ثورالله نوروزی داودخانی

Myth, despite its antiquity, is a living and present phenomenon that observes human behavior and thoughts. Although all poets use myths in their poetry, only some of them, including Shafii Kodkani, have a mythological insight. He is not only familiar with the myths of Iran, Islam, mysticism and the world; Rather, he is also aware of its effectiveness in deepening the poem. In this article, some of the myths of the (2nd millennium mountain deer) have been introduced, as they give identity to humans. Shafi'i with the implicit acceptance of myths that are the cause of the formation of Iranian-Islamic identity. It has more emphasis on Iranian identity, which is a means of self-discovery and standing against Western civilization. The data of this research has been collected using the library method and described using the qualitative method. The purpose of the authors is to represent Shafi'i's way of mythologizing to give identity to humans. The results of the research show that Shafii helps the audience to get rid of identitylessness by using his mythological insight and his great knowledge of myths.

Sayye Bahaeddin Mostoufi is the neglected poet that has not received any recognition in the books of the literature history . His name is only mentioned in some of the literary notes, just like finding treasures in the old ruins . He had true expertise in numerous scientific areas of mathematics, geomancy and numeric, poetic techniques, chemistry, with vast knowledge of Greek / Babylonian/ Hebrew writings, Nastaliq calligraphy and scripts, very knowledgeable in finding marvels of the science of Arouzi poetry . He wrote great poems in numerous poetic forms. But alas, he has received no recognition . There are many poems of ghazal, ode, and ghateh type left from him that reveal his Irfan or spiritual thinking . The contents of his poems are mostly in the praise and eulogy of the Shiite Imams, and in particular Mola Mottaghain Imam Ali, the noble man of the men and the lord of the braves. The present paper has addressed the achievements of this notable poet in scientific disciplines as well as examining the literary devices employed in his works.

The knowledge of modern linguistics and the collation of literary texts, which linguists refer to as "critical discourse from the point of view of semantic semiotics", is the science in which the collator of writing seeks a deep understanding of the various layers of thought and the atmosphere of composition. The texts go beyond the sentences and the context of the speech according to the artistic position and its position is linguistically explored and reveals the metatextual vision of the writer or the songwriter.Therefore, the author of the present research explores the hidden message in the linguistic layers of the three beginnings in the most precious epic masterpiece of the Persian language, Shahnameh with the  following titles: "In the name of God" , the tragic poems "Rostam and Sohrab" and "Rostam and Esfandiar" in  a descriptive-analytical method to explore the critical discourse.

Persian poetry has long been a vehicle for representing philosophical, mystical or mythological concepts. In the meantime, the concept of man has been carefully considered in the poetry of many poets due to its high role and importance. The present article tries to look at the place of this concept in the poetry of Nasser Khosrow and Parvin Etesami with a descriptive-analytical approach. In the poetry of the two, reflection on man has subtle similarities and differences. The most important similarity that can be seen in the work of the two poets under review is the significant importance they have given to divine status of man. In this regard, both poets have avoided talking about human beings. It is in this attention to detail that they have revealed their differences of opinion.The most important factor attributed to man in his poetry is the divine and unique essence that deserves spiritual care and behavior. In Etesami's poetry, this view is not absent, but due to the passage of a special kind of humanism of the constitutional period and according to the requirements of the time, Etesami tries to consider the earthly aspects of man in addition to its spiritual aspects. . Another important point is the negative emphasis of Nasser Khosrow along with the positive emphasis of the strike. Naser Khosrow tries to warn people against negligence and ignorance, while in Etesami's poetry, emphasis is placed on abilities such as altruism, morally good qualities, and the dimensions of human social well-being

Spiritual, sacred, and religious matters are things that human beings always have to use metaphors to understand. It is the property of the human mind that it cannot recognize conceptual and abstract matters without the help of instances of physics. Today, the cognitive sciences, including cognitive linguistics, have analyzed many of the metaphors used in human language and have shown how human beings understand the affairs of existence. The purpose of this study is to examine the human -based metaphor of God, in order to show with a cognitive approach how God has been conceptualized in the minds of two poets of the Persian language, namely Sanaei and Attar. For this purpose, in the books of these two poets, all the verses have been extracted in which human deeds and attributes have been mentioned to God and each of them has been mentioned in the article. The results of this study show that in the minds of these two poets, God is common: the king, the beloved, the craftsman, the host, the butler and the warrior, and in addition, in the Sanaei mind, God is: hairdresser, builder, baker, writer, leader; and in Attar's mind, God is the hunter, the juggler, the mirror worker, the commander, the weaver, and the painter. In this study, the face, waist, hair, lips, pupils, mouth, etc. are the organs that have been used along with evidence to prove the personification metaphor.

This research aims to identify and analyze the articles written about Nahj al-Balaghah with a cultural approach over fifteen years (2001-2016). Since most of the conducted studies are in the form of articles and what is presented in these studies is the extract of the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah, the author of the present paper aims to answer the question of how much attention the authors have paid to cultural issues and which concepts of the cultural field have been addressed in Nahj al-Balaghah? In this regard, the written articles were identified, reviewed, and classified based on Persian articles and the bibliography of Nahj al-Balaghah. Then, using the qualitative content analysis, the concepts and cultural teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah were extracted from the articles, and then, using statistical inference and correcting some references, the descriptive analysis findings were presented. In the end, it was found that among the extracted concepts, the highest frequency related to resurrection and remembrance of the hereafter, with 215 examples and 27 frequencies, and the rest of the cultural concepts, with relative frequencies, were of interest to the authors in this period that the quantitative and qualitative reasons for attention were presented.

Human states and emotions and the natural and moral effects that afflict man have long appeared in the field of literary works. The concept of "suffering" has long been represented in literary works. But in different eras, "suffering" has had different natures. Physical and material suffering are separate from the suffering of thought, and both are separate from the suffering caused by political and social losses. The present article explains the nature of suffering and its place in the old and new literature and tries to observe this theme in the poems of Naser Khosrow and Parvin Etesami with a comparative method and a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the discussion show that the material aspect of suffering in Nasser Khosrow's thought is small and has been replaced by suffering due to the lack of thought and wisdom and spiritual suffering of man on earth due to his distance from God. Strike is not indifferent to these sufferings; but he also has a special view on the sufferings caused by political and social issues, as well as human loneliness in the new age. The turning point of the work of the two poets is suffering and ignorance due to irrationality, and the most important difference between them can be seen in this political and social dimension, which distinguishes Parvin from Nasser Khosrow in accordance with the horizon of thought and critical discourses of his time. he does.

The terms "nightingale", "the eastern wind", and "rose" are three gones of an emotional,romantic relationship that has been used by poets through different eras. The common elements of the three is the fact that they exist in the nature. These three term used in the poems of poets have symbolic significance and metaphorical approach. The nightingale as the symbole of lover or poaetic "I" , wind, breathe, Saba or eastern wind as the mesenger in commute between lover ( the nightingale) and beloved (rose) as the symbol of beauty or projection of beloved. In Persian literature ,specially in versed works, and in the works of three mentioned poet in present study( Khaghani, Hafiz, Bidel Dehlavi) there are plenty of natural elements such as wind, funa, and flora which are accompanied by  beautiful ironies, metaphors, similies, and combinations. Allegorical approach of these elements is more prominent in hafiz poems in comparison with the two other Aforementioned sonneteers. Considering the various functions, this study aimed to investigate the allegorical approach of these symbols and compare their functions in the poems of the three poets.

In recent decades, following socio-political changes and changes in society's attitudes towards women's issues and whispers of their freedom, novelists have paid special attention to the issue of women and the society's attitude towards women's responsibilities and rights is shown in their works. . It is necessary to study the image of women in literature and society; Therefore, in this study, two novels of the wandering island of Simin Daneshvar and Ahoo Khanum's husband by Ali Mohammad Afghani were examined. The purpose of criticizing these two works is to examine the confrontation between women and their discrimination and social violence. The issues discussed in this article are: manifestations of patriarchy, violence against women, society's attitude towards women, belief in male superiority, female weakness, feminism, and so on. Sociological books have been cited in these studies. At the end, the issues discussed in the stories are compared with each other and it is determined which of the elements is more colorful and which is less prominent in each story. The results showed that in both novels, society's negative view of women and the unequal situation between women and men is the main cause of violence and discrimination against women.

As Identity is connected to individuality, it is one of the most important topics in the field of humanities. Because it is only in the shadow of identity that man is released from invisibility in society then he reaches the individual and prepares to play its human role in society. Therefore, in all human societies, national identity has more social value than other identities. The subject of the present article is the study of national identity in the poetry of two great contemporary poets, Akhavan and Shafi'i Kadkani. To understand it, we first briefly study the issue of identity, cultural identity, social identity and national identity and then, we have found, categorized and analyzed the objects of national identity in the poems of these two poets to show its impact on their poetry. The data of this research have collected in a library and documentary manner and then we analyzed them using a descriptive method. As a result, both poets are prominent in identity and have stopped in their journey of life and poetry, more than anywhere else in the home of national identity.

Analysis and detection of stylistic elements can only be achieved by detailing the frequency of exit from the soft language. This detail requires an examination of the literary, linguistic, and intellectual details of a literary text. The element of color is one of the cases in which the quality of its rhetorical and semantic use varies in different literary styles and periods. By examining the functions and rhetorical developments of this pictorial element, a stylistic metamorphosis can be shown. Since stylistic developments are not very accurate and possible except by considering a wide range, so by considering five styles of Persian poetry and three prominent poets from each style, the subject has been addressed. The results show that in Khorasani style, descriptive compounds resulting from colors are in sensory matters and often with elements of nature. The predominant tricks in this style are the use of metaphor. in the Seljuk style, the frequency of abstract compounds is higher and the functions of irony, allegory and symbolism are higher in the field of mysticism and social issues (with the emergence of Sanai). In the Azerbaijani style, the rhetorical and expressive industries reach their peak, and the color "bleu" becomes a means of creating ambiguity, metaphor and irony with high frequency. In this style, “haft peykar” has a special place because it also uses the symbolism of myth (in colors). in the Iraqi style, too, most sensory combinations are used to explain mental concepts.