After checking the homogeneity of mean squares in five experiments by Bartlett’s test, analysis of the combined was performed for sugar yield. In this analysis, location, genotype and genotype × location interaction effects were significant. Based on regression coefficient and deviation from regression parameters, genotypes G2, G6, G9 and G13 were the most stable genotypes. Genotypes G2, G3, G5 and G6 had the highest stability based on Shukla’s stability variance and Wrick’s ecovalence. Based on superiority measure, genotypes G6 and G9 and based on coefficient of variation genotypes G2 and G5 were identified as the most stable genotypes. Using coefficient of determination, genotypes G3, G5 and G6 were selected and by Tai’s regression method, genotypes G2, G6 and G12 genotypes were selected as the most stable genotypes having sugar yield higher than average. Based on the above mentioned methods, genotype G2 was recognized as the most suitable genotype for sugar yield stability.

A quality decrease of sugar beet roots under silage condition may vary for susceptible and resistant to rhizomania cultivars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of resistant to rhizomania sugar beet pollinators under silage condition in Karaj (non rhizomania infected area) in 2014 and in Zarghan(infected to rhizomania site), Fars, Iran in 2015-16. The experiment was conducted in split plot in time based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Studied factors included 11 sugar beet line comprised of nine genotypes, on susceptible and one resistant cultivars and silage duration including three levels of 20, 40 and 60 days. Different traits such as root dry matter, sucrose, sodium, potassium, alpha amino nitrogen, brix, and extraction coefficient of sugar were measured before and after silage. Roots were scored in terms of rot occurrence after silage. Results showed that rot severity of the roots in Zarghan was higher than Karaj. In Zarghan, the root rot of the sugar beet genotypes 31924, 31927, 31929, 32003, 32814 were lower than other genotypes after 60 days silage. During the three-years experiment, the silage potential of the sugar beet genotype 32003 with 71.86% extraction coefficient of sugar was more than other genotypes which can be used as a genotype with better silage condition in sugar beet breeding programs.

In order to evaluate quantitative and qualitative properties of three sugar beet cultivars (HI1059, Palma and Merac), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with four replications at Agricultural Research Center Safiabad in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. The analysis of simple variance examined showed that in first year among varieties for the bolting, sugar content, alkalinity and white sugar content traits there significant difference, whereas in the second year of potassium, molasses sugar and white sugar content traits were significant differences. The result of the compound analysis in both years the effect year on bolting, sodium, potassium, amino-nitrogen, molasses sugar, white sugar content and extraction coefficient of sugar traits was significant. The result mean bolting (%) in the first year showed that in the HI1059 and Palma cultivars were 32.6% and 51.4%, respectively and in cultivar Merac, did not bolting happen, Whereas in the second year due to the weather moderation and absence of long cold any of the cultivars did not bolt. HI1059 cultivar of the most traits was higher than other cultivars. Depending on the climatic conditions experiment and the cultivation of sugar beet cultivar, there was differences in the number of plants bolting and the degree of their impact on formation and sugar molasses.

Rhizomania disease is one of the world's most important sugar beet diseases. The disease causal agent is Beet necrotic yellow vein virus. This disease is widespread. In this study, impact of rhizomania on sugar beet yield and qualitative characters consisting of root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, sugar extraction coefficient and amount of non-sugar impurities of root (sodium, potassium, and amino nitrogen) were investigated. For this purpose, 12 monogerm sugar beet cultivars including six commercial cultivars resistant to rhizomania, three tolerant cultivars, and three susceptible cultivars to the disease were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replicate in rhizomania non-infested and infested fields. This study was carried out in two years at Fars Agricultural and Natural Resource Research and Education Center (Zarqan). Results showed that rhizomania reduced the sugar yield by imposing a negative effect on root yield and sugar content. The average decrease in sugar yield in infected treatments, for commercial resistant, tolerant, and susceptible cultivars was 25, 54, and 90%, respectively. Under rhizomania infection conditions, sodium content of all cultivars increased, on average by 165%, but their amino nitrogen content showed an average with 43% reduction. The presence of rhizomania symptoms in resistant cultivars and yield reduction under infection conditions showed that Rz1 gene can not cause the full resistance to the disease.

The sugar beet plant has a conical-shaped root and at harvest the tap-root breaks which remains in the soil. As a result, a significant amount of root yield and consequently sugar content is lost. Furthermore, the field soil remains in the root fissures and is carried with the root to sugar factory. In rhizomania and nematode-infested areas, the soil movement causes the disease wide spread. In this study, the full-sib families 27102 and 27131 developed from an F2 population were used as pollinator and the single cross 231*261 as maternal parent for producing hybrids with smooth and round-shaped roots. The hybrids were produced and evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Karaj and Moghan. Helix and Rasoul cultivars were used as controls. Based on biplot and cluster analyses of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, the hybrids were divided into five groups. Based on root morphological characteristics (smoothness, form and root uniformity) as well as qualitative and quantitative traits (root yield, sugar yield, sugar content, and purity), the hybrids (261*231)*27102-S1.25, (261*231)*27102-S1.44, and (261*231)*27131-S1.3 with 83.84, 80.68, and 71.28 t ha-1 root yield, respectively, were considered as promising hybrids.

Ethanol is a clean and renewable energy source. The necessity of ethanol usage, instead of fossil fuels or mixed with them, in order to reduce environmental pollution resulted in increase of ethanol production from 50 million m-3 in 2007 to 85 million m-3 in 2012. The present study aimed to compare the cost of bio-ethanol production from sugar beet with other agricultural crops, and also economical comparison of sugar beet production in spring and autumn seasons, and finally, to estimate the required capital for constructing industrial unit for bio-ethanol production. Studies showed that the average cost of producing 2.3-3.3 m-3 ha-1bio-ethanol from one hectare spring and autumn sugar beet fields with average yield of 37 and 48 t ha-1 and 17.5 and 13.3% sugar content is 92 and 89 million Rials, respectively. With the implementation of research recommendations in autumn sugar beet production and increasing sugar content, the bio-ethanol production may increase to 5.4 m-3 ha-1. In addition, using dried pulp, bio-ethanol production efficiency can be increased to 0.25 m-3 t-1 of dried pulp. To produce about 76000 m-3 ethanol per year (with the assumption of producing 90 liters ethanol from 1000 kg sugar beet with sugar content of 15%), about 1100 tons sugar beet is needed. In conclusion, with activation of autumn sugar beet planting for bio-ethanol production, not only air pollution will be reduced but also a good source of income for growers and dependent industries will be provided.

To determine tetraploid pollinators resistant to Cercospora leaf spot disease and bolting with optimum yield and quality, five tetraploid pollinators were crossed with a male sterile line, SB17. The hybrid seed was harvested from the male-sterile line. The hybrids together with four controls including resistant and susceptible cultivars (a total of 9 cultivars), were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in autumn sowing over two years in Dezful, Khuzestan, Iran. The yield stability of the hybrids was evaluated in spring sowing over two years in Karaj. Combined analysis results showed that hybrids SB17 * Jot-18 and SB17 * B65T had the lowest infection index (3.12 and 3.93, respectively) and bolting rate (0.87 and 0.75%, respectively). Based on sugar yield results obtained from Dezful experiment, hybrids were classified in three clusters in which hybrids SB17 * Jot-18, SB17 * B65T, Monotona, and Leila were placed in one group. The hybrid SB17 * B65T had the highest sugar yield (7.13 t/ha) in Karaj. It is suggested that the tetraploid pollinator B65T can be used in breeding programs to produce leaf spot disease and bolting resistant hybrids.

This study aimed to modify the current purchase formula of sugar beet into a formula with different coefficients with respect to sugar percentage of autumn sugar beet. Ahvaz sugar factory was selected as an autumn sowing factory in Iran and 163 samples were randomly taken at different delivery times in 2007 (28th April to 27th June). From each truck, one sample was taken and sugar content, water content, marc, brix, reducing sugar, sodium, potassium, amino nitrogen, molasses sugars, and extraction coefficient of sugar were determined. Simultaneouly, results of all 4084 delivery samples during the campaign of the factory including 68801 tons beet belonging to three agro-industry companies and two contractors as well as Safiabad Agriculture Research Center, were statistically analyzed for sugar content (SC), soil tare, sugar beet price per tone and the paid price per vehicle. Results showed that average sugar content for all delivery vehicles was 12.84% (in the range of 10 to 15.20%) with standard deviation (SD) of 0.847. Average sugar content of Ahvaz factory was 3 units lower than the base price (16%) and 5.5 units lower than the average SC of the country in 2007 (18.29%). Average soil tare of the delivery vehicles (estimated visually) was 11.92% (in the range of 2 to 50%) with SD of 6.613. The average soil tare of Ahvaz factory was nine units greater than the country’s average in 2007 (about 3% for 4,282,805 tones of beets). Quality analysis, results showed that the average moisture content of delivery beets from autumn sowing in Khozestan province was 79% which was 4% higher than normal beet (75% moisture content or 25% dry matter). According to the results of this research and considering the potential of the region and with the aim at increasing the sugar content of the autum sowing sugar beet in Khoozestan, new formula for purchase price with three different coefficients was introduced for SC in the range of 10 to 24%. In this formula, the purchase price for each ton can be calculated by the following equations: a) SC of 10 to 15% {base price × (((SC×12) – 80))/100}, b) higher than 15 and equal to 20% {base price × ((SC×0.065) + 0.025)} and c) SC greater than 20% {base price × 1.325} and compared and analysed with the current formula assuming two units increase in sugar content. Application of the new formula with different coefficients with respect to SC is an important step in purchasing sugar beet based on quality, increasing the average SC of the region and consequently increasing the efficiency of the factory. So, this will support the farmers who are looking for the high quality sugar beet.

Water and soil salinity in some regions of Isfahan, East Azerbaijan, and West Azerbaijan provinces and also other parts of the Iran are the main hindrance for crop planting. Seeds of the tolerant crops to salinity such as cotton and sugar beet may have optimal germination and give acceptable performance if they become far from salt accumulation areas. To evaluate the effects of different planting methods on the quantity and quality of sugar beet in areas with salinity restriction, an experiment was carried out in a split split plot design in three replications in 2004-05, in Research Station of Rudasht, Isfahan. Irrigation with two salinity levels including 8 ds/m and 12 ds/m were allocated to the main plot, two planting dates to the subplots, and three planting methods including two rows under water mark, rows in flat plot, and on ridge to the subplots. Results showed that irrigation with 12 ds/m salinity level compared with 8 ds/m caused 17 and 18 % reduction in root yield and sugar content, respectively. Root yield was highly influenced by water salinity. Delay in planting, caused 31, 46 and 30% reduction in root yield, sugar content and sugar yield, respectively. Reduction in both white sugar yield and sugar yield was owing to root yield reduction. No significant difference was found among three planting methods. White sugar yield and sugar yield were higher in two- row planting method compared with two other methods. Delay in planting caused a significant decrease in sugar yield which is not recommended. Two- row planting method is recommended owing to more simplicity in irrigation, mechanized planting and also a decrease in production cost compared with two other methods.

In process of sucrose determination in sugar beet، pulp analysis by polarometric method is done on the basis of fresh root weight. The volume of the juice of 26 grams of the pulp is considered 23 ml that with 177 ml of clarifying agent would be 200 ml. Drought stress and dehydrated root reduce. The volume of the pulp extract of 23 ml. The objective of this experiment was to determine the proper method for juice extraction from beet roots grown under drought، salinity and normal conditions in the procedure of sugar content measurement. Sugar beet roots produced under various conditions were subjected to dehydration after harvest. Three levels of dehydration [(A) including fresh beet with 76±1 percent moisture (a1)، dehydrated roots up to 70± 1 (a2) and 63± 1 (a3) percent water content] and three juice extraction methods [(traditional cold digestion (b1)، hot digestion (b2) and improved French method (b3)] were arranged in a factorial experiment (3*3) in CRD with 12 replications. Sugar content، dry matter، marc، brix and juice electrical conductivity were determined for all treatments. The results showed that beet dehydration from 76 to 68 percent increased both dry matter and marc contents from 24 to 32 and from 4. 7 to 7. 1 percent، respectively. In normal roots there was no significant difference in terms of sugar content determination by various extraction methods. However، sugar content of beet roots grown under semi-salinity (P)