فهرست مطالب حاجی قلی کمی

As the only remnants of diverse and wide spread marine turtles from ancient time, modern marine turtles play important ecological, economical and cultural roles in our oceans and related human communities. Green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, referred as the most valuable reptile of the world, and have its popularity and famousness owing the name of the order Chelonian and one of the remaining sea turtle families, Cheloniidae. Totally 139 turtles in different life stages, from different sites and using the mentioned methods, captures and the collected data analyzed. Of all samples, the smallest and largest ones had a juvenile 26 cm and a male mature 96 cm length, respectively, the minimum and maximum weight also were 2.3 and 97 kg respectively. Considering the quality, totally 70 sequences with 694 bps were included in the final genetic analyses. Based on the phylogenetic trees, two main clades with 37 and 33 individuals were detected. In both clades, individuals from all sampling sites were present, indicating geographic distinction, convincing to suppose the all individuals as a one group. Total FST for two clades calculated 0.77 (p>0.05) which indicates high level of differentiation. As a whole population or as one group, 17 haplotypes were recognized with haplotype diversity (h) of 0.8977 and nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.0149. 13 haplotypes recorded as the new detected ones. Of all the 17 haplotypes, only four haplotypes have already been reported, sharing with six haplotypes including: two from Australia (KJ502589.1 and KJ502588.1), two haplotypes from Saudi Arabia (KP027611.1, KP027608.1), and one from Indonesia (KM357652.1) and one from south East Asia (KX057743.1). Haplotypes of 1 and 9 with 14 individuals had the highest frequency. Haplotype network was drawn to represent the relationship between the all haplotypes of data set which the results and contribution of each locality in the groups. The network shows that the haplotypes form two main groups have 16 mutation steps which indicate their genetic distance and divergence.

Many lizard species are closely related to residential areas and military workplaces. Military areas are often built on the outskirts of cities, and military programs, including maneuvers and camps, are often held in areas that are considered natural lizard habitats. Underground tunnels and weapons depots can also be habitats for these creatures. Although Iranian lizards are not poisonous, some of them can catch painful bites and cause injury and infection. On the other hand, facing these reptiles is frightening or disgusting for many people, so that it often causes fear and obsession, especially during sleep, and ultimately reduces concentration and the combat power of the military forces. Numerous cases of severe fear, anxiety, convulsions, and reduced efficiency of the military units have been reported following encounters with lizards. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, it is necessary to adopt timely and correct preventive and control methods to reduce the abundance of lizards in the military areas. To achieve this goal, identifying the medically important species in the military areas, their habitat, behavior and ecology are critical. This study aimed to raise public awareness about lizards and the reasons for their presence in the military areas, and propose methods of prevention and control of lizards depending on the nature and characteristics of the species. Zoological studies are necessary to monitor habitat and identify species and their abundance before setting up military buildings and permanent and temporal camps and before starting maneuvers. In this study, preventive and control actions are studied distinctly for environmental, physical, chemical and biological control of lizards in the military areas, as well as the need for training of health staff of the military units.

Distributional range shift of Amphibian populations especially toads are tightly related to enviromental changes and their survival are threatened by ecological and anthropogenic factors. Talysh toad Bufo eichwaldi occurs in a limited area through the southern margin of the Caspian Sea including north Iran and the southeast of Azerbaijan and has recently considered vulnerable by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In this study, 52 occurence records and 20 bioclimatic variables were used for modeling of habitat suitability of B. eichwaldi using maximum entropy algorithm implemented in MaxEnt software package. The results showed that Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter, Temperature Seasonality, Minimum Temperature of Coldest Month, and Precipitation of Coldest Quarter are the most important predictors for B. eichwaldi suitable habitat. The MaxEnt model indicted that the habitat of B. eichwaldi has been fragmented in the Hyrcanian forest of the south Caspian Sea, which may cause its populaton decline. It is deduced that distributional range of B. eichwaldi in the south of the Caspian Sea experienced contraction due to climate change and human interference comparing to last decades indicating need for conservation programs to protect the Talysh Toad population in the Hyrcanian forest.

Developmental disturbances in reptiles may lead to asymmetry of morphological characters such as asymmetry in scale numbers and skeletons and change from normal status. Therefore, it was studied morphological disturbances and asymmetry of meristic characters of two non-venomous colubrid snakes, Schmidt's whip snake (Dolichophis schmidti) and large whip snake (Dolichophis jugularis) in north of Iran. In this research, 13 meristic characters of head region of 33 specimens of Dolichophis schmidti (16 males, 6 females, 5 juveniles and 6 unidentified sexes) and 28 specimens of Dolichophis jugularis (15 males, 7 females, 5 juveniles and 1 unidentified sexes) were studied under binocular. Specimens collected from west Azarbaijan, east Azarbaijan, Alburz, Mazandaran, Golestan, Chaharmahal  va Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Khorasan Razavi and Zanjan provinces and belonging to zoology museum of Golestan university (ZMGU), Gonbad Kavoos  university and personal collections. Results revealed that specimens of Dolichophis schmidti were asymmertric in supralabials (3 specimens), infralabials (5 specimens), anterior subocular (1 specimen), postocular (1 specimen), temporal (7specimens), prenasal (2 specimens) and loreal (1 specimen). Also it was asymmetric left and right sides of supralabials (3 specimens), infralabials (7 specimens), anterior subocular (1 specimen), temporal (5 specimens) and loreals (3 specimens) in Dolichophis jugularis. These morphological asymmetric characters in Dolichophis schmidti and Dolichophis jugularis may be the result of embryonic disturbances, dominant homozygote and genetical changes.

During recent years, the effects of climate change on various biological and ecological aspects of the species have been discussed in several litterateurs. The aim of this study was to reveal the effect of climate change on the extent and suitability of the Gloydius halys caucasicus habitats at present time and future. So that, 50 presence points and 19 bioclimatic variables were used. To compare the effects of global warming and climate change over the extent andsuitability of habitats, future bioclimatic variables were used in two mild climate change (PCR2.6) and severe (PCR8.5) scenarios in species distribution modeling. The results show that due to warming process of the planet and its growing trend in the future, the extent of suitable habitats of Caucasian pit viper is declining. Due to the fact that most of the suitable habitats of Caucasian pit viper are outside the protected areas, comprehensive studies are needed to plan and introduce new protected areasin future.

The bats (Order: Chiroptera) includes nine families and 52 identified species in Iran. Five species of Rhinolophidae family have been reported from Iran. All members of this family are characterized by the presence of a horseshoe-shaped anterior nose leaf, the morphology of which can be diagnostic between species. Other characters commonly used to distinguish Rhinolophid species include external and craniodental measurements. One of the five species is Mediterranean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus euryale) reported from Isfahan, Fars, Kurdestan, Lorestan, Western Azerbaijan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Golestan, Hamedan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Razavi Khorasan, Northern Khorasan and Khuzestan provinces. It was found a population of R.euryale from Rostamkola city (Mazandaran province) as the first record in this province. Eleven specimens (5 males and 6 females) of R.euryale were collected from Rostamkola by hand and net during October and November 2017. Specimens were identified by available keys. Biometric characters comprise 16 external morphometric and 12 craniodental morphometric characters were measured and statistic was reported. All specimens were mature and only one of them had exoparasite. Our results claim first report of this species and its statistic in Mazandaran province.

The Caspian Pond Turtle, Mauremys caspica, is a terrapin belonging to family Geoemydidae. Testudines have different habitats in different stages of their life cycles. Terrapins have a limited locomotion that changes their population density in certain seasons. Totally 134 specimens (65 males, 69 females) were collected from 14 different aquatic habitats in Golestan province in 2016 – 2017. 25 morphometric characters were measured. Sex ratios of males to females were nearly 1:1. All morphometric characters showed normal distribution (P>0.001) except weight in females (p=0.001). Four characters (W, PL1, PFLW and PHLW) did not show normal distribution in males (P<0.001). Comparison of the parametric characters showed, mean values of characters TL1 (p<0.000), AnSL (p<0.005) and TL2 (p<0.005) were significantly different between the sexes. None of the four nonparametric characters showed significant differences between males and females (p>0.66). The ratio Tail length2 (TL2)to Tail length1 (TL1) and TL1 to Right bridge length (RBrL)are fast and simple grouping index to determine sex of the specimens. The most and the lowest number of specimens were collected in summer (n=52) and fall (n=6) respectively.

Lizards have significant roles in lifecycle and are related to humans either directly or indirectly. Identifying the fauna of a region is the most necessary and significant biological and fundamental research on it. Golestan province has a variety of climates due to its special geographical location. In this study, 26 specimens of keeled rock gecko, Cyrtopodion scabrum were collected from different areas of Golestan province since 2017 by hand. Colorful photos were taken; then fixed in alcohol 75% and finally identified using valid keys. 14 morphometric and 13 meristic characters were studied in all specimens. Sexes of the adult specimens were determined by observing the pre-anal pores (PAN) in males and their absence in females, and finally, with a brief dissection of the specimens and observation of genital glands. Analysis of data descripted using SPSS (version 22), T-test, Kruskal Wallis Test and PCA were analyzed Slight differences between mean of characters of males and females were observed based on descriptive analysis. It was not observed significant difference in morphometric characters between two sexes based on the analysis of T-test. Meristic characters (pre-anal pores) had significant difference, indicating sexual dimorphism in this species. Also, PCA analysis revealed that there is no separation between males and females based on morphometric and meristic characters.

We estimated age of the Caspian pond turtle, Mauremys caspicacaspicain Golestan Province with the skeletochronological method, using specimens collected by nets in natural habitats such as ponds and fish farms. In adult M. c. caspica, lines of arrested growth (LAGs) were clearly discernable in the phalangeal and fibula bone cross-sections. The median age of M. c. caspica in the examined Golestan Province population(n = 22) was calculated 9.6 years (4-12) in males (n = 10), and 10.16 years (4-13) in females (n = 12) for the first time. The maximum straight carapace length (SCL2) was in the range of 83.74–221.41 (mean ± SD = 178.39 ± 48.89) mm in males and 103.02–236.84 (193.52 ± 41.32) mm in female specimens. Significant correlation was found between body size and age (p < 0.001). No difference was found in age composition between the sexes. Our study showed that skeletochronological method can be successfully applied to the Caspian pond turtle based on the clear arrest of growth in the hibernation period.

Caucasian pit viper (Gloydius halys caucasicus), is the only species in the Subfamily of Crotalinae in Iran, it is found in the northern coastal region of Iran. So far, studies have been done on the polymorphism, asymmetry of scales in the head area, morphological, meristic and morphometric traits, asymmetric meristic traits. But in Iran, so far, no study has been done on the desirability of the Caucasian pit viper habitat, which will be considered in this research. In this study, using the points of presence of the species from the books, articles and samples in museums and personal collections, and 19 layers of climate, with the Maxent model, is a potential pattern of geographic distribution in Iran. Then the map of the most desirable distribution areas was prepared using Maxent, and the relative importance of the variables was evaluated based on jackknife results from Maxent. Finally, the modeling verification index was evaluated. The results showed that the overall distribution of Caucasian pit viper in coastal regions of Iran is included, the most desirable areas of the potential distribution of Caucasian pit viper in Iran, are consistent. The prediction of Caucasian pit viper distribution and the status of their occupied habitats are important in defining conservation issues.

In general, the testes in the Hynobiidae Family are slender. In urodeles, the testis is organized in lobes of increasing maturity throughout the cephalocaudal axis. The anuran testis is organized in tubules. Spermatogenesis occurs in cysts composed by Sertoli cells enveloping germ cells at synchronous stages. Moreover, in numerous species germ cell progression lasts a year which defines the sexual cycle. Due to the above quoted features, research on factors regulating germ cell progression in amphibians may reach greater insight as compared with mammalian animal models .In the present research for the first time identification and structural description of stage in spermatogenesis in Paradactylodon. In order to fulfill this purpose 16 specimens of Paradactylodon gorganensis were captured and transferred to laboratory. In species is only found in the Shir-Abad Cave and the stream flowing from it, 60 km east of Gorgan (36 57' N, 55 01' E), in the eastern part of the Elburz Mountains, in the  Golestan  Province, northern Iran. After macroscopic analyses and obtainment of the testicular fragments, the material was submitted to the histological routine to inclusion in paraffin and coloration with haematoxylin/eosin. Anatomical studies showed that, in this species testis is slender and milk-white and average length and diameter of active testis were 32.76 mm and 4.77 mm. In microscopic analyses studies showed that ,in this species testis is ampular and spermatogenesis occurs in cysts which develop within seminiferous lobules and  each one of these units clusters cells in the same stage of differentiation and with a synchronism development, common characteristic in the amphibians .In the germ tissue the primary spermatocyte (mean 5.511 ± 0.537 μm) are biggest spermatogenetic cells. With the cellular differentiation and proliferation, succeeded the other cellular types (spermatogonia, spermatocytes II, spermatids I and II, and spermatooza) with a cystic organization, that is, groups of cells associated with Sertoli cells, forming the spermatogenetic cysts or spermatocysts. The spermatogenetic lineage cells were differentiated and identified according to the cellular and cystic morphology.

Teratoscincus bedriagai (Bedriaga’s Plate –tailed Gecko) was included in Gekkonidae family but based on recent molecular studies was separated from this family and moved to the family Sphaerodactylidae. In order to study morphologic, morphometric and meristic characters of this nocturnal lizard the sampling was conducted in the dry lands of Sistan (north of Sistan and Baluchistan Province) at night hours in 2014 and 2015. Eighteen specimens were collected. The gecko specimens were transferred to the laboratories of Shahid Beheshti and Golestan universities. The identification key of Anderson was used for scientific naming of the specimens. The following results were obtained based on the morphologic, biometric and meristic characters on 12 males and 6 females. The body length ranged from 52.8 to 64.3 mm. and from 52.1 to 64.3 mm. for males and females respectively; scales number were 28-35 , 61-76 , 9-12 and 8-11 for head width , head length , supralabials and infralabials respectively ; number of scales round middle of body less than 60 scales ; and number of plate like scales 8-11. There are no posterior chin scales.

Southern Crested Newt belongs to family Salamandridae and distributed in Gilan, Mazandaran, parts of Ardabil, East and West Azarbaijan Provinces. They are identified by dark brown color in dorsal, dorsal crest in males; tail compressed laterally, ventral surface head and body with dark spots. Morphologic and 25 morphometric characters (accuracy 0.01mm) were studied in 57 specimens (14 females, 24 males, 19 larvae) from Mazandaran Province, preserved and depositedin Zoological Museum of Golestan University. Males have dorsal crest and a bright silver band along the sides of the tail. Snout-vent lengthin males were 47.59-62.35, in females 57.76-64.05, and in larvae 32.73-39.03. Ratios of forelimb to hindlimb lengths of larvae were 0.79-0.99 (0.88±0.053), in males 0.75-1.03 (0.91±0.079) and in females 0.81-1.07 (0.93±0.078). Ratio of head width to head length in larvae 0.65-0.90 (0.79 ±0.072), in males 0.65-0.99 (0.81±0.084) and in females 0.68-0.99 (0.84±0.097). Ratios of tail to total lengths were 0.47-0.54 (0.51±0.019) in larvae, 0.45-0.52 (0.48±0.021) in males and 0.45-0.51 (0.48±0.022) in females. Ratios of head to snout-vent lengths were 0.21-0.29 (0.24±0.019), 0.22-0.31 (0.26±0.022) and 0.23-0.30 (0.24±0.020) in larvae, males and females respectively.

Reproduction is an important feature in any of species. Amphibians have a significant role on the world and are of particular importance. Therefore, the present study is conducted on the reproduction of endemic Iranian wood frog Rana pseudodalmatina from family Ranidae in 2014-2015. The study area is in the south of Rostamkola, in Behshahr County, Mazandaran province. First, some studies were conducted on reproduction, season and location oviposition and reproductive period. Then laboratory studies were carried out to investigate cases including, weight for 13 clutches, the number of eggs for 10 clutches, the percent of embryos and unfertilized eggs for 9 clutches, the mean diameter of 20 eggs with jelly and without jelly for 5 clutches, the mean length of larvae for 2 clutches, duration of conversion of hatched larvae to froglet for 7 clutches, as well as the season of the metamorphosis completion. The results showed that amplexus is axillary, and laying eggs starts from early February to late March, and metamorphosis completion from early April to mid-June continues. The number of clutches eggs 539-1129 (mean 872.80), clutches weight 301-401 (mean 198.92) gr, the percent of clutches embryos 19.59-92.56 (64.4982 mean), the percent of clutches unfertilized eggs 7.44-80.41 (mean 34.4322), the diameter of the egg with jelly 5.55-7.27 (mean 6.6420) mm, the diameter of the egg without jelly 1.71-2.23 (mean 1.9860) mm, larvae’s length at hatching time 9.91-10.50 (mean 10.2050) mm, and conversion of the hatched larvae to froglet lasted 57-113 (mean 83.43) days.

This research was conducted to preliminary biological study of Eastern Persian toad Bufotes oblongus, in Ghasabe qanats of Gonabad township in Razavi Khorasan province and dam and seasonal spring of Mahvid village and Kowran and Baladeh qanats of Ferdows Township and Mohammad Abad qanats of Qaen township in South Khorasan province at April 2012 to July 2013. Were collected Larvae of these species with the help of hand net (with openings of 1 mm) during the day and collected all adult specimens by hand at the night. The important characteristic of this species is the lump downward of parotoid gland at the rear tympanic membrane and also the small size of tympanic membrane. The maximum length obtained from these species was 8.27 cm (for female) and the minimum length 5.59 cm (for male). In this species the ratio of legs to body size was 0.35 and the ratio of parotoid gland length to body size was 0.21. The results of this research showed in relation to the seasonal spring, there are the threatening factors of these species: polluting water ponds due to the entering of domesticated animal feces into the spawning and larval development place, using that as a drinking water supply and also water evaporation due to the heat. It appears to be a solution for protection of these vertebrate, making plan and carrying out educational projects to raise awareness people is necessary concerning to the amphibians role especially in semi-desert regions of the country.

Order Anura are about 6200 species and consists of 49 families. Family Ranidae includes two genera and three species in Iran. Hircanian Wood Frog or Iranian wood frog, Rana pseudodalmatina Eiselt&Schmidtler, 1971 is endemic to Iran. Totally 70 specimens (51 males, 19 females) of Rana pseudodalmatina were studied from Zoological Museum of Golestan University (ZMGU) to determine the Morphologic and morphometric characters. 25 morphometric characters of fixed specimens were measured by a digital caliper (accuracy 0.01 mm). Males have callosity on the first finger. This species has an unclear dorsal points or stains, with no clear tape nuts, temporal spots on the sides of the head, hind limbs with a little swimming membrane, lean and stretched hind limbs. Sex ratio of males to females was 3 to 1. L/L.c: 3.12-3.13 (mean 3.125±0.007), Lt.p/Sp.p: 1.06-1.11 (mean 1.085±0.87), L.o/L.tym: 1.48-1.65 (mean 1.565±0.120), F/T: 0.85-0.87 (mean 0.86±0.014), D.p/C.int: 2.16-2.39 (mean 2.27±0.162).The longest specimens studied (69.42 mm) from the previous sizes 52 to 58 (57.60 type specimens) is a record.

Colour pattern polymorphism is more hereditary and subject to selection. Most of anuran species showed significantly colour or dorsal pattern polymorphisms, thus provide a very good system in which to survey questions pertaining to the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms. 25 species of anuran amphibians presented that they have been seen in color polymorphism and Rana (Pelophylax) genus have the most variety. In most anurans, polymorphism is caused by the presence or absence of spots on the back of their bodies. Color variations can include skin of the whole body or part of It,s. In this research for the survey of polymorphism marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus, dring six month of field work in the sampling areas (since March 2013 to August 2013), 200 specimens were collected from six stations (Astaneashrafiye, Siyahkal, Lahijan, Langerood, Roodsar and Amlash) in east of Guilan province. Sampling carried out using the handle tour. Samples were transferred alive to the zoology lab of Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Then different morphs and their characteristics were recorded, based on the number and location of spots, presence or absence of the mid dorsal stripe and the amount of green in the back, out of 25 morph were identified, That it variety could be due to ecological factors, to escape from the hunter or the prey or due to genetic factors.

Amphibian requires the native studies in terms of biodiversity in Iran. There are 5 families, 8 genus, 15 species of Anura and 2 families, 4 genus, 7 species of Caudata in Iran. The purpose of present study was collecting and identifying the amphibian east of Guilan province in Iran. During six month of field work in the sampling areas from February until August 2014, with considerable walking during day and night,186 specimens were collected from different habitats of this region (6 stations: Astane ashrafiye, Siyahkal, Lahijan, Langerood, Roodsar and Amlash). Sampling carried out using the handle tour. Samples were transfered alive to the zoology lab of Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Then identified and were fixed after morphological discription and coloration, biometric charactristics studies. Investigation was carried out on the physical characteristics by using the identification keys in reference book the Amphibian of Iran. During of present research specimens were captured belonging to 8 species, 8 genus and 6 families, including: family Ranidae (species Pelophylax sp. and species Rana pseudodalmatina), family Hylidae (species Hyla orientalis), family Bufonidae (species Bufotes (Pseudepidalea) variabilis, species Bufo eichwaldi, family Pelobatidae, species Pelobates syriacus, family Salamandridae (species Triturus karelini and family Hynobiidae, species Iranodon persicus).

Bilateral symmetry is one of the characters of many metazoans. This feature is sometimes was not seen for a number of characters in animals such as reptiles. Asymmetry is both in internal and external characters. Evaluation of head scales in Caucasian pit viper Gloydius halys caucasicus (Viperidae: Crotalinae) was studied. This venomous snake is distributed in sea shore areas and between the Elburz Mountains and the Caspian Sea. For this purpose it was studied 12 meristic characters in 54 specimens of Caucasian pit viper (20 males, 21 females, 11 juveniles and 2 unknown) from Golestan and Mazandaran provinces. Scale counting was done under stereomicroscope by niddle. The results showed that Temp (21 specimens), CG (17 specimens), supralabials (16 specimens), infralabials (13 specimens), A.ch.ifl (12 specimens), Po.ch.a (2 specimens), Po.ch.b (3 specimens), Loreals (3 specimens), Circumocular scales (2 specimens) and Preocular scales (2 specimens) were asymmetrical in right and left sides. The results shows that must be note both sides of head region of snakes in scale counting because of symmetry or asymmetry.

Lizards of Iran, includes 11 families, 41 genera and 146 species. The most species-rich family of lizards in Iran is Lacertidae with 47 species. Genus Darevskia is one of 9 genera belonging to the family Lacertidae, including 9 species. This species is endemic in Golestan province. This study was carrird out for the first time on two populations of this species. To study of morphometric and meristic characters of green-bellied lacerta (Darevskia kamii) at Gorgan and Kordkuy cities in Golestan province, we determined some sampling stations in the area. Finally 50 specimens were collected by hand, sticks and other ways from March, 2015 to August, 2015. The living samples were photographed and then the environmental slides were provided. Then some of specimens were fixed in alcohol 75%, and were identified through different valid sources. The sexes of the specimens were determined through observing hemipenis and the testes and the eggs of dissected specimens. 19 metric features were measured by calipers and 14 meristic features were counted to study more about the biological features of specimens. The data obtained was studied by descriptive statistics. An independent t-test (statistical analysis) was used to study of sexual dimorphism. As a result, three characters SVL, AG, LRVS in females more than males and only one characters LA in males more than females. The males have a blue spots in the lateral part of body.

Of the 22 species of amphibians in Iran, 15 species of frogs and toads (Anura), belonging to 8 genera and 5 families and the other are the salamanders (caudata). This study was conducted on the Pelophylax ridibundus, is known as the Marsh frog. Specimens collected from the Tonekabon city (Mazandaran Province. Then 21 morphometric and most important morphological characters were studied in the laboratory. Behavioral study and habitat survey also examined samples during collection. The results of study of 95 specimens (37 females,86 males) during one years of field work showed that this species has a olive green dorsal with separated dark spots which are rarely seen in the hands. Ventral surface is white and contains several black spots which are seen only in some specimens. The sex ratio of male to female was 2 to 1 in this study. The results of statistical study showed that the data are normal and there areall the variables between males and femalessignificant difference the level of 0.05.

With regard to the important role of reptiles especially lizards in biological cycles and their impacts on human life in terms of health issues and biological control, lizards role in food chain and transfer of some diseases and parasites and their role in agricultural pest control like grasshoppers, recognition and their study, which is important. Teratoscincus scincus scincus belonging to the Sphaerodactylidae family, and this is the first time is being reported from Golestan province. In this study one specimen from around Alagol Lake in 2001 June and two specimens from south of Soofikam in 2008 May and six specimens in 2015 May, from northern part of Golestan province were studied. The specimens were collected either by hand or in net at night. The studied area is generally composed of river sediments such as sand, gravel and clay or a mixture of them. The average annual rainfall is 355 mm and the average annual temperature is 18 °C. Climate of the studied area is semi-arid. Specimens have been studied according to morphometric and meristic characters, and they have been identified by reliable references. In this study the following data has been obtained. SVL of males 60.90 – 89.32 and of females 85.85-96.20 and of juveniles 45.34-46.53 mm. Supralabial scales 9-12, inferalabials scales 8-12, the scales across the head 38-50, scales along the head 59-77, scales around the middle of the body 32-38, wide caudal plates 13-16 and number of lateral fringe scales on the 4th toe of the hind limb 24-27.

Squamata or scaled Reptiles are the largest order of new Reptiles including Lizards, Snakes and Amphisbaenia. They have formed 95 precent of new Reptiles. Our goal is Lizard Biodiversity of Torbat-e Heydaryeh in Razavi Khorasan Province. The study of Lizards Biodiversity of Torbat-e Heydaryeh in Razavi Khorasan Province was carried out in 2012 until 2013. In this research 132 specimens were collected and observed and identified on the basis of morphological, morphometric and meristic characters. The collected and observated Lizards belonging to 5 families: Agamidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae, Gekkonidae and Varanidae including 8 genera and 12 species. Results showed that Agamidae and Lacertidae families have the most frequency. The Agamidae family has the most genera and Lacertidae family has the most species. laudakia caucasia, laudakia microlepis, Trapelus sanguinolentus and Mesalina watsonana were the dominant species in this region and had a wider distribution rang in coparision with other species.

Order Anura are about 6200 species that have worldwide distribution except antarctic and most continental islands and consists of 49 families. Tree frog of family Hylidae is consists of 3 subfamilies and 901 species. Subfamily Hylinae includes 40 genera and 675 species, and 35 species of the genus Hyla Laurenti. There are two species of tree frogs in Iran. This research is result of study on Eastern tree frog (Hyla orientalis); its local name is Darwag in Mazandaran province. We studied morphologic and morphometric characters of 70 tree frogs of Mazandaran. We collected these frogs with hand. It was measured 15 morphometric characters with digital caliper with accuracy 0.01. It was distinguished males and females with dissection of frogs and observation of testis and ovary. Results revealed this species have green dorsal coloration and white bellow and brown stripe on sides of body. Forelimbs with four fingers and hind limbs with five toes, end of fingers and toes are disk like that are sticky. Hind limbs are longer than forelimbs. Male size is almost equal to female. In this research sex ratio was 1:1. L: 17.15-41.30(mean 33.85), L to LC: 2.28-3.62(mean 3.23), Lt.p to sp.p: 0.50-1.01(mean 0.73), L.o to L.tym:1.44-2.56(mean 1.81), F to T: 0.73-1.03(mean 0.89), D.p to C.int:1.56-3.04(mean 2.25). The body length (L), at a distance of 32/5-37/5 mm in males and of females at a distance of 32/5-37/5 and 27/5-30 mm. The T-test analysis between sexes was did not show significant difference in the characters.

Lizards have significant roles in life cycle and are related to humans either directly or indirectly. Identifying of the fauna of a region is the most necessary and the most significant biological and fundamental research in it. Mazandaran Province has diverse biological conditions because of its geographical location and special ecological conditions, the proximity of the sea to the mountains and diverse vegetation. Samples were collected in Mazandaran and bio-systematic study of Cyrtopodionscabrum was manipulated there as well from March, 2012 to June, 2013. The samples were collected by hands or sticks and after being photographed, they were fixed in formalin 4% and ethyl alcohol 75% and were identified using valid sources. Seven samples belonging toCyrtopodionscabrum, including 2 female and 5 male samples, were collected in the current study. Then, morphologic, morphometric and meristic characteristics of the samples were studied. Cyrtopodion scabrum has been collected and reported for the first time in Mazandaran Province in this study.