تهمینه دانیالی

Recent developments in Afghanistan led to the fall of Ghani's government and re-formation of Taliban; It doubled the attention of analysts to the Afghanistan issue. Following the developments aimed at changing the structure in the country and the gradual formation of the emerging political system, the process of transformation of Afghanistan's surrounding environment has intensified and multiple impacts at all levels and domains has created Therefore, the main question is what are the major challenges of Afghanistan and the geopolitical analysis of this country's relations with its neighbors and conflict countries? The hypothesis that can be proposed is that the process of state building in Afghanistan and the re-formation of Taliban with the inefficiency of the legitimacy crisis and the fragility of the government on one hand and the internal capacities of the Taliban on the other hand at the national level, the performance of neighbors such as Pakistan, India and Iran at the regional level and Afghanistan's geopolitical challenges with its neighbors; The change in the strategy of the US and NATO, Russia and China at the international level have played a decisive role in the re-establishment of the Taliban's power in Afghanistan. The findings show that if Afghanistan is still part of the US and NATO geopolitical puzzle, then the Afghanistan region will become the focus of new conflicts in the border region of Central,, South and West Asia and China, which will pose direct threats to Iran and then will create problems for Russia and China afterwards.

This study aimed to investigate the factors shaping the physical development of villages in Shemiranat County.

Conducted in 2024, the research focused on villages in Shemiranat County, specifically in the Rudbar Qasran rural district, selected through cluster sampling. Seven villages—Niknam Deh, Ab Nik, Aminabad, Igel, Garmabdar, Bagh Gol, and Bayer—were chosen for the study. A questionnaire was designed based on 8 primary indicators and 45 sub-indicators, resulting in 45 questions, each rated on a 4-point Likert scale. The questionnaire's validity was established through expert review, involving 17 university professors and specialists. Two target groups were surveyed: rural planning experts (n=22) and village residents. The statistical population comprised 2,399 individuals, from which 318 participants were selected using Cochran's formula. Data analysis employed the Shannon entropy method and paired t-tests.

The study examined five key indicators: environmental-physical, economic, socio-cultural, and political-managerial, alongside 45 sub-indicators. Both experts and residents identified access to financial resources, infrastructure development, and housing quality as the most critical factors. Although there were some differences in perception between experts and residents regarding specific indicators, there was significant overlap in their views. Economic and environmental factors were found to have the greatest influence on the villages' physical structure, with access to financial resources, infrastructure, climate conditions, and water and soil resources emerging as the most crucial elements. Indicators related to historical buildings and cultural aspects were ranked lowest in the cultural category.

Both experts and residents identified economic and environmental factors as the most influential drivers of physical development in the studied villages.

Today, biophilic design has become popular among urban planners to preserve nature and natural elements in urban spaces. This concept is basically a biologically diverse city full of green spaces where citizens can see a very diverse plant life in the normal flow of work and leisure. The statistical population of the present study is made up of the citizens of the first district of Tehran, and the sample size of 384 people was calculated using Cochran's formula and using the purposeful sampling method. The purpose of this research is to measure the physical resilience of inner-city areas against environmental hazards with the approach of biophilic city in the first district of Tehran. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and based on library and field studies. The validity of the questionnaires has also been confirmed by experts in the field of urban planning. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check the reliability of the questionnaires, which is equal to 0.841 in this research. The information obtained from the field studies has been analyzed using Spss. The results of the research showed that among the indices of physical resilience, the index of environmental sustainability and among the indices of the biophilic city, the index of institutions and government have high importance and coefficient; Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to these indicators by considering their importance for the realization and promotion of physical resilience in the direction of biophilic urban development.

The purpose of this study was to explain the effects of reverse migration on the economic, physical, and environmental development of the Mahale Anzal villages in Urmia County from 2017 to 2021. The research design was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was 944 households of returnees to the Mahale Anzal villages, of which 275 households were selected using the quota sampling method and randomly responded to the questionnaires. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability of 0.818 and analyzed using SPSS-V.28 and Lisrel-V.10 software. The research questionnaire had an acceptable validity of exploratory factor analysis (0.847) and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between reverse migration, economic development, physical development, and environmental development (P≤0.01). Reverse migration had a direct and positive effect on economic development (0.69), physical development (0.56), and environmental development (0.55) (P≤0.01). Additionally, reverse migration had an indirect and positive effect (0.34) on physical development and (0.28) on environmental development through economic development in the Mahale Anzal villages of Urmia County (P≤0.01). The authorities should strive to develop the economic conditions of the villages, which will lead to the improvement of living conditions, the strengthening and updating of rural housing, and consequently the physical and environmental development of the villages, thereby improving the living conditions in the villages for reverse migration.

A fundamental topic in the science of geography is defining the functional boundaries of a city in spatial and locational dimensions to ensure proper management at regional and district levels. Determining the legal boundaries of a city and its various areas and districts involves considering various natural, social, cultural, and urban service factors within a geographical scope of activities. Consequently, large cities are often divided into different areas under separate managements supervised by the central municipality, providing activities and services to citizens based on this structure. In the urban management system of Iran, the historical fabric is determined based on requests from the Cultural Heritage Organization to the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture, which examines the areas that formed before the year 1300 SH (1921 AD). However, this approach, focusing solely on the preservation and protection of eligible buildings and imposing legal restrictions on urban expansion, often conflicts with urban management and has led to the destruction of many historical and cultural buildings. Thus, it cannot be the sole criterion for defining the central area of the city. In the process of future urban development, this issue has encountered numerous practical problems in the country. Therefore, the researcher formed a Delphi-based aggregation group consisting of 45 experts and specialists in geography, cultural activities, and urban planning. Based on the results of meetings with this group, a ten-point index was developed to define the central area, and six proposed options from this group were suggested as suitable models for determining the city's central area. Finally, the researcher employed a hierarchical approach inspired by the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method to compare each proposed model for the central area in the old urban fabric, considering their compatibility with the functionality of cultural and historical uses. The most compatible model with the performance of historical and cultural uses was identified.

In order to create a balanced and sustainable development, it can be of special importance to examine living conditions and peace and prosperity both in cities and in villages. The purpose of this research is to study people's participation in the improvement of rural environments. The context of this study is to investigate the effect of reverse migration on the improvement of rural environments.

The research method is ground theory. The data is the result of a semi-structured interview with 15 informed people, including the village council, village trustees and benefactors, school principals in Mehrabad village, Ardestan city. The method of selection is targeted and accessible and determining their number is to reach the saturation stage.

two central paradigm models "textural-structural changes" and "elderly reverse migration" were chosen as two central phenomena. The selected paradigm of this research is "participatory development". Participatory development means the participants' understanding and lived experience of village improvement and the positive points of the phenomenon of reverse migration. The feeling of belonging to the village and the utilitarian and profit-oriented choice are considered to be the main causal conditions in the phenomenon of participatory development. Providing government support and allocating loans with low interest rates are the conditions that intervene in this phenomenon. According to the participants, the quantity and quality of participation in the improvement of the village can be increased by clarifying the financial sums of participation, as well as by appreciating and thanking and highlighting the participants through the virtual networks of the village.

Villagers have a positive view of reverse migration and people's participation in these migrations. According to them, improvement in villages is done by increasing the population and increasing people's contributions, both financially and non-financially, as well as by attracting government support.

Reverse migration is one of the important factors that change the economic, social, cultural and physical environment of villages and cities in the current era and causes changes in the living conditions of the villages that accept immigrants, because in the current era and considering the critical situation of the cities in terms of economy , life, health, etc., people are returning to the villages and in order to live far away from the traffic and noise of the city, they settle in the villages by buying gardens and houses and continue their lives. And they also try to produce their own consumer items in order to save money in the family's livelihood. The aim was to explain the direct and indirect effects of reverse migration on the economic, social and cultural development of the villages of Urmia (Mahal Anzal) in West Azerbaijan province in 2017-2021. The research design was descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the research was 944 households who returned from the city to the villages of Mahal Anzal, of which 275 households were selected by quota sampling method and answered the questionnaires randomly. The research questionnaire has the validity of exploratory factor analysis 0.847 and confirmatory factor analysis was accepted. Data with questionnaire, researcher made with reliability 0.818 collect and with (SPSS-V.28) and (Lisrel-V.10) software were analyzed. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between reverse migration, economic development, social development and cultural development (P≤0.01). Reverse migration has a direct and positive effect on economic development (0.69), social development (0.70) and cultural development (0.28) has been and also, reverse migration has an indirect and positive effect (0.39) on cultural development was through social development (P≤0.01). The authorities should review the positive effects of reverse migration to the villages, by formulating new laws and by maintaining the rural body, it causes development and income generation of villages and villagers in order to improve the employment and income situation and become a livelihood for all people, especially the residents of the villages.

Resilience means thinking and creating measures to quickly return to the original state after an incident. A city without resilient infrastructure is highly vulnerable to disasters. With the increasing environmental challenges facing humans in the modern era, this concept has been expanded in various fields of science and redefined by scientists in different disciplines. This approach is seen as a suitable alternative to rigid and engineered approaches. A resilient community is capable of returning relatively quickly to its previous state, while a community with less resilience may take longer to recover or may not be able to recover at all. Iran is among the countries with very high vulnerability to natural disasters due to its geographical and geological conditions. 7.31% of its total area is in areas at risk of natural disasters, and 70% of the country's population reside in areas at risk. Increased resilience and decreased vulnerability among local communities allow for the continuous and sustainable development of residents in the face of natural threats, and subsequent disasters cannot disrupt people's lives. Therefore, explaining the relationship between resilience to threats and reducing their effects, with emphasis on its dimension, is of great importance. Therefore, if the quality of public spaces improves, the voluntary presence of citizens increases, and therefore, the possibility of diverse and higher quality activities is provided. The geographical scope of the research is district 14 of Tehran Municipality, which is one of the densely populated areas of the city and located in the eastern outskirts of Tehran. This area has very suitable welfare facilities and services, and housing costs are very reasonable, so it has a high population density and is known for its small size. This research aims to explain the resilient city based on urban planning with a tactical approach in district 14 of Tehran Municipality.

The present study consists of two theoretical and empirical sections. The theoretical section is based on library studies which focus on collecting and categorizing different theories. In the empirical method, expert opinions were used to identify and rank the influential factors on service innovation, and the information was collected and analyzed. In this research, due to the large number of experts, a sampling method was used and 100 experts were selected. This study is of an applied type in terms of purpose, and of a descriptive-analytical type in terms of method, and the information gathering method is empirical. After extracting the indicators based on expert opinions, the hierarchical analysis process is carried out to analyze them. The method of data analysis in this research is based on the prioritization model of factors affecting urban planning with a tactical approach, and examining the city's resilience using fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy BWM methods. Initially, the indicators are validated or screened by the fuzzy Delphi method, and finally weighted using the fuzzy BWM method.

District 14 of the Tehran municipality is one of the areas within the city of Tehran. Located along the course of the Red River, it originates from the eastern heights of Tehran and flows southward. Due to physical, functional, social, economic, and environmental issues, the older parts of the district have unfavorable conditions. However, guidelines for identifying these areas focus on the physical-structural aspects, and 3 criteria of instability, granularity, and penetrability have been used to recognize these districts. Among the sub-criteria for downtime-related issues, the existence of aesthetic elements has obtained the highest rank with a weight of 0.425. The presence of suitable urban furniture has obtained the second rank with a weight of 0.323, and the status of the coverage of alleys and streets has obtained the third rank with a weight of 0.25. The results demonstrate that there are appropriate opportunities for tactical urbanism in the resilient city. Researchers have also studied the measurement of social resilience in urban environments using statistical methods and have provided various frameworks, indicating that there are differences in the components and indices employed at the regional level. Researchers have emphasized topics such as physical and social resilience in historical contexts, the use of resilience indices in metropolitan management, strategic crisis management with an urban resilience approach, and the need for implementing executive programs to improve urban infrastructure resilience and using appropriate indicators and models to measure urban resilience.Regarding resilience and the use of the tactical approach, the average score for tactical urbanism was 35.62, with a minimum score of 18 and a maximum score of 52, while the average score for resilience was 70.79, with a minimum score of 57 and a maximum score of 67. The average score for presence was 10.12, with a minimum score of 4 and a maximum score of 16. The average score for downtime was 16.73, with a minimum score of 7 and a maximum score of 28, and the average score for participation was 10.12, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 7. The correlation coefficient obtained from the components of tactical urbanism with resilience was significant at 99% confidence, indicating a meaningful relationship between the two at a 0.01 level of significance.

General, tactical urbanism can be defined as a new approach that is based on community participation and the use of short-term, high-impact projects. Tactical urbanism requires taking into account some design principles to create dynamic and vibrant public spaces. Nowadays, much of the literature on urbanism discusses the ideals of tactical urbanism. Harrison notes that the characteristics of this approach include everyday spaces for public activity and the recognition that these features and everyday urban activities constitute a social product. Citizens are practically living in a tactical city every day since they follow a flexible planning in using the environment and demand active participation in shaping the urban space. Citizen participation is the first factor in achieving tactical urbanism in such a way that the neglect and lack of participation of citizens will lead to undesired outcomes. Tactical urbanism is a broad concept used to describe a variety of temporary and low-cost changes made to the built environment. These changes are usually made in cities with the goal of improving the condition of neighborhoods and public places.

After the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the issue of Afghanistan has always been one of the most important issues of Iran's foreign policy due to various reasons such as geopolitical features, cultural-civilizational commonalities and the presence of a large number of Afghan immigrants in Iran. The recent developments in Afghanistan that led to the fall of Ashraf Ghani's government and the re-formation of the Islamic Emirate; It doubled the attention of all experts and analysts to the issue of Afghanistan. "Islamic Emirate" is the name that the Taliban government uses to introduce itself. The first period of Taliban rule in Afghanistan was between 1996 and 2001. In 2021, the second period of Taliban rule in Afghanistan has begun. Therefore, the Taliban regaining power in Afghanistan has led to the presentation of different views in the political and security fields. Some thinkers see the reappearance of the Taliban as a threat, while others see it as an opportunity for the Islamic Republic of Iran. Investigating the fundamental developments of Afghanistan and getting to know the ideological characteristics of the Taliban can be an opportunity for the Islamic Republic of Iran to make the most of the emergence of an Islamic ideological movement in its neighborhood. The main question of the article is what are the major challenges that the Taliban government is facing and how will these challenges affect the relations between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and Iran?

The recent developments in Afghanistan that led to the fall of Ashraf Ghani's government and the re-formation of the Islamic Emirate, doubled the attention of analysts to the issue of Afghanistan. The first period of Taliban rule in Afghanistan was between 1996 -2001. In 2021, the second period of Taliban rule in Afghanistan begun. Therefore, the regaining of power of Taliban in Afghanistan has led to the presentation of different views. Some believe that with Taliban taking power, this country will see peace at the cost of losing democracy; But others believe that the establishment of Taliban did not establish stability in Afghanistan and that the unification of power is not a guarantee for the end of unrest in this country. The basic question is, what major challenges does Taliban face? The findings of the research indicate that the Taliban is facing many obstacles to consolidate the foundations of its government and also to establish stability and security in Afghanistan. Some of these obstacles, such as ethnic differences, rural population and extremism, have historical and cultural roots and were a source of trouble for the previous government, but some of them are directly related to the current government and its functioning. The hypothesis that can be proposed is that the weakness in the management and governance of neo-Talibanism, ethnic and racial divisions and the violence caused by these divisions, identity crisis, fanatical sectarianism, and the problem of obtaining internal and external legitimacy have been among the important challenges in Afghanistan.

Today, the land and housing market has always been one of the income-generating markets, and this issue has enjoyed high prosperity and great importance during recent decades in the developing countries, especially Iran. In this regard, the expansion of urban land or the annexation of rural areas to it has always been used as a state rent and plays an important role in the expansion of the city and the creation of informal settlements. Now, what Iran's metropolises, especially Tehran, are facing is informal settlements, one of the main factors of which is rentier economy. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to analysis of the role of rentier economy on the indicators of in the urban peripheral Informal Settlements (Case of study: border villages of 19th district of Tehran). This research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of the nature and method of research. The data required for the research has been collected using the documentary-field method (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research includes experts and experts in the fields of rural planning, urban planning, etc., and the sample size was determined using the purposeful sampling method of 50 people. SPSS software was also used for data analysis. The results showed that the rent economy affects all the indicators of the urban peripheral Informal Settlements, and the intensity of this relationship is higher in the management and social aspects at the level of the 19th district of Tehran.Today, the land and housing market has always been one of the income-generating markets, and this issue has enjoyed high prosperity and great importance during recent decades in the developing countries, especially Iran. In this regard, the expansion of urban land or the annexation of rural areas to it has always been used as a state rent and plays an important role in the expansion of the city and the creation of informal settlements. Now, what Iran's metropolises, especially Tehran, are facing is informal settlements, one of the main factors of which is rentier economy. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to analysis of the role of rentier economy on the indicators of in the urban peripheral Informal Settlements (Case of study: border villages of 19th district of Tehran). This research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of the nature and method of research. The data required for the research has been collected using the documentary-field method (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research includes experts and experts in the fields of rural planning, urban planning, etc., and the sample size was determined using the purposeful sampling method of 50 people. SPSS software was also used for data analysis. The results showed that the rent economy affects all the indicators of the urban peripheral Informal Settlements, and the intensity of this relationship is higher in the management and social aspects at the level of the 19th district of Tehran.Today, the land and housing market has always been one of the income-generating markets, and this issue has enjoyed high prosperity and great importance during recent decades in the developing countries, especially Iran. In this regard, the expansion of urban land or the annexation of rural areas to it has always been used as a state rent and plays an important role in the expansion of the city and the creation of informal settlements. Now, what Iran's metropolises, especially Tehran, are facing is informal settlements, one of the main factors of which is rentier economy. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to analysis of the role of rentier economy on the indicators of in the urban peripheral Informal Settlements (Case of study: border villages of 19th district of Tehran). This research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of the nature and method of research. The data required for the research has been collected using the documentary-field method (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research includes experts and experts in the fields of rural planning, urban planning, etc., and the sample size was determined using the purposeful sampling method of 50 people. SPSS software was also used for data analysis. The results showed that the rent economy affects all the indicators of the urban peripheral Informal Settlements, and the intensity of this relationship is higher in the management and social aspects at the level of the 19th district of Tehran.

Today, tourism is known as an influential industry in human society and its effects are not hidden from anyone. Rural tourism, as a branch of tourism, has a great impact on the rural community, and identifying these factors can be of great help to officials and planners. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the influential factors of tourism in the host community in the villages of Poldakhtar city. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method of work. The statistical population of the study consists of local people of Paran Parviz, Afrineh and Valiasr villages of Poldakhtar city, which according to the statistics of 6102, their population was 5135 people. Cochran's formula was used to select the sample size, by which 120 people were selected as the sample size. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 1/31. Factor analysis method has been used for the analysis. The results of data analysis showed that the most important factors influencing tourism in the host society are economic, social, infrastructural and physical factors, respectively. Among the various factors, the economic factor with 61/212 percent of the variance has the highest and the physical factor with 00/052 percent of the variance has the lowest percentage among the influential factors of tourism in the host society. Also, the social factor with 02/5111 of variance and the infrastructural factor with 01/2231 of variance are in the second and third ranks

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the effects of tourism on villagers’ life quality from the perspective of the host community in the villages of Afarineh, Paran Parviz, and Valiasr in Poldokhtar. The statistical population of the research included the local people of Afrinah, Paran Parviz, and Valiasr villages which according to the census of 2015 was estimated to be 4084 people. To select the sample size, Cochran's formula was used based on which 351 people were sampled. One-sample t-test and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the research findings. The obtained results showed that the effects of tourism in the economic, social, environmental, physical-spatial, and health and individual welfare dimensions with averages of 3.539, 3.469, 3.592, 3.562, and 3.562 respectively were desirable. The results of the regression analysis showed that tourism had the greatest impact on the economic, social, spatial physical, individual health and well-being, and environmental dimension with beta values of 0.355, 0.278, 0.239, 0.183, and 0.113 repectively.

Nowadays, tourism is known as one of the most important economic industries all over the world, and its growth and expansion has many effects on the local society. This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the economic, social, physical and infrastructural effects of tourism on the host community from the point of view of officials and local people in the villages of Poldakhter city. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature and method of carrying out the work, which was carried out by two methods library study and field survey. The statistical population of the research is made up of two groups of officials and local people. In the first group, 30 people from the officials of the city and the officials of the studied villages were selected as the sample size by personal estimation. Also, in the group of local people, according to the census of 2015, the population of the three villages of Efrain, Paran Parviz and Waliasr was equal to 4084 people, using Cochran's formula, 351 people were randomly selected as the sample size. In order to analyze the findings of the research, sample t-test, Duncan test and path analysis were used. The results of the sample T-Tech test showed that the most important effect of tourism on the host community from the point of view of the officials is on the economic dimension with an average of 3.544, but from the point of view of the local people, the greatest impact is on the physical dimension with an average of 3.224. The results of the path analysis showed that the economic dimension with an overall effect value of 0.734 had the greatest impact on the host community, and the physical dimension with an overall effect value of 0.321 had the least impact. Also, the results of the test of the impact of tourism on different dimensions in the studied villages have been different.The results of the path analysis showed that the economic dimension with an overall effect value of 0.734 had the greatest impact on the host community, and the physical dimension with an overall effect value of 0.321 had the least impact. Also, the results of the test of the impact of tourism on different dimensions in the studied villages have been different.Nowadays, tourism is known as one of the most important economic industries all over the world, and its growth and expansion has many effects on the local society. This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the economic, social, physical and infrastructural effects of tourism on the host community from the point of view of officials and local people in the villages of Poldakhter city. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature and method of carrying out the work, which was carried out by two methods library study and field survey.

Understanding and welcoming large-scale changes in the economic, technological, information technology, socio-cultural and environmental arenas, as well as managing such developments on a pilot scale in free zones, is inevitable. The most important tools of globalization are summarized in four categories: production, technology, investment and trade, and investment is considered as the most important tool and engine of other issues. Given that these areas could help developing countries escape poverty and backwardness, they turned to free zones. Iran also has free zones in the north, south, east and west, considering the establishment of free zones in order to put the country on the path of development and in line with the global economy. For this purpose, the present study using descriptive, analytical method and library and field studies has tried to explain the geo-economic effects of free zones on the development of surrounding areas, which is a case study of Anzali free zone and development of areas. Explain what has been paid. Findings show that since Anzali Free Zone seeks to increase investment and registration of companies and production and exports, has led to employment and economic development in the surrounding areas.

Sistan and Baluchestan province, as one of the most strategic provinces in the east of the country, has always caused many security incidents in different parts of the province. It emphasizes the Shiite religion as the official religion of the country, so one of the ways to achieve the indicators of convergence is the religion of Islam. The purpose of this study was to "explain the role of Islam in the integration of the Baluch people and its impact on social security in Sistan and Baluchestan province."The present study is of applied type and in terms of descriptive analytical method and statistical population as a whole and the obtained results are "Islam as the most important component of the convergence of Baluch people through the principles of common religion between Shiites and Sunnah - belief in a common prophet - belief The rule of denying the mustache - common religious holidays, etc., has an effect on the convergence of the Baloch people.

Today, the use of indigenous knowledge in rural development planning has been considered by planners, managers and sociologists. So that indigenous knowledge is considered as a valuable resource for the process of rural livability. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to Analysis of effective criteria on the future status of indigenous knowledge of villagers in the livability of rural Areas (Case study: villages in Tehran's 19th region). The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of research method and quantitative in terms of nature and applied-developmental in terms of purpose. It is a data collection tool, library and field (interview and questionnaire). Due to the nature of this research, the structural analysis method using MIC MAC software has been used. The statistical population of the present study includes 15 experts and experts in the field of indigenous knowledge and rural livability studies in Tehran who were selected using targeted sampling. In this regard, after holding initial meetings, 44 variables in the form of 4 general dimensions were identified as primary variables. Finally 9 factors (empowerment, Increase income and savings, Entrepreneurship and group and family job creation in agricultural and livestock jobs, Using animal manures instead of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and reducing costs, Cooperation and social participation within the group and between groups among the villagers (harvest, etc.), Creating a spirit of independence and self-sufficiency in productions, Rehabilitation of rural housing, Consult with neighbors and relatives, Cooperation and partnership with the Housing Foundation in the preparation and implementation of pilot projects and reduction of waste of agricultural products) they were selected as key criteria affecting the future status of indigenous knowledge of villagers in the livability of rural areas in Tehran's 19th district.

Today, one of the issues that has attracted the attention of planners is the study of the role of indigenous knowledge in the development and livability of areas. Indigenous knowledge is a part of the national capital of each nation, which includes their local beliefs, values, practices, and ecology Indigenous knowledge is the result of centuries of trial and error in the natural, economic and social environment. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to Analysis of the position of indigenous knowledge in the development of Urban Peripheral areas with emphasis on economic and social livability (Case study: villages in Tehran's 19th region). The present research in terms of descriptive-analytical research method and by nature, research is quantitative and in terms of purpose, it is applied-developmental. Data collection tools to examine the position of rural areas in region 19 in terms of the application of indigenous knowledge in the direction of livability in the form of economic and social criteria, 24 sub-criteria. The descriptive and inferential sections (results related to data analysis) use Gray Relationship Analysis (GRA) techniques and SPSS software. The results of Spearman test showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between indigenous knowledge in the villages of Tehran's 19th region and economic and social livability with the value of Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.751. Also, the results of T-test showed that the economic component was the most affected by indigenous knowledge in terms of livability in rural areas of region 19. The results of Gray Relationship Analysis (GRA) showed that Morteza gard village, with a gray score (0.633), is in the first place in terms of the application of indigenous knowledge in order to improve livability among the studied villages.

Crisis planning and management of natural disasters with emphasis on earthquakes that cause human, financial and environmental damage to spaces and residents of urban areas, should be considered as a basic strategy in all stages of planning and Urban development programs should be considered especially for worn-out structures. The safety of cities, especially dilapidated and historical texture against hazards and crisis management is one of the goals of urban planning and in this regard, the first step is to know the resilience of worn texture neighborhoods and its management against hazards. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The approach of this research is documentary and field. In order to properly manage the crisis in District 19 of Tehran Municipality, using the weighted overlap model in the GIS environment, the vulnerable areas of the area were zoned. In this model, several layers including population density, quality of buildings, proximity to passages, proximity to open spaces, medical centers, fire stations, etc. have been used in the study area. The results of the research show that only a percentage of the study area has a favorable to very favorable condition. And a larger percentage of the study area is in unfavorable to very unfavorable conditions. Due to the fact that most of the 19th district of Tehran Municipality is in a moderate to very unfavorable condition, so it demands the importance and attention of city officials. In order to prevent the destruction of worn-out or even residential structures with the necessary preventive measures and programs, so that we have the least amount of financial and human damage and crisis management in the region.

The growth and expansion of urbanization in the contemporary era and the emergence of metropolitan areas as places in which large number of people live together and capital and assets are accumulated have recently attracted the attention of many planners, governments and nations topotential natural hazards and the importance of crisis management in these areas.In this regard, land use planning is considered to be critical due to its importance for sustainable development, optimal configuration, and crisis management.

The present study primarily seeks to design a spatial model for spatial evaluation of urban land use in district 19 of Tehran Municipalityusing a crisis management approach. In this descriptive-analytical study,necessary information were collected through library research methods and the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators.In quantitative index analysis, per capita land use of the district was compared to the country’s standard level, and in qualitative index analysis, three criteria of compatibility, capacity and desirability have been evaluated. One of the goals of urban land use planning is proper site selection for different land uses and separation of incompatible land uses from each other which is achieved through collection of necessary information about the current situation and evaluation of the collected information. For example, attempts are made to find a proper site forland uses producing pollutants such as smoke, odors, and noise away from residential, cultural, and social areas.In contrast, activities that complement each other are located in vicinity of each other. ArcGIS was used to evaluate and model the compatibility level of neighboring land uses. The proposed model inthe present study aims to evaluate the proximity of activities in order to determine their level of compatibility from the perspective of crisis management. Results of this model can be used for land use planning. This model is based on two principles: the logic behindland uses’ compatibility, and spatial neighborhood relationship and models of this relationship in GIS environment. Model Builder, a visual programming language at the Arc Info Editor Level which is undoubtedly one of the most important features offered in this program has been used to achieve the desired goal in this study. This modeler is actually an interface which forms the input-output parameters and processing functions in the processor. In this interface, the user can call several functions in a sequence and the processes will be performed one after the other. The input parameters includeeverysupported format in ArcGIS. Processing functions include all functionsused in the spatial analysis network. Outputs can be stored and used in later steps.

Qualitative analysis of land uses in District 19 of Tehran Municipality Evaluating the compatibility of land uses in District 19 In order to analyze the compatibility levelofneighboring land uses, the number of neighbors in each parcel is determined.Then,a binary compatibility relationship is stipulated for each pair and finally a fixed number is reached in the process of comparing land uses. As required by the land use compatibility matrix, urban uses are hypothetically classified into 5 groupsbased on their current situation: fully compatible, relatively compatible, indifferent, completely incompatible, and relatively incompatible. Following the production of compatibility matrix, details oflandusescollected during the field study have been analyzed and presented as maps. Then, the model is run in Arc GIS and the level of each land use’s compatibility is presented with anespecialcolor. Results indicate that except for Velayat park which is not compatible with the surrounding land uses, most of the incompatible land uses are located in the western and southwestern parts of the district. These incompatible land uses are presented with 5 different color ranges. Investigating the capacity of different land uses in district 19 of Tehran Municipality Qualitative analysis of accessibility zone in the capacity matrix In this matrix, the performance of each major land use in service provision and performance coverage is determined based on the urban population and its area of ​​influence, and the results are presented in the relevant tables and on a map produced using Euclidean analysis in Arc GIS. The basic level of performance for each land use at the regional level and its area of ​​direct influenceis identified based on the population required for standard performance of that specific land use in this area. This identified level of performance was used as the basis for further calculations. According to the proposed model and considering the accessibility zone, a special buffer zone is identified for each land use and its census blocks are determined. Finally,population within the blocks is determined separately for each land use (in this section, a few maps of buffer zones are provided for some land usesas an example). This model determines whether the rules of accessibility have been complied in different land uses. Based on the accessibility zone and censusblocks, decision making about the necessity of different land uses is made possible. Investigating the desirability of land uses in district 19 To reach the desired goal, a land use layerto which a new field of desirability has been added will be consideredaccording to the model (Figures 5 and 7) and the existing rules for specific land uses. Results are exhibited in two different classes (desirable, undesirable). According to the existing rules and maps, the desired parts of the area are marked in green and the undesirable parts of the area are marked in red.

As one of the most important tools and a major goal of urban planning,land use planning has a vital role in risk mitigation duringurban development. Thus, improving methods and processes of realizing this goal is of great importance and priority. Physical and functional characteristicsof land use have a significant effect on the number of casualties in different urban crisis. Therefore, land use planning is considered to be an important principle of urban planning and an urban planner is primarily expected to make the right decisions and to properly monitor land uses.On the other hand, crisis management and resilience approach have become a pervasive topic of debate in the present decade. Many researchers consider resilience to be the internal ability of a system, community or element to withstand the effects of a natural or social event. In order to determine the level of resilience, land uses in this area are investigated based on different aspects of crisis management. A major difference is observed between the findings of the present study and that of other researchers: most of dimensions, criteria or the main indicator in the present study are related to each other.The dimensions proposed in this model cover all physical and non-physical aspects and the proposed criteria or indicators also show important factors in each dimension. Moreover, the vulnerability of each dimension affects other dimensionsdirectly or indirectly. In fact, a district of Tehran municipality may be more resilient than other districts in some dimensions, but this does not suffice by its own and vulnerability in one dimension reduces the resilience of the whole district.Therefore, a resilient city or district needs to reduce its vulnerability in all dimensions and achieve resilience and crisis management in their real sense. One of the main concerns in the study of urban issues and urban planning is the issue of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the city and urban land uses. In the present study, an attempt has been made to perform quantitative index analysis of urban land uses under the topic of fair distribution of land uses per capita.And for the analysis of quality index, urban land uses were separately investigated based on their compatibility, capacity, and desirability level.This is another innovation of the present study which makes it different from other researches.In the discussion of compatibility,a model has been developed in ArcGIS environmentbased on the rules of urban planning to determine the compatibility of neighboring land uses. The highest level of incompatibility between neighboring land uses was observed in the western and southwestern part of the district. In terms of capacity, a model has been designed for existing uses in the area based on the standard accessibility zone. Regarding desirability, appropriateness of spatial conditions (slope, pollution, odor, location ...) and the land uses in a particular place have been considered as important criterion used to distinguish desirable and undesirable areas.The present studyinvestigates appropriateness of land uses based on standard slope. As previously mentioned, a model has been developed for each case in the GIS environment and the results are provided as a map at the end of each section. Following qualitative analysis, the most incompatible land uses were identified. Finally, the following solutions and suggestions are provided to improve and manage land use and for the managementof possible future crisis:Using empty spaces in the district and worthless lands in the southern and southwestern areas of the district to prevent the physical expansion and encroachment of the district on Tehran and Islamshahr.Considering a special zone around high-risk land uses such as gas stations and applying additional rules and regulations to prohibit increased density in these zones.Collecting physical and environmental data as much as possible, combining these data with each other, and using them statistically.Assessing earthquake risk and including the results in land use planning to mitigate risk and manage possiblecrisis.Distributingthe population in this districtbased on identified hazards in the area.Properly distributing parks and green spaces in the district, maintaining them for the times of possible crisis, ensuring easier access and equitable distribution among citizens.Increasing the quality of buildings in accordance with construction and urban planning standards, planning for the reconstruction and repairing of worn out buildings.

Identifying the major challenges of rural development is a prerequisite for formulating policies and providing a flexible model for achieving sustainable rural development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges of rural development in the villages of Islamshahr. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method of work. The statistical population of the study consists of two groups of villagers and experts; In the first group, using the Cochran's formula, 380 people were randomly selected as the sample size. In the group of experts, 20 people were selected as a sample. To analyze the research data, SPSS software and one-sample t-test were used. Finally, fuzzy TOPSIS technique was used to rank the studied villages in terms of rural development challenges. . The results showed that economic, physical-physical and managerial challenges are the most important challenges in the villages of Islamshahr. Also, the results of fuzzy TOPSIS showed that Simon village with a coefficient of 0.912 is in the first rank and Goldasteh village with a coefficient of 0.000 are in the last rank. In other words, Simon village has faced more challenges and Goldasteh village has faced less challenges.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is one of the organizations that has made significant progress in the field of regionalism and in the economic field.  Therefore, Iran's convergence, especially economically, with key members of the organization, such as Russia and China, can be seen as a way to reduce economic pressure and improve Iran's economic situation. The main question of the article is what will be the perspective of the convergence of Iran and the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, especially China, given the current trend? The present research method is descriptive-survey the required data is collected through library, field resources (using a questionnaire) two-sentence, and mean tests were used in SPSS software to analyze the data. The results of the paper show that post-conflict sanctions will improve the context of convergence between Iran and the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and improve relations in circumventing post-conflict sanctions, especially in the tourism, pharmaceutical and mining industries. At the same time, the distrust of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the West, the unfavorable relations of the past and the existence of strategic interests between Iran and the main members of Shanghai are among the most important reasons for the Islamic Republic of Iran's tendency towards Shanghai.