فهرست مطالب حجت الله فراهانی

Shopping addiction is an uncontrollable need that forces a person to go shopping for temporary relief from psychological distress and depression. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the shopping addiction scale in the Iranian sample. This research was a descriptive-analytical study of evaluation type. The sample consisted of 500 women (404) and men (96) in Tehran in 2021 who were selected by the available sampling method and completed the shopping addiction scale, saving inventory, and psychological well-being scale. Psychometric properties of the shopping addiction scale were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in R software version 4.1 at a significance level of 0.05. The seven-factor structure (Salience, Mood Modification, Conflict, Tolerance, Relapse, Withdrawal, and Problems) of the shopping addiction scale was evaluated and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.89, RMSEA = 0.07). In examining the concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the saving inventory was positive and significant. The relationship between shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the in-person addiction scale was 0.96 and for its dimensions was 0.81 to 0.92. The findings indicate the structural validity and acceptable reliability of the shopping addiction scale, and the multidimensional structure of this scale can help to diagnose shopping addiction.

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Adaptive Coping with Disease (AKU) questionnaire for Iranian patients with chronic diseases.

In this psychometrics study, participants were 477 patients with chronic diseases aged 16-79 years referred to medical centers in Tehran, Iran, who were selected using a convenience sampling method in 2022. They completed the Persian versions of the AKU, Lazarus’ Ways of Coping questionnaire (WCQ), and the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) used for assessing the construct validity, while Pearson correlation test was used for determining the convergent validity. Reliability was determined using Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 27 and R package Laavan 4.3.2.

The CFA confirmed the six-factor structure of the AKU including Trust to Divine Help, Trust to Medical Help, Search Information and Alternative Help, Conscious Ways of Living, Positive Attitude, and Reappraisal, after excluding items 6 and 19. The fit indices showed the good fit of the CFA model (χ2/df= 2.32, RMSEA= 0.053, and CFI=0.949). The questionnaire had acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82 for the overall scale and 0.59-0.81 for the six factors. The average variance extracted (AVE) was 0.53 and the composite reliability coefficient was 0.94, indicating the fit of the model for convergent validity. A significant correlation was found between the Persian AKU score and the scores of WCQ and SF-36, indicating a good convergent validity.

The Persian AKU questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool that can be used in research and clinics on Iranian patients with chronic diseases.

Psychological problems in children are a significant public health concern. These problems can affect the well-being of children, their families, and peers and negatively impact the quality of their lives in adulthood. The present research aims to assess the relationship between mothers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the internalizing and externalizing problems of children mediated by mothers’ emotional dysregulation and mental capacity.

This is a correlational study using structural equation modeling. The study population consists of all married women with children aged 6-12 in Bushehr Province, Iran, who had registered information in the electronic comprehensive health services system in 2022. Utilizing a random cluster sampling method, 700 women were selected, of whom 632 completed the online questionnaires, including the child behavior checklist, the ACE questionnaire, the difficulties in emotion regulation scale, and the parental reflective functioning questionnaire. All analyses were performed in SPSS Software, version 26 and AMOS version 24 software.

The ACE of mothers had a direct and significant relationship with their emotion regulation difficulties (β=0.363, P<0.001) and internalizing (β=0.182, P<0.001) and externalizing problems (β=0.201, P<0.001) of children. Additionally, the ACE in mothers had an indirect and significant relationship with their mental capacity (β=-0.125, P=0.006). The ACE of mothers also had an indirect and significant relationship with internalizing (β=0.126, P<0.001) and externalizing (β=0.134, P<0.001) problems of children through emotion dysregulation. The ACE of mothers also had an indirect and significant relationship with externalizing problems of children (β=0.011, P=0.039) through mental capacity.

Mothers’ ACEs have a direct impact on their children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. This relationship can also be mediated by their emotional dysregulation and mental capacity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Embodied Sense of Self Scale (ESSS).

This is a psychometrics study. Participants were 215 Iranian people (160 females and 55 males with a mean age of 33.34±10.81) who were different based on age, education level, marital status and place of residence. They were selected from the general population by a convenience sampling method in 2020-2022. After translating the Persian version of the ESSS, it was completed by the participants online, along with the dissociative experiences scale II (DES-II) and the prosocial tendencies measure (PTM). Data were analyzed in SPSS sifwaer, version 27 and R version 4.3.2 Lavaan package using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the average variance extracted (AVE), Pearson correlation test, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and McDonald’s omega coefficient.

The three-factor structure of the scale was not confirmed by the CFA but the two-factor solution (agency and narrative) had good fit. The AVE values for agency, narrative, and overall scale were 0.45, 0.52, and 0.42, respectively. The correlation coefficient of narrative and agency domains with subscales of DES-II were in the range of 0.33-0.55. The correlation values of agency and narrative with subscales of PTM were in the range of 0.17-0.30. The Persian ESSS had good convergent validity but had low divergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha values for narrative and agency subscales were 0.86 and 0.83, respectively and McDonald’s omega values were 0.84 for both subscales, indicating the good internal consistency of the two-factor structure of the Persian ESSS.

The Persian version of the ESSS with two subscales has acceptable validity and reliability for Iranian samples; however, exploratory factor analysis is needed to reach optimum validity.

Attention and response inhibition is one of the problems of dysgraphia students whose treatment has not been paid much attention, so it requires new psychological interventions including cognitive rehabilitation.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on the attention and response inhibition of dysgraphia students.

The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a follow-up period with a control group. The research population included all second and third grade female students with dysgraphia in the 15th district of Tehran in the academic year of 2021-2022, who were referred to Sharq Counseling Center from regular schools. 14 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling; and they were randomly placed in two experimental and control groups and answered Yaqoubi et al.'s dysgraphia diagnostic questionnaires (2021), Mandy Brackencamp's selective attention, concentration and effort test (2002) and Bruno-Nero Hoffman test (1984). Then the experimental group received the Aram Nejati attention and memory rehabilitation training program (2017) for 10 sessions of 60 minutes, but only school training was provided to the control group. After the training sessions, the post-test was conducted. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation training was effective in improving attention and response inhibition of dysgraphia students compared to the control group. These results continued in the follow-up period(p< 0/01).

Based on the results, counselors and experts can use cognitive rehabilitation training to improve attention and inhibit response of dysgraphia students.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and potentially debilitating disease that affects the central nervous system, which comprises the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. MS disrupts the flow of information within and between the brain and body, leading to a wide range of physical and cognitive symptoms. This condition is characterized by an abnormal immune response that targets myelin, the protective sheath surrounding nerve fibers, resulting in inflammation and damage. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional adaptation and mindfulness with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation in patients with MS.

The method of this research was descriptive and the research design was a correlation design. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all people with MS in Tehran in 2022. For this purpose, the Iranian MS Association was referred and 300 patients were selected through voluntary and accessible sampling. To collect research data, questionnaires on emotional adaptation (Rubio et al, 2007), mindfulness (Cardaciotto et al, 2008), and, cognitive emotion regulation (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006) were used. A unified questionnaire comprising all the scales was prepared to conduct this research. Subsequently, in coordination with the Iranian MS Society, individuals were contacted. If they volunteered and were willing to participate in the study, they were asked to visit the MS Society or MS treatment centers in Tehran to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed individually, and during the research implementation, necessary explanations regarding how to respond and the purpose of the research were provided to the patients. The research was conducted from September to December 2022. Additionally, to adhere to ethical considerations, patients were assured that the research data would be analyzed collectively. Ethical principles in writing the article were followed according to the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) code of conduct. For data analysis in this research, descriptive statistical indices (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) and inferential statistical indices (Pearson correlation coefficient, path analysis) were used via SPSS and LISREL software version 24.

The results obtained from this research showed that the dimensions of mind-awareness (awareness focused on the present moment and acceptance) as exogenous variables of the research on the dimensions of emotional adaptation (lack of regulation of emotional and physiological arousals, hopelessness, and wishful thinking) have both direct and indirect effects (P<0.001). These effects underscore the complex interplay between present-moment awareness, acceptance, and the emotional processes in individuals with MS. The indirect effects were mediated through various pathways, indicating that mind awareness influences emotional adaptation directly and through its impact on other intermediate variables and coping mechanisms.

What can be concluded from the present findings is the importance of training mindfulness skills in MS patients and improving cognitive skills in emotional regulation. According to the stress perceived by these people, the more a person focuses on desires and destructive thoughts loses focus on the present, and cannot accept his illness, the course and process of the disease will undoubtedly be faster. Future research should continue to explore the benefits of mindfulness and emotional regulation training in MS patients. Longitudinal studies could provide deeper insights into how these interventions impact disease progression and quality of life over time. Additionally, research could investigate the optimal methods for delivering mindfulness training to MS patients, considering factors such as disease severity, cognitive function, and individual preferences.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the psychometric properties of the attributed traits scale specific to the situation in the conflicts of Iranian couples. The statistical population was married students of Tehran universities in 2023, of which 249 married students were selected based on available sampling.  The research tools were the situation-specific attribute scale in couple conflicts (CSCS; Backer-Fulghum et al., 2016), the marital happiness scale (MHS; Arzin et al., 1973), and the marital conflict questionnaire (MCQ; Sanai, 2000). To check the validity and reliability of the scale, convergent and divergent validity were used by calculating Pearson's correlation, Cronbach's alpha test, and binomial coefficient. The results showed that the scale has good reliability according to the calculated Cronbach's alpha (0.94) and dichotomization coefficient (0.93). Based on the high correlation between CSCS and marital happiness scale (r=-0.491) and marital conflicts questionnaire (r=0.532), it can be said that this scale has favorable convergent and divergent validity. To check the construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the validity of the scale was confirmed. The correlation coefficient of the retest CSCS was calculated to be significant and equal to 0.994. These results show that the Persian version of CSCS has adequate validity and reliability, and as a result, couple therapists and psychotherapists can use it as a valid tool in working with Iranian couples.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Body Awareness Rating Scale (BARQ) among the Iranian sample.

The present study is a descriptive study in terms of the nature of data and data collection method and a fundamental study in terms of purpose. Among female students of Azad University, North Tehran Branch, 100 people were selected as a statistical sample using available sampling method. The research instruments were body awareness and body awareness questionnaires (BAQ). To analyze the results, correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis were used.

The results showed that Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the performance component was 0.79; Mood, 0.74; Emotions are 0.80 and awareness is 0.82. The total alpha coefficient was 0.81. In the content validity test, the values related to the mean extracted variance (AVE) were also higher than 0.5, which confirms that the content validity of the body awareness ranking scale is acceptable and appropriate. Finally, the results showed that the reliability, divergent and convergent validity of this scale is desirable and acceptable.

Using the tools made and identifying the body's awareness in individuals, it is possible to support many people through educational measures, counseling and interventions.

The present study examined the relationship between latent toxoplasmosis and mental disorders.

The sample included 117 toxoplasma-positive volunteers on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Data were collected online using the 71-item abbreviated form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

According to the results, a) the psychological profile of latent toxoplasmosis patients in the eight clinical scales of MMPI was within the normal range; b) in the male group, ‘duration of infection’ significantly predicted the scores for the four clinical scales of depression, psychopathic deviate, psychasthenia, and schizophrenia; also, ‘age’ predicted the scores for hypochondriasis and schizophrenia in men; c) in the female group, only ‘age’ was able to predict the scores for the scales of hysteria, paranoia, mental weakness, and social deviance; and d) there was no significant difference between male and female groups in any of the clinical scales.

Duration of infection with latent toxoplasmosis was associated with depression, psychopathtic deviation, psychasthenia, and schizophrenia in infected males, but this was not the case for the infected females in any of the clinical scales of the 71-item abbreviated form of MMPI.

This study aimed to predict marital satisfaction and dissatisfaction based on ego strength, depression, and anxiety symptoms. The study employed a descriptive-correlational design, with 384 participants (306 female, 78 male) selected using available sampling in Tehran in 2022. Couples completed the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital State Questionnaire (GRIMS; Rust et al., 1986), ego strength scale (ESS; Besharat, 2007), and depression anxiety stress scale (DASS; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were utilized to analyze the research data. The results indicated that increasing individual scores in ego strength (p<0.01, r=0.356) led to an increase in marital satisfaction. Conversely, increasing scores in depression symptoms (p<0.01, r=0.498) and anxiety symptoms (p<0.01, r=0.297) were associated with an increase in marital dissatisfaction. Furthermore, marital satisfaction could be predicted by ego strength (p<0.01) and depression symptoms (p<0.01), with these variables explaining 27 percent of the variance in marital satisfaction. In conclusion, the research suggests that ego strength and depression symptoms are significant predictors of marital satisfaction. A thorough examination of these variables in individuals can contribute significantly to enhancing marital satisfaction.

Classification of psychosomatic symptoms has been one of the constant challenges for researchers in this field and many different categories of these symptoms have been found in different studies. This issue has made the research and treatment of these disorders a challenge, and in order to better recognize and treat these symptoms, the relationship between each group of symptoms and psychological causes should be clarified.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between ego development and various psychosomatic symptoms using the method of discovering associative rules.

This was an exploratory cross-sectional research. For this purpose, 440 participants from the capital city of Tehran were recruited and completely answered the questions. The somatic symptoms checklist and The Washington University sentence completion test were used to collect data. The association rule mining method was used to analyze data.

At high levels of ego development, psychosomatic symptoms are not present, while at medium levels of ego development, all psychosomatic symptoms are present in a significant way. Also, at very low levels of ego development, only gastrointestinal symptoms are present.

These results indicate that gastrointestinal symptoms are developmentally similar to other psychosomatic symptoms, but they have a qualitative difference from other symptoms, which supports the theory of brain-gut axis malfunction in severe psychological disorders. The implication of these findings is that psychological and medical treatments must consider this difference it improves the treatment efficacy.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the desire to help others and resilience with growth after trauma with assessing the moderating role of guilt related to trauma in people with a history of covid-19 disease in close relative. For this purpose, 189 people who had one of their relatives admitted to the special care department of the hospital due to the covid-19 disease in the last six months were selected in an accessible method and completed the post-traumatic growth, resilience, trauma related guilt and altruism questionnaires. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, trauma related guilt did not play a moderating role in the relationship between resilience and prosocial behaviors. In contrast, trauma-related guilt had a moderating role in the relationship between post-traumatic growth and willingness to help others. The conclusion from the findings of the present study can be indicative of the role of interpersonal and intrapersonal factors in promoting adaptation and even growth of people following traumatic experiences.

This study aimed to investigate the validity of the apparent anxiety inventory. The current research is descriptive and questionnaire construction and validation. The statistical population of the present study included all the clients to specialized skin and beauty clinics in Tehran in 2022. The sampling method in this research was purposeful. In order to test the proposed model and the hypotheses of the research, considering the number of variables, a total sample of 330 people was selected. The sample subjects completed the demographic checklist, the appearance anxiety inventory, and the body deformity disorder questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software and inferential statistics of correlation, reliability coefficient, and factor loadings (using the confirmatory factor analysis method). Based on the obtained results, the apparent anxiety inventory had test-retest reliability and convergent validity in measuring apparent anxiety. It was also sensitive to change during treatment. This scale has a two-factor structure in the clinical group, one factor is avoidance and the second factor includes threat monitoring. However, in the community sample, it seems to have a one-factor structure. The results show that the appearance anxiety questionnaire has psychometric properties to determine whether changes in cognitive processes and behaviors can mediate the outcome of treatment in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. In general, the findings indicate that the apparent anxiety inventory had an acceptable construct validity and reliability in the Iranian sample, and the structure of this scale can be used to screen the apparent anxiety of patients.

Meta-analysis and meta-synthesis are sophisticated statistical techniques that combine and analyze data from multiple independent studies to obtain a more comprehensive and reliable estimate of the relationship or effect size between variables. Systematic reviews provide a method for thoroughly reviewing and synthesizing findings from individual quantitative and qualitative studies to derive more reliable conclusions and comprehensive results. By integrating and analyzing a wide range of information, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis help in identifying consistent patterns. Achieving a comprehensive and adequate understanding in qualitative research is a significant goal, as it allows for the discovery of new research insights through conceptual exploration. Combining the quantitative results is also a worthy goal in finding scientific insights. Meta-analysis provides an overall effect size based on individual quantitative research studies. This phenomenon represents a research gap for a psychological sciences researcher or other researchers. This paper aims to explain the practical application of meta-synthesis and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was illustrated with a numerical example using R 4.3.1.

Effectiveness of educational and therapeutic programs in interventional studies, need the initial evaluation of the program which is provided in the feasibility study. The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed review of the feasibility study and its components, as well as to provide a scale for researchers to evaluate the feasibility of psychological programs and protocols.

First, according to the feasibility components, a checklist was prepared in the form of 54 questions. After compiling a checklist to examine the content validity ratio and content validity index, 12 experts were selected using the purposive sampling method and scored the appropriateness and necessity of each question.

The appropriateness of the questions was obtained from 0/83 Up to 1, and the results of S-CVI/ UA and S-CVI/ Ave and Cronbach’s alph showed that the present checklist has a high content validity index and reliability.

Feasibility studies are critical to the successful implementation of randomized controlled trial interventions as one of the important studies to support the effectiveness of the intervention and provide strong evidence for the acceptability of an intervention and its implementation in the long term.

This study aimed to examine the structural relationships between independent self-construal, interdependent self-construal, personal distress, and empathy.

The methodology was essential for achieving its purpose. It involved descriptive and correlational data collection, utilizing structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of male and female undergraduate students from the faculties of psychology and social sciences at Tehran University during the 2021-2022 academic year. The sample consisted of 282 students from the faculties mentioned, who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The research participants completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Empathy Quotient, Self-construal Scale, and cognitive tasks including the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and the Test of Reading Faces. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was conducted using AMOS version 24 and SPSS version 24 software.

The study findings indicated that independent self-construal positively and significantly influences empathy (p < .001, β = 0.349), while personal distress negatively and significantly affects empathy (p < .001, β = -0.430). Additionally, interdependent self-construal was found to have no significant effect on empathy. The structural model fit well with the collected data.

The results indicate the significance of the independent self-construal variable and personal distress variable in the realm of empathy. Their roles can be further explored in the context of enhancing empathy.

This study aimed to predict marital satisfaction based on dimensions of perfectionism and spiritual/religious perfectionism. This study was descriptive-correlational. Four hundred and four people) 326 female, 78 male) were selected by the available sampling method in Tehran in 2022. All the couples were asked to complete the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital State Questionnaire (GRIMS; Rust et al., 1986), Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS; Besharat, 2007), and Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism Scale (SRPS-14; Besharat, 2018). Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were used to analyze the research data. The results showed that by increasing the individual score in Self-oriented perfectionism (p<0/05, r=0/110) and Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism (p<0/01, r=0/332) marital satisfaction increases. On the other hand, the results showed that marital satisfaction can be predicted by the variables of self-oriented perfectionism (p<0/05) and Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism (p<0/01). Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that Self-oriented perfectionism and Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism are important predictors of marital satisfaction and the variance of marital satisfaction is 12 percent. Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism is a stronger predictor of marital satisfaction than Self-oriented perfectionism. Investigating these variables in individuals can help significantly in increasing marital satisfaction.

Students with dysgraphia have deficits in attention and response inhibition, but not much attention has been paid to the treatment of these children's deficits, so the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of child-centered mindfulness on attention and response inhibition of students with dysgraphia.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a follow-up period with a control group. The research population included all second and third grade female students with dysgraphia in Tehran in the academic year of 2021-2022, who were referred from regular schools to educational and rehabilitation centers for special learning problems. 28 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method; And they were randomly placed in two experimental and control groups and responded to Yaqoubi et al.'s dysgraphia diagnostic questionnaires (2021), Mandy Brackencamp's selective attention, concentration and effort test (2002) and Bruno-Nero Hoffman test (1984). Then, the experimental group received the child-centered mindfulness training program for 10 sessions of 60 minutes, but only school training was provided to the control group. After the training sessions, the post-test was conducted. For data analysis, repeated measurement test was used with SPSS version 24 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the average post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in attention and response inhibition variables, and these results continued in the follow-up period (P<0.01).

It can be said that the child-centered mindfulness program was effective in improving the attention and response inhibition of dyslexic students. Therefore, it is suggested to use the child-centered mindfulness treatment method in clinics and psychological service centers as an effective intervention method.

With the increasing importance of environmental problems, environmental psychology also seeks to create a sustainable relationship between humans and nature. In this regard, the present research investigated the role of personality traits in pro-environmental behaviors to better understand this relationship. It has also investigated the mediating role of place attachment in the relationship between personality and pro-environmental behaviors.

The method of this study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this study was the students of Tarbiat Modares University in the academic year 2020-2021, 250 people were selected by available sampling method. To measure the research variables, the personality traits scale of McCree and Costa (1992), the place attachment scale of Safarinia (2013), and the questionnaire compiled by Ferdowsi, Mortazavi, and Rezvani (2007) from the environmental protection behavior questionnaires of Kaiser, Wolfing and Fehrer (1999) and Tarrant and Cordell (1997) were used. To analyze the data, the path analysis method was used in the structural equation model.

Fit indices and path coefficients (p<0.05) showed that the personality factors of extroversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness play a role in environmental behavior due to the mediating role of the place dependence factor.

If a person is extroverted, agreeable, conscientious, and has attachment to their place of living, they are more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviors. As a result, by knowing the relationship of individuals with different personality traits and affective relationships with home, their positive environmental behaviors can be strengthened.

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Family Attachment and Changeability Index (FACI8).

The sample group included 313 male and female participants (age range 12 to 71), who were selected using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the Scale was applied with Connor- Davidson Resilience Scale and Cohen et al.'s Perceived Tension Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity were applied to evaluate the validity of the scale and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate its Internal Consistency Reliability. For examining the Test-Retest Reliability, the scale was performed on 35 subjects and Pearson correlation was used to measure it.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated the fit and desirability of the two-factor model. Significant correlations between the factors of the Scale with of Resilience Scale and Perceived Tension also confirmed the divergent and convergent validity of this scale. The reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculation for the whole scale is 0.87 and the test-retest correlation coefficient of 0.9 Obtained.

In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the Family Attachment and Changeability Index, which has two factors (attachment, changeability), has a factor structure similar to the original version of the scale and has the necessary validity and reliability to use in psychological research in the Iranian sample.

Despite the increasing importance of emotion regulation, there are limited scales for its assessment. Mentalized affectivity theory proposes a novel perspective on emotion regulation. This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of briefmentalized affectivity scale (B-MAS).  

This is a descriptive psychometrics study. Participants were 414 students from Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran University, and Shahid Beheshti University in the academic year 2022-2023, who were selected by a convenience sampling method. They completed the Persian versions of B-MAS, ten-item personality inventory (TIPI), satisfaction with life scale (SWLS), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS). Construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent and divergent validity were assessed by the Pearson correlation test. Internal consistency (using Cronbach’s α), test re-test reliability, and composite reliability were also evaluated.

The CFA results confirmed the three-factor solution (identifying, processing, and expressing) and showed the good fit of the model. The significant correlation of the Persian B-MAS score with the BAI, TIPI, SWLS, and DER scores confirmed its convergent and divergent validity. Cronbach’s α for the three factors was from 0.86 to 0.88. Test re-test reliability for the three factors was from 0.75 to 0.80. Composite reliability was from 0.79 to 0.82.

The Persian version of B-MAS with three subscales has acceptable validity (construct, convergent, divergent) and reliability for psychological studies on the Iranian population.

Sexual satisfaction is one of the key features of a stable family and is known as an important indicator of the overall quality of life. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of negative mood in the association of Cognitive Schema Activation in a Sexual Context with female Sexual Satisfaction. The design and the method of the study were descriptive correlation and structural equation modeling, respectively. Participants of this study comprised 637 female students of Tehran universities, who were selected by the Purposive sampling method. The Questionnaire of Cognitive Schema Activation in Sexual Context, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS), and Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSSW), were employed to collect the required data. Also, SPSS23 and LISREL8.8 software were used for data analysis. The results of SEM indicated that Cognitive Schema Activation in Sexual Context, both directly and indirectly (through negative mood), affects women's Sexual Satisfaction. Evaluating the hypothetical model of the study employing the fitting indices revealed that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (CFI = 0.98, NFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.058). Consistent with Nober's model, the results of this study showed that Cognitive Schema Activation in a Sexual Context affects female Sexual Satisfaction. In addition, these findings highlight that in addition to the physiological factors, emotional and cognitive factors are similarly significant in defining sexual satisfaction.

The study was carried out to develop a theoretical and empirical model of self-destructiveness with an emphasis on the ego development, with the hypothesis that the ego development level can mediate the relationship between stress and perceived stress. 258 students responded to the Washington University Sentences Completion Test (WUSCT), Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CSDS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Paykle Scaling of Life Events. Data were analyzed by SPSS-21 and LISREL-8.72, through Pearson correlation and the path analysis. Results showed an inverse relationship between self-destructiveness and ego development level. The sample was divided into high and low levels of ego development groups and the linear relation of stress, perceived stress, and self-destructiveness was investigated in both groups. Findings showed that all of the paths were significant and the model fit with the data. The CR was significant and indicated that there is a significant difference between the coefficients of the two groups with high and low levels of ego development. The path of “stressor → perceived stress” was stronger in persons with lower levels of ego development, as a high level of ego development, as a basic construct, can reduce the effect and amount of stress, before the perception of stress. Findings led to the development of a simple model which interprets stress or perceived stress merely as a reason for self-destructiveness tendencies. Ego development, as a basic indicator of character development, has a critical role in this model. These findings is useful in the treatment of persons with self-destructive tendencies.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges for couples, including managing household duties, child-rearing, and communication difficulties. Unfortunately, these challenges have led to marital conflicts and, in some cases, divorce. This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of domestic violence against women and children during the pandemic.

For this research, various English databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley, ProQuest EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, were searched from February 2020 to September 2022, using keywords like Children, Adolescents, Coronavirus 2019, Depression, Stress Anxiety, Domestic Violence, and Pandemic. In this study, the PRISMA systematic review study reporting guide was used.

Research findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge in mental, physical, and sexual violence against children and women. Factors such as income level, employment status, age, school closures, smoking, and home quarantine have been associated with increased verbal, sexual, and physical violence against these vulnerable groups.

Violence against women and children can cause severe psychological and social consequences. As much of this violence may occur in secrecy, the country's welfare and psychological organizations must take action and promote awareness of domestic violence.

Long-term pain experience and pain-related time beliefs are key factors for understanding pain experience and patients' psychological distress. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between mental health and chronic pain in children and adolescents.

In this review research, using the English keywords chronic pain, chronic back pain, chronic headache, abdominal pain, neck pain, multiple pain, musculoskeletal pain, children, adolescents, and mental health, databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI, Scopus, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched in the period 2000 (from January) to 2022 (until November).

The studies conducted showed that the prevalence of chronic pain was 4%-60% in children and adolescents, and abdominal pain, headache, back pain, and multiple pains were more common. Patients with depression, anxiety, fear, stress, pain catastrophizing, emotional ataxia, psychological distress, aggression, behavioral problems, and cognitive disorders had more severe chronic pain. On the other hand, factors such as favorable socio-economic status, quality of life related to health, good sleep quality, social communication, physical activity, resilience, and cognitive flexibility reduced pain and accelerated the treatment process of patients with chronic pain.

The obtained results indicated a significant association between mental health and chronic pain in children and adolescents. In this context, psychology and counseling centers of schools should provide training to increase the quality of life-related to the health and resilience of children and adolescents.