تیمور جعفری

Place is the center of geography and identity; it is the manifestation of culture in place. Parliamentary elections, as a political event, play an effective role in representing the voters' spatial identities. The interests of individuals play a decisive role in directing their work. The performance and action of humans are subject to the understanding and perception they have of the surrounding geographical environment, which gives meaning to their interests. The geographical environment is a concept mixed with social, political, economic, and natural factors whose intertwining has played a fundamental role in giving direction and meaning to human character, effort and spatial identity. Elections are the highest level of representation of local identities in heterogeneous constituencies in which local identities are  reflected. Due to its geographical location throughout history, Iran has had a wide variety of local identities, among which the elections of the Islamic Council played a role in revealing this diversity of identity and, accordingly, the diversity of spatial voting patterns. In North Khorasan, it is one of those culturally diverse areas from a linguistic point of view, and the identities arising from this diversity have played an effective role in pushing and pulling the votes of the candidates for the election of the Islamic Council. Identities and cultural contexts have sometimes led to the neglect of worthy candidates and competent representatives at the center of national decision-making.

Esfarayen Constituency includes the cities of Bam, Safi Abad and Markazi, which is the third constituency in the province in terms of population. In terms of language, the residents of this area speak the Kurdish dialect of Kurmanji, Tati, Farsi, and Turkish, and religiously, they follow the Shiite religion. This constituency was a part of the constituencies of Khorasan province until the sixth term of the Islamic Council elections, and from the seventh term, with the separation of Khorasan province, this constituency was assigned to North Khorasan province. Esfarayen Constituency has a representative in the Islamic Council. The current research aims to investigate and analyze the impact of spatial identities arising from linguistic diversity on the orientation of the spatial pattern of voting in the Esfarayen constituency. The methodology governing the text has a descriptive-analytical nature, and the statistics and information needed for the research were collected by the library and field method   (questionnaire) and then analyzed using spss software.

The result of the research showed that the elements of place identity such as the number of co-citizens and co-speakers of the candidate, ethnicity, co-lingualism, ethnic population and co-speakers of the candidate being co-citizens with the election candidate, respectively, had the greatest impact in creating the voter base for the candidate representing the Islamic Council at the constituency level. On the contrary, the parliament candidate's belonging to a particular party, the opinion of religious elders and clan elders, the candidate's experience and education, and the correctness of the candidate were, respectively, less important in getting the votes of the candidates.

At the northeastern end of the Sabzevar ophiolitic zone and the southern edge of the Binalud zone and south of Quchan, a 200 km long young magmatic arc consisting mostly of calc-alkaline to adakitic volcanic-intrusive rocks are exposed which extended to Esfarayen. In the present study, the Shotorsang hypabyssal granitoids in the northeast of Sabzevar and the Binalud structural zone are investigated. No dating data and comprehensive geochemical study of these units have been published, and the origin of hypabyssal units is unclear. Accordingly, new petrographic and geochemical data and U–Pb zircon ages of intermediate-acidic intrusives of Shotorsang in the northeast of Iran are reported.

Geology:

The hypabyssal Shotorsang granitoids, as a part of the magmatic arc in the north of the Sabzevar ophiolitic belt, are located 82 km northeast of Sabzevar and in the Binalud structural zone. Based on the field studies and 1:5000 geological map, the rock units of the Shotorsang area include early Cretaceous limestone, Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks, the Miocene hypabyssal stocks and dykes, and new Plio-Quaternary deposits. Intrusive units including dikes and hypabyssal stocks composed of dacite, granodiorite, and quartz monzonite. The dikes with acidic composition crosscut the Eocene sedimentary and volcanic succession.

During the field investigations in the Shotorsang area, 80 samples were taken from most of the geological units, and 40 thin sections were studied by a polarizing microscope for petrographic studies. Six representative and least altered samples from the Shotorsang hypabyssal granitoids were analyzed for major oxides and trace elements using XRF and ICP-MS in the Acme Laboratories (Canada). Two samples from dacite dike and granodiorite stock (samples Ab8 and Ab59) were selected for dating studies according to the suitable size and abundance of zircon crystals.U-Pb dating was conducted by laser ablation-multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) in the Laboratory of Isotope Geology at the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China.

Petrography:

Based on petrographic studies, the Shotorsang hypabyssal units can be divided into three groups including granodiorite and quartz monzonite stocks as well as dacite dikes. The granodiorite is composed mainly of quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, hornblende, and biotite with accessory zircon, sphene, and apatite. This unit dominantly displays a porphyritic to glomeroporphyric texture.Dacite dikes have mineralogical and textural similarities with those of the granite stocks. Mineralogically, these units include quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, biotite, and hornblende with a felsitic porphyry texture.Magmatic fluids released during the intrusion of quartz monzonite bodies are the main factor for skarnization in the area.

Geochemistry:

On the total alkali-silica diagram (Middlemost, 1985), the intrusive bodies and dikes are plotted in the fields of quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and granite, which is consistent with their petrographic observations. On the SiO2 versus K2O discrimination diagram (Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976), the Shotorsang hypabyssal granitoids fall mainly in the medium- to high-K calc-alkaline domains. On chondrite and primitive mantle-normalized diagrams, the investigated samples display enrichment in LILE and LREE and depletion in HFSE and HREE.On Rb versus Nb+Y tectonomagmatic discrimination diagram (Pearce et al., 1984), the Shotorsang hypabyssal granitoids are plotted in volcanic arc granite field.U-Pb datingThe two samples from the dacitic dike and granodioritic stock yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 22.52±0.38 and 22.56±0.35 Ma, respectively. The Th/U ratio for zircons from the dacitic dike and granodioritic stock is more than 0.1, which is different from metamorphic zircons and compatible with magmatic zircons.

The remarkable geochemical criteria of hypabyssal Shotorsang granitoids are Sr (382.5-607 ppm), high Sr/Y ratios (26.4-62.5), LaN/YbN (9.5-17.1). The low values of Y (9.7-16.3) and HREE are similar to those of adakites. The low values of Yb and Y, and high ratios of Sr/Y, as well as La/Yb, could be attributed to the presence of residual garnet and hornblende or as fractionated minerals.The LILE (large-ion lithophile elements) enrichment and HFSE (high-field strength elements) depletion are typical features of calc-alkaline magmas related to subduction zones, which originated from partial melting of a subducted oceanic slab or a supra-subduction mantle wedge.The lack of Eu anomaly in adakites, as well as the Shotorsang hypabyssal granitoids with abundant plagioclases, is related to magma ƒO2. Under oxidizing conditions, Eu occurs dominantly as Eu3+, leaving lesser Eu2+ to be incorporated into plagioclase.There are evident changes in Sr-Nd isotopic ratios of the magmatic rocks of the northern Sabzevar ophiolitic belt, and it seems that the (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios increase, however, the εNdi values decrease from the old to the young rocks, which likely indicates the effect of the crustal materials on the source magma.It can be inferred that the Cretaceous-Paleocene magmatism is subduction-related, and from Eocene onwards, the igneous rocks of this zone, including the Miocene Shotorsang adakites with an age of 22.5 million years, have a post-collisional nature.

The Shotorsang hypabyssal granitoids, as a part of the magmatic arc of the northern Sabzevar ophiolitic belt, formed as dike and stock with dominantly porphyritic textures and intruded the Cretaceous-Eocene volcano-sedimentary succession. The two samples from the dacitic dike and granodioritic stock yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 22.52±0.38 Ma and 22.56±0.35 Ma, respectively, indicating the importance of Miocene time in iron mineralization in this zone. The geochemical features of the Shotorsang hypabyssal granitoids correspond to the field of post-collisional volcanic arc rocks (VAG) and possess similarities with those of the adakitic rocks, originating from the subducting slab.These rocks probably have an eclogite or amphibolite garnet origin resulting from the metamorphism of the Sabzevar Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere, which was subducted under the Alborz zone.

The corona virus was identified in December 2019 and spread rapidly in more than 200 countries around the world, leading to increasing fear and anxiety among the people of the world. Many researches have shown a wide range of psychological and social effects on people at the individual, community and international level during the outbreak of a disease. Medical staff are vulnerable to infection due to close contact with covid-19 patients and can spread the virus among colleagues and family members. There is consensus that the COVID-19 pandemic affects not only physical health but also mental health and well-being. Previous reviews have reported that health care workers who provide frontline care during viral epidemics are at high risk for developing mental health problems. Because the current epidemic is a relatively new type of stressful or traumatic factor from the point of view of psychopathology. The psychological effects of stress experienced by physicians during the COVID-19 outbreak may have serious consequences for their overall health. Therefore, it is valuable to examine the level of perceived stress in health care workers during the current outbreak. Workers who provide front-line health care during outbreaks are at increased risk for stress-related problems, both in the short and long term.

The current research is a quantitative descriptive-correlation study of the regression type, which is included in the category of descriptive designs. The statistical population of the research was all the employees involved with the patients of Covid 19 of Imam Hassan Hospital of Bojnord in the year 1400 in the number of 280 people who were selected as a sample using the census method of the entire research community and after applying the exit criteria, 221 people remained with Exit criteria. Then the research questionnaires were distributed among the subjects and they were asked to complete the relevant questionnaires. After collecting the questionnaires, the questionnaires that were incompletely answered or had no answers at all were discarded and finally 221 questionnaires were analyzed. All the employees of Hospital and working in different shifts of the said hospital were considered as criteria for entering the research. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation test and step-by-step multiple regression analysis in SPSS26 software.Perceived Stress Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 14 questions prepared by Cohen et al. in 1993 and measures the amount of stress that a person has experienced during the last month in his life, and on a scale of 5 options, never until Very high (0-4) is scored.Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: This questionnaire was prepared by Gross and John (2003) in order to measure emotion regulation strategies. The above scale consists of 10 items, which have two subscales of reappraisal (6 items) and suppression (4 items). Answers are based on a seven-point Likert scale, from completely disagree (1) to completely agree (7). Religious Orientation Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 20 items and measures external (11 items) and internal (9 items) religious orientation. Fegin in 1963 used a 21-item version of construction and all the options of Allport's questionnaire in it, and in addition to that, he added another option, which had a high correlation (0.61) with external orientation, so This questionnaire was used.

The analysis of the data collected in the field of demographic information showed that the average age of the employees was 22/67 years and the standard deviation of their age was 6.53 years, and the employees involved with Covid-19 were between 18 and 61 years old. 160 subjects (%72.4) were single and 61 subjects (%27.6) were married. The non-significance of the Z statistic for the research variables shows that the curve of the distribution of scores of these variables is of a normal type and the assumption of normality of the distribution of scores has been met. Also, the probability of F value for checking the linearity of the factor did not exceed 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a linear relationship between the predictor variables and the criterion variable. Among the predictor variables, the correlation between internal religious orientation and perceived stress was -0.351 and the correlation of reappraisal with perceived stress was -0.293 and both of these coefficients are significant (p < 0.01). The negative direction of these correlations shows that the higher the level of internal religious orientation in people and their use of re-evaluation emotion regulation, the lower the level of perceived stress in them. On the other hand, the positive and significant correlation between suppressive emotion regulation and perceived stress shows that the more people use this component of emotion regulation, it leads to an increase in their perceived stress. Also, based on the obtained results, it can be seen that there is no significant relationship between external religious orientation and perceived stress (p < 0.05). In addition, the three variables of internal religious orientation, reappraisal and repression together could predict 23.7% of perceived stress, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Reappraisal, internal religious orientation and repression have the greatest contribution in predicting perceived stress.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting the perceived stress of employees dealing with covid-19 based on emotional regulation and religious orientation, and the results showed that the re-evaluation component of emotional regulation and internal religious orientation both have the ability to predict perceived stress. have a negative meaning, which means that the increase of these components in the employees of the Covid-19 department leads to a decrease in their perceived stress. Also, the results indicated that the suppression component of emotion regulation has the ability to positively predict perceived stress, which means that an increase in this component leads to an increase in perceived stress. In general, it can be said that what causes people's perception of difficult life and work situations and their vulnerability in these situations is the type of emotional regulation strategies and their religious orientation. On the other hand, people's religious orientation can influence how people perceive and deal with situations and increase people's resilience in difficult situations, and then help their mental and physical health. For this reason, according to the findings of this research, it is necessary to pay more attention to these factors in the design of psychological interventions in the treatment staff. Therefore, one of the proposals of this research is the use of interventions that cause adaptive regulation of emotion in people. At the same time, spirituality-oriented interventions should also be taken into consideration.

Caves are suitable places for recognizing the inner layers of the earth in which tectonic activities of the earth can be observed. Regarding the origin of the caves, the prevailing view has been the superiority of the role of dissolving the rocks. Books, articles, reports, geological maps, aerial photographs and satellite images for basic studies were used. The research method was based on field research, extent library, direct observation and measurement. GPS was used to obtain the mathematical coordinates of the mouth of caves, relative position and the route map. From VNIR images of ASTER sensor of TERRA satellite, which has a suitable spatial resolution of 15 meters and has Geology and Landuse-Landcover applications for discovering the relationship of caves with fault tectonics, identifying and detection of faults were used; From remote sensing techniques, image enhancement such as using Edgesenh Linear filter and Stretching by Histogram Equalization method were used. The compass was used to measurement the slope and extension of layers and faults, fold hinge, axial plate effect as well as orientation inside caves. From laser meter for estimate the distance and dimensions was used. A water test tube was used for water sampling. Plastic with zippers was used to place samples of stones, skeletons, fossils, etc. A questionnaire, checklist and identity card were used to record the characteristics of each cave. In addition, the wireless device was used to find team members, express the situation and inform each other. Findings and Considering the researchers opinions and concurrences, this section has been analyzed and discussed in three dimensions: A) Sedimentary-structural features: Field studies, interpretation of geological maps and existing formations of each of the caves showed that North Khorasan in terms of sedimentary-structural features in the two zones of Kopet-dagh-Hezarmasjed and Aladagh-Binalood (Eastern Alborz) has expanded; The largest area is related to the Kopet-dagh-Hezarmasjed zone in the northern half of the province. That Kopet-dagh mountain range corresponds to Kopet-dagh-Hezarmasjed zone and Aladagh mountain range corresponds to Aladagh-Binalood zone. These two mountain ranges, despite the similarity in the construction process, have undergone different geological evolution. Most of the caves of this province (Bidak, Yayjat, Poostinduz, Kafar ghaleh, Ostad and Konehgarm) have been formed and developed in a clear orbitolithic calcareous formation called Tirgan (Ktr). From this perspective, limestone and dolomitic limestone called Lar Formation in Binalood zone (Eastern Alborz) (Jl) is in the second place and Armadloo, Kaftarak, Siahkhaneh and Gesk caves have been formed and developed in this formation. Gomnamane-Salug and Ganjkooh caves have also developed in light to pink limestone and dolomitic limestone called Mozdoran Formation in Kopet-dagh zone (JKmz).B) Structural features: Structural evidences such as marbled rocks, fragmentation, displacement and discontinuity in the vicinity of the fault plane, possession of aragonite mineral, evidences of occurrence of major slope-slip, strike-slip ,combined faults and slip on the bedding plane, etc., indicate the superiority of the role of fault tectonics in caves formation and development. The Yayjat, Armadloo, Kafar ghaleh, Ostad, Siahkhaneh, Gesk and Noshirvan caves, due to normal slippery fault, The Khazinehrah, Kaftark and Ganjkooh caves, due to slippery fault, Poostinduz cave, due to reverse slippery fault and faulting on the bedding plane, Bidak cave, due to oblique thrust fault, Gomnamane-Salug cave, due to reverse fault and Noshirvan cave, due to thrust fault have been formed. C) Morphogenetics and the role of tectonics in the formation of caves: North Khorasan province caves by one of the six mechanisms were evolved.1. The Bidak, Gomnamane-Salug, Armadloo and Gesk caves have been formed due to fault tectonics and dissolution with fault superiority.2. The Kaftarak and Ganjkooh caves were formed due to fault tectonics and dissolution with dissolution superiority.3. The Yayjat and Ostad caves were created due to faulting and fault surface opening.4. The Poostinduz and Konehgarm caves have been formed due to flexural-slip folding. 5. In the formation of the initial and final forms of Kafar ghaleh cave, the tectonic in the form of uplifting and neutral-surface folding mechanism has played a major role.6. The Khazinehrah cave due to the dissolution of evaporative sediments along the joint system and microfaults has evolved.7. The caves of Siahkhaneh and Noshirvan have natural and handmade origin.8. The caves of Honameh and Babaghodrat are considered handmade.In the formation and development of caves in North Khorasan province, seven factors Included: fault tectonics and dissolution with faulting superiority, fault tectonics and dissolution with dissolution superiority, faulting and fault surface opening, flexural-slip folding, neutral-surface folding and uplifting, dissolution along the joint system and micro-faults, natural and human and purely human factors have been effective, But the role of fault tectonics has a special advantage over dissolution.Examination of cross section and profile of caves showed that in each cave where tectonic processes and faults have played a major role in its formation and development, its profile is irregular and has a classification. Existing studies have shown that the terms cave and karst are not equal to each other due to their nature and how they are formed and developed, and there is a difference between them and not necessarily every cave is karst.Due to the climatic conditions of North Khorasan region and the relative limitation of rainfall, many limestones do not have karst features and what is seen today as karst phenomena in this area, Except in a few cases, they are the result of Quaternary rainy periods.Due to the tectonic origin of most caves in North Khorasan province, they can be used as indicators and Neotectonic evidence in the region.Due to the high potential for falling, Konehgarm cave is considered as 1st degree with no access and Kafar ghaleh cave is 2nd degree with limited access.Field studies and subsequent reviews indicate the large number of caves in North Khorasan province, which due to time, financial and technical constraints, only 16 caves were carefully studied and it is better to study the others at a more appropriate time.

Since the planet Earth acts like a black body like the planet, and always in a quasi-conditioned state, as much energy as it receives from the sun, it loses energy through long-wave radiation from the earth. The solar radiation absorbed on the ground is converted to heat; however, due to the reflection of the earth, the earth is not hot and hot. The energy reflection process by the earth is called earth reflection or long infrared wavelength, which is indicated by watts per square meter (w / m2). The low OLR values are related to the cloud at high latitudes, so that high values of the long-wave radiation of the Earth's output mean smooth skies and low values of the clouds. This indicator is also used to estimate rainfall in the tropical region. OLR calculations and estimates are a key component of the MJO, MNO, Negative and Positive Phases (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and also to study the assessment of weather indicators.

In the present study, in order to calculate the long-wave IR radiation, the OLR data from 1975-2015 were daily from NCEP / NCAR databases of the National Oceanic and Oceanographic Organization of the United States with a spatial resolution of 2.5 * 2.5 degrees longitude and 4-hour time resolution (hours, 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00) were extracted and analyzed. In order to calculate the long-wave radiation of Iran, in the region of Iran's Earth's atmosphere (from 25 to 40 degrees north and from 42.5 to 65 degrees east), using Grads and MiniTab programming facilities, weighted earth integral Watts per square meter. First, the general characteristics of the long wave were studied. In this study, linear regression (VIA) regression methods were used to analyze the trend. In this procedure, the amount of variability of the long wave of earthquake is estimated over time. In the present study, in order to better understand the data and make a more accurate decision about the level of statistical confidence, the method of analysis of the Moran model was used; also, the Moran Model and GeoDa software were used to calculate and map the corresponding graphs. In order to calculate the Moran index or index, first the z and P-value points are calculated, and in the next step, the index is evaluated and significant.

The results of this study showed that the mean long wave length of Iran is 263/3 W / m2. The highest mean longitude of the Earth's longitude is due to latitudes below 30 degrees north, especially in the southern and southeastern parts of the country. Nevertheless, it was observed that more than half of the country's average surface longitude was greater than the average. The lowest mean radiation of the long wave of earth exits was seen as a belt from the northeast to the northwest of the country, but its minimum core is in the northwest and northeast. The lowest daily spatial variation coefficient of Iran's high-tide wave is seen in the southeast and southern coast of the country and in parts of the central and eastern parts of the country. Therefore, the geographic latitudes are higher than the mean long wave of the earth and the coefficient of spatial variation increases. Spatial Distribution The temporal and spatial variations of the temporal and spatial variations of the long wave of Iran's annual output in most areas of Iran have been increasing. The most extreme slope is the increasing trend (on average, between 0.8121 and 0.696296 watts per square meter) in the southern part of the southern belt of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. In order to better understand the result of the temporal and spatial changes of the long-wave IR radiation to 4 periods of 10 years (1975-2015), during the first period, the total area of the country had an insignificant increase trend . Of course, in the second period, in contrast to the first period, most of the country's area had a decreasing trend, so that the areas that had a growing trend in the first period had a decreasing trend in the second period. Also, in the third period, again, in the second period, the majority of the country's area was incrementally and statistically insignificant. Of course, in the fourth period, the long-wave radiation of the Earth's surface throughout the southeastern region of Iran has been increasing and statistically insignificant, which includes 14.3% of the country's total area; but in general, during the fourth period, 96% of the country's area has a decreasing trend, of which 50.32% is statistically significant, and 43.53% are statistically non-significant. This suggests that in all four 10-year periods, I have had a photographic process at the outlet of the tidal wave in Iran. The results of the spatial distribution of the local Moran index showed that the long wave of Iranian outbound radiation in the south-east, south, and in the east and west of the region, consisted of a high cluster pattern with 47/60 percent of the country's land area. The cluster pattern regions of the north are drawn from the northeast to the northwest and include the northeastern, north and northwest regions of the country as well as the northern heights of the Zagros Mountains of the country. The spatial self-correlation model has a similar positive correlation with the pattern of spatial autocorrelation, with the difference that the spatial spatial dependence pattern of the second period is decreasing, while the positive spatial self-dependency model from the third period to the next It will slow down. Nevertheless, it can be said that throughout the course of the model, the spatial self-sufficiency pattern negatively affects the recent periods of decline and also the positive spatial self-correlation pattern with 0.75 percent ascendance.

Caves play an important role in human habitation, geotourism and groundwater supply. In addition, they have biodiversity, tectonic evidence, fossil artifacts and archaeological significance. Caves have also been used for fun and worship. Unique phenomena, fossils, archeological artifacts and unique wildlife in the caves have made them important tourism attractions with high economic value. Caves are also considered as one of the oldest geotourist sites. Today, cave tourism encompasses a wide range of activities, from watch the scenery to see the wildlife, professional exploration and caving.

Research materials was books, articles, reports and visual documents. The research method was based on field study, direct observation, measurement and to some extent library. Mathematical, relative and elevation position, distribution, distance and access, geological status, genetic characteristics, topography and geomorphology condition, spatial dimensions, geohydrological aspects, biological characteristics, geotouristic status, stone caves and existing dissolution forms, archaeological aspects, existing fossils and their safety and protection aspects of the studied caves were investigated. Based on the instructions for protection and exploitation of caves, how to protect and exploit each of them was determined and graded each from a protection perspective and their privacy were introduced. In order to accurately measurement the geological structures and geometry of caves, a compass device and to estimate the distance and dimensions of the interior space of the caves laser meter was used. For sampling the water accumulated in the caves a water test tube and to place samples of rocks, fossils, etc zipped plastic was used. A questionnaire, checklist and identity card were used to record the characteristics of each caves.

A total of 16 caves were surveyed, most of which are located in Bojnourd and Esfarayen due to geological and climatic conditions, and 19 new caves were discovered in North Khorasan Province; Who need field visits and study10 caves have formed in the middle part of the province, which has more rainfall and lower temperature; Which indicates the effect of the climatic factor of altitude in the formation of some caves in this province. Also, 10 caves have been created in the eastern half of the province, which shows the superiority of the fault tectonic role than dissolution in this part.Due to the often calcareous lithology, mountain topography and mechanical destruction, finding the mouth of most caves is difficult. For this purpose, their mathematical and altitude coordinates were obtained and recorded with GPS.The mouths of caves have not developed in a specific direction of the slope. In shady slopes (ubac), the process of physical destruction and in sunny slopes (adret), mechanical degradation and tectonic fault processes have played a role in creating and expanding the mouths of caves. 9 caves are located at an altitude of 1000 to 1500 meters, which often matches with the limb of the anticlines, and tectonics has caused the greatest pressure and shearing stress to occur on the limb of the folds.8 caves have horizontal entrance corridors, that 7 cases have been formed and developed on the fault surface and in 7 of the caves without horizontal entrance corridors, the mouth corresponds to the fault surface. 7 caves have halls, that 6 cases have been formed and developed on the fault plate.6 caves of the province have been formed and developed in the light orbitolina limestone called Tirgan. Limestone and dolomitic limestone known as Lar Formation in the eastern Alborz zone (Binalood), is in second place. Marbled rocks, crushing, displacement and discontinuity in the vicinity of the fault plate, having aragonite rock, presence of breccia (It) and fault gouge, occurrence of main fault in the interior space of the cave, presence of transverse faults perpendicular to the main fault and presence of alternating faults along the length of most of the existing caves, indicate the superiority of the fault tectonics than dissolution process in the formation and development of caves. In terms of antiquity of the formations, dissolved spaces and evolved dissolution forms, the Gomnamane-Salug, Armadloo, Kaftarake-Daragh, Gesk and Ganjkooh caves are old and other caves are young.In the formation and development of most caves in North Khorasan province, fault tectonics and dissolution have played a role with the superiority of faulting; Which corresponds to the tectonic position of Kopet-dagh zone and the northern Khorasan region.There are 10 wet caves and 6 dry caves without dissolution process.There is water only in the caves of Siahkhaneh and Ganjkooh. Parameters affecting the chemical quality of drinking water such as PH, EC, temperature, nitrate, sulfate, chloride, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, carbonate and bicarbonate were tested. The water of the Siahkhaneh cave is relatively light and suitable for good drinking. The water PH of Ganjkooh cave is neutral and is around 7.6 and it is generally known as a light water and very suitable for drinking.The caves of Gomnamane-Salug, Poostinduz, Honameh, Kafar Ghaleh, Siahkhaneh, Babaghodrat and Noshirvan have no bats and the rest have bats.The investment is done in the handmade collection caves of Honameh and Babaghodrat, but it needs more investment while preserving these natural and historical heritages. Bidak, Gomnamane-Salug, Armadloo, Kaftarake-Daragh, Gesk, Konehgarm and Ganjkooh have typical dissolution forms and need more protection.The entrance of Bidak, Yayjat, Armadloo, Kafar Ghaleh, Gesk, Konehgarm and Ganjkooh caves is in the form of wells or looks like a natural well; and must be entered with a static rope and harness.Apart from Babaghodrat and Noshirvan caves, there is a possibility of wild animals in other caves, of which wolves and leopards are the predominant animal species, respectively. In Armadloo cave, due to its proximity to Golestan National Park, the presence of bears is possible.Kafar Ghaleh and Konehgarm caves are completely unstable and are not suitable for nature tourists, and Konehgarm cave is 1st degree type with forbidden access.The caves of Gesk and Konehgarm have a high great depth of movement and the caves of Bidak, Armadloo, Poostinduz and Kafar Ghaleh have a great depth of movement.Bidak, Gomnamane-Salug, Armadloo, Kaftarake-Daragh, Honameh, Babaghodrat, Gesk, Konehgarm and Ganjkooh caves have a very protective value due to their beautiful dissolution forms and their vulnerability and fragility.

Honameh and Babaghodrat caves are handmade, Siahkhaneh and Noshirvan are natural-handmade and 12 other items are natural, the role of fault tectonics is more prominent than the dissolution action. Chemically, the accumulated water in Ganjkooh cave is light and very suitable and in Siahkhaneh cave is similar to surface waters, good, relatively light and suitable for drinking. These caves are formed in Tirgan, Mozduran, Shurijeh, Lar and Pliocene conglomerate. The caves of Honameh, Kafar Qaleh, Babaghodrat and Gesk have archeological importance. 9 of them have bats. Gesk and Konehgarm caves are the deepest and most technical, Konehgarm cave is 1st degree type with forbidden access.

In this study, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Version (ERA5) reanalysis forecast data with 0/25 * 0/25 spatial resolution and 40 years interval (1979-2018) from Vwind and Uwind using MATLAB, GrADS From programming in software in level 400-100hpa. Findings showed that the average vertical structure of jet stream subtropical northern hemisphere in summer is located in the northernmost latitude; And is observed from latitudes of 41 to 45 degrees north. In winter, it has shifted to the southernmost latitudes, and the subtropical core is more intense in winter than in other seasons. The seconds are observed at latitudes between 20 to 30 degrees north. This study polewaard that the jet stream of the northern hemisphere had two periods of increase during the years 1979 to 1997 in the amount of 1 to 2 degrees latitude also from 1999 to 2017 in the amount of 2 to 3 degrees latitude.

The purpose of this study is to analysis monthly OLR of the Iranian surface. For this purpose, the ground OLR data was extracted and analyzed from the ncep/ncar database during the statistical period of 1354-1398. In order to extract the have been used in the Gards software and GIS. Findings showed that by examining the spatial index of Gi statistic, the hot spots of Iran's OLR are 99% and 95% in August, July, June, September and October. Hot spots correspond to areas of the tropics and to latitudes below 30 degrees north; Also, the maximum cold spots are at the level of 99%, 95% in February, December, January, March, April, and the maximum cold spots OLR from the northeast to the northwest. It includes the northeastern, northern and northwestern regions of the country, as well as the northern highlands of the Zagros Mountains.

Changes in OLR can be considered as a critical indicator of climate change and hazard; studies have shown that since 1985, long-range radiation has increased the output of the Earth and is a cause of increased heat in the troposphere. This has led to an increase in drought and a slight decrease in the cloud in the upper terposphere, as well as an increase in Hadleychr('39')s rotation toward higher latitudes. On the other hand, clouds play an important role in the long-wave changes of the Earthchr('39')s output and are adequately evaluated at the global energy scale at all spatial and temporal scales.

Data and methods :

In the present study, in order to calculate the variability and the pattern of seasonal spatial dependence of the long-range radiation output of Iran, OLR data from 1974 to 1976 were daily updated from the NCEP / NCAR databases of the National Oceanic and Oceanographic Organization of the United States of America. To calculate Iranchr('39')s long-range output radiation, in the Iranian atmosphere (from 25 to 40 degrees north and 42.5 to 65 degrees east), using Grads and GIS software. First, the general characteristics of the earthchr('39')s long wave were investigated. To obtain an overview of the spatial status of the seasonal changes of the long-wave and its variability over the country, the average maps and coefficients of the long-wave variations of the earthchr('39')s output were plotted in the spring, summer, fall, and winter seasons. In this study, the slope of linear regression methods using mini tab software was used for trend analysis. Hotspot analysis uses Getis-Ord Gi statistics for all the data.

Explaining the results:

The results of this study showed that the mean of long wave in Iran is 262.3 W/m2. The highest mean long-range radiation output in spring, autumn, and winter is related to latitudes below 30 degrees north, especially in the south and south-east of Iran, with the highest mean in autumn and winter with wavelengths. High output 282-274 W/m2 as well as spring with mean W/m2 295-291 below latitude 27.5° C, which is in Sistan and Baluchestan provinces, south and southeast of  Fars. Hormozgan has also been observed; the lowest OLR average in these seasons is observed above latitude 30 ° N in the northwestern provinces with the lowest mean in the season Yew and winter with mean long wavelength output 213-225 W/m2 and also observed in spring with mean 226-235 W/m2 at latitude 37.5 ° C and latitude 44 ° N in Maku and Chaldaran Is. In summer, the highest OLR averages of 316-307 W/m2 are observed in east of Iran with centralization of Zabol, Kavir plain and Tabas desert as well as west of Iran in Kermanshah, Khuzestan and Ilam provinces, with central length The latitude is 47.50 degrees north and latitude 32/32 east in Ilam province in the city of Musian, due to desertification, saltwater and sand, as well as the absence of high clouds, indicating an increase in the frequency of earthquakes and It is a drought that will lead to shortage of rainfall and increased rainfall in these areas; the lowest average long-range radiation output in summer with W/m2 235-226 extends as a narrow strip from southeast to Chabahar and extends to the middle Zagros highlands in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province and northwest areas in Maku, Chaldaran, Khoi, Jolfa, Marand, Varzegan, Kalibar, Parsabad, Ahar and Grammy cities. It has also been observed in the northern coastal provinces of Iran including Mazandaran, Gilan, Astara, Talesh, Namin. According to the trend of long-wave radiation output of Iran increased by 0.16 W/m2 and decreased by 0.37 W / m2 with increasing latitude. Seasonal trends indicate that 100 percent of the country has a significant increase in winter and no significant fall in autumn. 21.24% in summer and 18.35% in spring have no significant decreasing trend, which in south-east includes Sistan and Baluchestan, Kerman, Fars and Hormozgan provinces and 78.76% in summer and 81.65% in summer. Spring has a significant non-significant upward trend. The spatial dependence of the hot spots on Iranchr('39')s long-wave radiation at 90, 95 and 99% confidence levels is 45.49% in spring, 37.57 in autumn, and 44.55% in winter. The high wave radiation of summer is 42.2%, which is observed in north of Sistan and Baluchestan province with central Zabul and in east of Lot and Tabas desert and in west of Ilam province with central of Musian. But in spring, autumn and winter in the south and southeast of the country including Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman, South Fars, Bushehr provinces and in central Iran including Lot Plains, Desert and Salt Lake and Tabas sandy desert. It is also observed in western Iran in Ilam province, so that these areas correspond to the tropical belt at latitude 30 degrees north. This is due to its location in the subtropical region, the low latitude of Iran, especially south and southeast to central Iran including Lut Plain, Desert and Tabas Desert due to its proximity to the equator, the angle of sunlight is higher and perpendicular. Spun. The spatial dependence of cold spots on long-wave radiation at 90, 95 and 99% confidence levels in spring is 33.44%, autumn is 41.41% and in winter is 44.55%. Cold spots of long-wave radiation are 25.5% in the summer, located at latitudes above 35 ° N in the subtropical belt and include northeast areas in North Khorasan Province in the cities of Bojnourd, Esfarain, Jajarm, Mane and Semlaghan, Safi Abad and northern coastal areas in Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan, and northwestern provinces of Iran including Ardabil, East and West Azerbaijan, Qazvin and Zanjan North Tfaat Kvh Hay Zagros includes the provinces of Kurdistan, Hamedan, Markazi, Qom, Kermanshah North East part. Minimum OLR cold spot with average output longwave radiation of 213 W/m2 220 northwest of Khoy, Maku, Chaldaran, Jolfa and Marand can be an indicative role for determining convective activity and dynamic / frontal precipitation.

Unplanned human activities in the environment lead to various risks and damages from human, social, environmental and economic aspects that can have catastrophic effects and consequences with the help of planning and preparedness for emergency measures. The purpose of this study is to determine the geomorphological restricted areas in order to locate suitable aspects of urban development from the perspective of risk in urban and suburban areas of Bojnourd. With this aim and in the systemic approach, environmental variables including geomorphological parameters, geology (lithology and active faults), topography (slope, slope direction and altitude), hydrology (distance from rivers and canals) and human parameters (Land use and distance from urban and demographic points) in the study area in the form of classification maps and layer fuzzy operation was performed. Using the ANP model, the final weight of each factor layer in the Super decision software was obtained. From the multiplication of the final weight obtained from the ANP model with fuzzy layers and using the Fuzzy Gamma 0.5 operator, an integrated map was obtained and the geomorphological restricted areas were identified from the perspective of urban development and the remaining areas of the study area into appropriate and very inappropriately categories were classified. The results showed that 57.7 KM2 equivalent to 21.24% of the study area, according to the existing standards and conditions, is a restricted area, which often corresponds to the eastern, northern and northeastern parts of Bojnourd that is, the bed and river bed privacy of Firoozeh river and the intersection of Halghehsang, Malkesh, Pesteh, Doberar, Aghghaleh, Gheshlagh, Langar, Baghchegh , Aliabad canals and the adjacent points of the Chaharkharvar-Babaaman, Doberar-Borj fault systems and the torn and hidden fault that it corresponds to the bed of Firoozeh river. Of the total area of the study area, 58.3 KM2 equivalent to 15.84% includes the very suitable areas, which are mostly in the central (old army barracks), southern (upstream lands of the Mantagheh barracks, Maleksh and Takhte Arkan), southwestern (old police station) and south eastern parts (Hamzanlu, Kalateh Yavarie and Farhangian town) in the research area and therefore, considering the current area of Bojnourd, there is an optimal development space for the coming years based on moving in a low-risk path. The final conclusion is that the present study is based on a systemic approach and the application of geomorphological restricted areas and the research results for space management have the residential development efficiency for urban and suburban areas.

In this study, the data of (ECMWF) version (ERA5) with spatial resolution of 0.25 * 0.25 degrees and a period of 40 years (1979-1989) of the meridional performance flow function Seasonal changes in the external edge of the Hadley cell in the Northern Hemisphere have been investigated using MATLAB. Findings showed that the outer edge of Hadley cell in winter from 35 to 38 degrees south, in spring from 29 to 32 degrees south, in autumn from 30 to 35.5 degrees South and can be seen in summer from 28 to 29 degrees south; Also, with increasing each year, the outer edge of the Hadley cell in winter, autumn, spring and summer increases by -0.039, -0.048, -0.014 and -0.012 degrees on average. In general, the results show that the expansion of the outer edge of the Hadley cell has increased by 2 to 3.5 degrees latitude in winter and autumn, and shows that it is very prominent compared to the summer and spring seasons. Shows the expansion of the Hadley cell rotation towards higher latitudes.

Environmental hazards cause great human and financial damage to the people of Northern Khorasan province every year. In this research, while introducing different types of environmental hazards in different parts of Northern Khorasan, we aim to classify their issues and problems and to specify the time calendar of each in order to prevent possible damages and crises. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical based on field studies, library and statistical analysis. Given the importance and incidence of Covid-19 disease, in order to assess its risk in the last three weeks ending August 22, 2020 in the townships of the province, first, the adjusted incidence rate was calculated in the last week (AIRW1), the penultimate week (AIRW2) and two weeks ago (AIRW3). Then, using the relevant relationship, the status of each townships in terms of white, yellow and red was determined. Regarding the risk of frost, long-term statistics of minimum temperature of synoptic and evaporative stations of Bojnourd, Asadli, Aghmazar, Resalat, Shirvan, Cheri, Khosh, Noshirvan and Jajarm were used on a daily scale. To determine the time of the beginning and the end of the glaciation, the days convert to the Julius calendar and Minitab and Arc GIS software were used to draw graphs and maps of temporal and spatial distribution of the beginning and end of glaciation. The results show that geographical location, environmental conditions and spatial planning system make the occurrence of environmental hazards in Northern Khorasan province inevitable and different regions of this province damage from 51 environmental hazards in the form of 4 general types of natural hazards includes geological, climatological, hydrological and biological hazards and two intentional and unintentional human hazards. This situation requires increasing the safety factor of habitats and activities and modifying and changing the methods and instructions by the relevant agencies to deal with these unexpected events. Harmonization of farmers' lives and activities with frost conditions and geographical compatibility with the Corona virus is suggested as the best biological solution.

There has been obvious and hidden effort to overcome the space in the context of individual and group scans. Space and space are conceptualized with the social, political, economic and natural processes that their long-term diversity and long-term integration play a fundamental role in the direction and meaning of the efforts and manners of the people living in it. The context has provided them with a sense of belonging and life sustainability. Inside the interior of nature are intrinsically powerful. Elections are firmly established as one of the individual power-building processes or political currents with the elements and processes of the spacecraft. Meanwhile, environmental perception, along with the sense of people's place of belonging, plays a significant role in their voting behavior. The province of Bojnourd in the northern Khorasan province is the domain of various cultures (linguistic and religious). The present paper relies on the hypothesis that identity identities (linguistic and religious) in the form of spatial identities are the most fundamental factor in shaping the model of voting space in this electoral domain. The methodology governing the text is a descriptive- An analysis has been carried out and the statistics and information required for research have been collected by a library method. The result of the research showed that the rise of the element of identity and location of the locals of the province has been selected at least in all courses by at least one candidate for the Kurdish language.

One of the most important concerns of governments is the effort to maintain security and to deal with the various threats that endanger their life and survival or their development. Therefore, strengthening the components of internal power and enhancing security is one of the key policy-making priorities of governments. The natural, human, economic, political and military characteristics of the North Khorasan Province and the Republic of Turkmenistan with 301 km of common border have made their geographical environment available to them in the balance of power between the two countries of Iran and Turkmenistan is effective. As the military policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is defensive, the geographical environment of this region of the world, with the facilities which it provides, has a special place in the formulation of security strategies in the northeast of our country. Research is about to achieve that. Based on the SWOT model, this paper analyzes the capabilities and limitations of natural, human, economic, political and military factors affecting the geopolitical status of the North East of the country in the North Khorasan region in order to achieve defensive strategies. To evaluate and analyze the geopolitical potentials and dilemmas in the North Khorasan region and to achieve security strategies in the study area, by combining the SWOT model, the strategies were extracted by classifying the relevant structures. Using this model, its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are identified and prioritized. At the end, the results were presented in the form of security strategies with regard to the situation of the country and the north-eastern region of the country at two micro and macro levels in the border areas of North Khorasan Province and Turkmenistan.

The present study is to identify the potentiality of the landslide occurrence in Badranlou Basin with the area 300.37 Km2. To prepare the risk map of landside, firstly using conducted studies, a total number of 69 landslides were identified in this basin which covers about 243900 m2. Then, factors affecting landsides in the basin were investigated and eight factors including features of lithology, land use, the steep slope degree, the steep slope orientation, average annual rainfall, distance from waterways, distance to faults, and distance from residential centers were selected as effective factors. These factors were prioritized using expert ideas and the ANP, and then the maps related to factors affecting landside occurrence were prepared. By merging the maps related to the factors to which the coefficients calculated based on priority and valuing were applied in the ANP, at last the map of the landslide risk in Badranlou Basin was prepared and the studied region was classified into three classes in terms of landside occurrence accordingly, %30.43 of the region is faced with moderate-level risk, %37.68 of them with high-level risk, and %31.89 of it is faced with very high-level risk. After that, to evaluate the conducted zoning, the comparison of the final zoning map with the map of dispersion of landslides was conducted and the results indicated that 21 landsides occurred in area 75600 m2 in the landside points with moderate-level risk, 26 landsides occurred in area 91800 m2 in landside points with high-level risk, and 22 landsides occurred in area 76500 m2 in landside points with very high-level risk. Furthermore, the results indicated that the most important factors affecting the occurrence of landsides in the basin includes the degree of steep slope, lithological features, distance from waterways, and average annual rainfall.

This research was carried out in Aladagh rural district of Bojnourd township with 801 KM2 area and more than 35 villages, that have been tried be studied its villages environmental and geomorphological problems. in order to understand the rural hazards, important and relevant characteristics contains population, topography, hydrography, geology, climatology and geomorphology are separately investigated. Then, and information is set up in maps and tables. The results show that environmental studies and geomorphology are required in rural planning.  Nnatural and geomorphologic hazards on rural settlements in the region in terms of the energy flow have been investigated in terms of the energy flow in both inland and outland groups. The studied area in terms of risk factors for internal processes including earthquakes it is a part of a high riskhigh-risk area. Exogenous hazardous processes includinge the occurrence of landslides, fallings, floods and drought effects of the environment.
After getting acquainted with the demographic characteristics, it was found that, unlike many points, the second and third densely populated villages are the highest villages between villages of rural district, which on the other hand, this characteristic reflects the role of morphogenic processes in creating the proper platform for the development of villages and on the other hand their risk indicator. Tthe villages of the region are located in two zones consisting of mountainous and plain lands. Iin the mountain part, on one hand the high slope, on the one hand, it has been acting as a limiting factor for the rural zone and on the other hand, it has played a role in the formation of slope processes such aslike landslide and rock falls. In addition to raising the groundwater level, llow slope in the downstream part of between the mountain plain, and in addition to raising the groundwater level, flooding the rivers and leading tocausing special damage to farms and buildings when falling down, has led. Firouzeh and Bazkhaneh rivers are the main arteries of the region, which the life of a large number of villages in this rural district, depends on their flow in the countryside of them. the presence of active faults and lithology conditions makes the earthquake occurrence of high intensity and high risk. about Near 21 villages are located adjacent to the fault line. Mmost important slope movements in this region include landslide and rockfall. Tthe establishment of the Reain, Arkan, Taraghie kord and Darsoufian villages on the basis of  pebbleof pebble sandstone with clay, marly and evaporative sediments in the upper part, has activated landslide outer process. Oon the other hand, the effects of positive tectonics in the mountainous region and the presence of calcareous and dolomitic height maker formations has activated the process of rockfall in the Paghaleh, Kaykay, Taraghie kord, Darsoufian, Rakhtian and Arkan villages. Tthe proximity of the villages with main and subsidiary waterways and their connection point and also the steep slopes overlooking them, has exposed the flood phenomenon as a risk factor for the population of about 17 villages in the southern, central and northern parts of the region. In the southern part of the rural district, newly built residential units, agricultural lands and roads of Dartoum, Gerivan, Rakhtian and Hesare hosseinie, in central part Khoshmanzar, Mataranlou, down Mehnan, Gharehbashlou, Marz, Kalatehnaghie and Taraghie kord villages and in the southern part Sandalabad, Hamzanlou, Allahverdikhan, Khodagholie, Malkesh and Borj villages are influenced by sudden floods. Ddrought is one of the damaging problems of the villages in recent years. Tthe annual rainfall data of the synoptic meteorological station of Bojnourd in the period of 30 years up leading to to 2017 indicates a gradual decrease in rainfall. In particular, precipitation has dropped dramatically from the long-term average of 30 years (247.2 mm) from 2010 to 2017, and the average of these 8 years has reached 205.5 mm. Tthis process has led to the formation of semi-arid conditions in the area of a large number of rural settlements in this region.
Based on this research, the primary nucleus and central space of most villages have a suitable location for environmental hazards and most of the dangers are on non-standard constructional outside the villages, farms and agricultural lands, which requires more attention from the residents, and Bonyade Maskan, Jehade Keshavarzie and Abe Mantaghehie experts. Therefore, considering the appropriate environmental conditions of the region and the role of villages in the production, with a little investment in the biological and welfare aspects of these villages, in particular the Tarhe hadie, hydrologic structures and their roads, their biological attractions will increase and we will see the optimal use of the natural resources of this region.

Soil erosion is one of environmental problems in northern Khorasan province and Badranloo basin. Surveys show that about 461574 tons of soil are eroded from the loess fertile lands of the Badranloo basin annually which has led to a decrease in soil fertility and accumulation of sediment. The sediment resulting from erosion reduces the useful life of dams and water structures in the low stream of basin. The aim of this study was quantitative evaluation of water erosion in the Badranloo basin and the Experimental erosion Potential Method (EPM) has been used in this regard. In this study, within evaluating the water erosion, the specific sediment value for sub-basins and the whole of Badranloo watershed is calculated by ILWIS 3.3 software and specific sediment yield map (GSp) was prepared. ANOVA method was used in SPSS software for analyzing the geological and escalation erosion, along with for statistical analysis of the role of topographic factors in the severity of soil erosion. The results indicate the alarming state of ecological instability in the basin area. So, the annual average water erosion of soil in the basin is about 23.73 ton / ha. Among sub-basins, the sub-basin No. 4 located in the center of the basin with an annual concentration of about 63.89 ton / ha has the highest soil erosion. Groove and mass erosion are common water erosions at the basin level. In addition to lithology conditions and land -use change, among topographic factors, slope and direction of gradient have the greatest effect on the severity of the soil erosion of the basin due to the high correlation.

Introduction Nowadays, oil is considered as one of important energy resources because its storage for consumers is simple compared to many other energy resources. Furthermore, oil resources are of exhaustible and non-renewable energy sources and hence for compensation of used oils, we should only proceed with the prospecting of new resources. One may say, apart from geologist, geomorphologist also can be effective in determining oil fields by identifying anticlines morphology. Therefore, the study of relations between geomorphology and hydrocarbon resources is important. In this research, we have tried to evaluate the effect of structural geomorphology on the exploration of hydrocarbon resources in Khesht (hydrocarbon rich) and Nora (hydrocarbon-less) anticlines.
Methods The purpose of this research is to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of Khesht and Nora anticlines and the applications as well as the applications of these studies in exploration of hydrocarbon resources. To achieve the purpose of this study, at first the geologic maps from National Iranian Oil Company, at the scale of 1:250000, were prepared and the geological cross-sections of anticlines were obtained. The topographic maps of study area at a scale of 1:50000 were digitized in Arc-GIS software and then the hypsometry and drainage system maps were prepared. After stream ordering based on Strahler’s ordering system, the length and numbers of streams with different orders were obtained and thereby the Bifurcation Ratio (Rb), Drainage Frequency (Fs), Drainage Density (Dd) indexes and and drainage patterns of studied anticlines were calculated. The calculation of Fold Front Sinuosity (FFS), the Length of Anticline Divide (AD), anticline height, Fold Symmetry Index (FSI) and Aspect Ratio (AR) indexes as well as shape and trend of anticlines were made by means of LANDSAT satellite images and geological maps. Finally the relations of geomorphic-tectonic parameters with the formation of hydrocarbon resources in hydrocarbon rich and hydrocarbon-less anticlines, as well as the effects of mentioned parameters in the escapement of hydrocarbon resources were analyzed.
Discussion and Conclusion Results of this study show that here are close relationships between the geomorphology of studied anticline and the dimension of hydrocarbon resources as well as the escapement of hydrocarbon resources so that petroleum resources have been preserved in young, lower amplitude, less-eroded and less-faulted anticlines whereas petroleum resources have been depleted in older more eroded and faulted anticlines. Data analysis shows that the morphometry of petroleum- rich and petroleum-less anticlines is different. The value of Fold Symmetry Index (FSI) is closer to 1 in Nora anticline implying that symmetry and lower tectonic activity in mentioned anticline. The rate of Fold Front Sinuosity (FFS) is same in both anticlines showing the lower performance of FFS index in determining tectonic activities. The lower performance of mentioned index can be attributed to the presence of geologic Fars formations and its high mobility against tectonic activities. The value of Length of Anticline Divide (AD) is 1.12 for Nora anticline showing its older age and application of higher erosion in its hinge. The higher value of Aspect Ratio (AR) in Nora anticline is indicative of its high tectonic activity. Also, the higher rate of bifurcation ratio (Rb) in Nora shows the structural disturbance as well as low development of drainage system and hence high tectonic activity of mentioned anticline. The lower rate of drainage density (Dd) and drainage frequency (Df) in Nora anticline compared with Khesht one is indicative of older age and higher erosion of Nora, and this is a main cause of petroleum resource escapement in this anticline. The drainage patterns in Khesht anticline are parallel, sub-parallel and dendretic that are indicatives of tectonic youthful of mentioned anticline. The young age of mentioned anticline results in petroleum resource in the hinge, on the one hand, and the tectonic activities are not so intense to form profound faults and petroleum escapement, on the other hand. The drainage patterns in Nora anticline are subdendritic and and rectangular (in center) demonstrating the effect of tectonic parameters, such as faults and fractures, on mentioned anticline, and these parameters have resulted in escapement and depletion of its petroleum resources during time. Evaluation of shape and trend of anticlines reveals that Khesht anticline has straight and long trend while Nora anticline has sinuous trend. The more sinuous and deformed anticline hinge, the more probability of petroleum escapement and leakage.
Based on quantitative indexes calculated in this research, it can be expressed that although Nora anticline contains all necessary tectonic conditions to have hydrocarbon resources, the development of erosion in the central part of anticline has resulted in the escapement of hydrocarbon materials from its reserves. If the exploitation of anticline having hydrocarbon resources will not take place in future, the continuation of tectonic activity will result in the development of joints and fractures and hence in the intensification of erosion in the anticline hinge in future , resulting in escapement of resource before exploitation. Therefore, it is necessary to study all country’s anticlines having the potential of hydrocarbon resources formation based on geological history, in order to have an economic and on time exploitation of resources.

Tribal and religious composition in Northern Khorasan is a form that provided a kind of Geopolitical feebleness for Islamic Republic of Iran in Middle East region. Neglecting this matter on the one hand and soberness of enemies in outside the borders and their utilization from this created condition which could be a threat to our country. This survey is carried out for Statistical review and Geographical analysis about the patterns of nation on the basis of social and Geographical viewpoints with emphasis on fundamental tribal characteristics such as race, language, religion and faith, population changes, the rank in community and cultural characteristics and scattering quality of tribes in Northern Khorasan province political units.

In this study deductive logic of inquiry and analogical method have been used. In this method every effective characteristics in increasing the national convergences and divergences of resident tribes in rural communities in this territory have been compared and in reliance on researches in bibliotheca references and field research was described, analyzed, and assessed.

Nation pattern of Northern khorasan from social and Geographical viewpoint is complex and asymmetric. In this province five tribes including of Kurd (Kurmanj), Turk, Turkmen, Tat and Balouch with two faiths of Shiaa and hanafiee Sunnite are living clearly in which Kurmanjs with about 55. 62% have most proportion of the total population. Because of economic and social inequality between village and city, rural settlements have negative balance and mostly immigrate to the cities. High births rate between Turkmen tribe at 10 years ago is a noticeable phenomenon that is about 8. 5 persons out of per 1000 more than other tribes. In geographic viewpoint there is a relationship between topographic homogeneity of space and human homogeneity in this province and Kurmanj tribe mostly located in mountain regions and fertile plains. Damankooh and Takmaran rural districts with 100% Kurmanj population and Jargalan rural district with 100% Turkmen population were considered as homogeneous rural districts. Considering to these conditions making of coexistence between two meaning of tribes interests and national dependencies, stability and development equilibrium in protection dimension must be considered by relevant authorities and planners.

This survey is carried out for explanation of basic role of factors such as geographic position, territorial unity and spatial form on genesis and survival of Iran country in northern khorasan province limit. In these survey geographic current research methods namely library research and field methods were used. In library research referred to books, papers, statistical year books, internet content, satellite images and different maps and field method based on direct observation and attend in several areas of northern khorasan province. At data analysis for obtaining the results specially for putting and proving the role of geographic agents such as geographic position and territorial unity in northern khorasan province on genesis and survival of Iran country, descriptive-analytical and deductive methods were used. Northern khorasan,s territory and geographic space in respect to natural conditions has a special identity that is separated by distinct physical boundaries from spaces and suburb areas specially in northern part. Northern khorasan province's geographic territory was limited at north side with central Asia and Turkmenistan desert, at east side by Hezarmasjed mountain, at south direction by geologic hollow of central playa and Kale-shoore basin and in western direction with eastern Alborz mountain, plains and valleys between Aladagh and Alborz. Surrounded space between these regions has a natural identity that includes different native, raider and emigrant tribes with Iranian’s culture setting inside it which guarantees the survival of Iran.

The present article aims to investigate causes of flooding in Esfarayen County and introduces different applications of geomorphology in providing structural methods of floodwater management. Considering the present situation, structural methods like canals, bridges and retarding reservoirs are used for introducing flood controlling methods. In order to design these structures, maximum annual instant discharge was calculated using Dakin equation and statistics received from Bidvaz River hydrological station. Then, sections of the buildings and their dimensions were determined for a return period of 5 to 500 years using Manning relation and finally discharge was calculated by multiplying average current velocity to section area. Results indicate that apart from natural factors like precipitation regime, impermeability of formations, drainage density, vegetation poverty and slope, human factors like settlement and development of villages across fans, redirection and integration of waterways, unnecessary arches in canals and ignoring probable maximum precipitation in construction intensify flooding in villages. According to the findings, any changes to the dimensions, types and forms of drainage network must be in accordance with geomorphological theories. Moreover, this subfield of physical geography is especially potential in proposing structural methods for floodwater management.

Investigating factors effective in occurrence of landslides in a region and the zoning of the resulting risks can effectively help reduce the damage caused by this phenomenon. The present research is an attempt in this field, and by analyzing the effective factors of landslide formation, attempts to carry out the zoning of the risk of mass movements of Gharah Chay watershed using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Gharah Chai Basin is one of the sub-basins of the Atrak River. In this study, first the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in the area were investigated, and the most important factors were identified to be lithology, slope alignment (structure, topography), slope, slope direction, land use, distance from village, the drainage network density, distance from river, distance from fault, and elevation classes in order, and then the landslide distribution map was prepared. In the hierarchical analysis method, the ten above factors were used. In this method, the factors considered are compared in pairs and the weight of the factors is calculated. For classifying the factors, they were scored with taking the percentage of slip level into account.
At the end, the zoning model was obtained by considering the weights obtained for each factor and the scores obtained. Accordingly, the range was divided into five level of risks. The map was divided into five classes with very high (2.6 km2), high (14.4 km2), medium (14.5 km2), low (4.6 km2) and very low risk (1.8 km2).

Chenaran watershed is located in the northern Khorasan Province, at northern slopes of Aladagh range and is one of the Atrak river subbasins. Several large scale landslides occur in this basin which led to a lots of damages. In order to recognize the mass movements, all aspects of the factors and processes which continually affect on slopes and led to instability, of slope should be identified. In this research the geology, hydrology, topography and landcover-landuse factors were studied.At the first step, the weight of quantitative & qualitative effective variables in basin mass movements was determined, by using “Landslide Index Method” (LIM) model. Then by obtaining of “Logistic regression” model of mass movements in basin, final map for prediction of mass movements probability with 2 classes was prepared. According to the vulnerability about landslide hazard, subbasins were ordered by calculation of weighted accumulation per hectar. Thus, the “Shurijeh Formation” (Ksh) consists of clastic rocks (siltstone and marl) and evaporites, which are impermiable, with assistance of slope, altitude, ground waters, landuse and Chenaran river under cutting, are the most important factors for mass movements in chenaran watershed.