حجت الله نیکبخت

‎ Obesity and how fat is distributed in the body, especially in the middle part of the body, is a good predictor of future diseases, and exercise is one of the best non-pharmacological methods in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of de-training following plyometric exercises on obesity indices and physical fitness factors of male students. 

‎ In the present quasi-experimental study, 20 male students from Alborz University physical education students were selected voluntarily and studied in 2 groups of plyometric training 10 people and control group 10 people (homogenized based on body mass index). To collect data, a demographic questionnaire, to evaluate the aerobic power of "Astrand Test", to evaluate the anaerobic power of "Sergeant Jump Test" and to measure the percentage of fat by "Jackson and Pollock Skinfold Test" were used. Also, the subjects' body mass index was measured by dividing weight by height squared (m) and (waist-hip ratio) by dividing waist circumference by pelvic circumference. After evaluating and recording the initial data of the subjects in the intervention group, plyometric exercises were performed for 6 weeks and the post-test data were recorded in the same conditions as the pre-test and after the end of the training period. After evaluating and recording the initial data of the subjects, the intervention group performed plyometric training for 6 weeks, including 3 and 4 sessions per week with one day in between. In the same conditions as the pre-test, the data related to the test phase and after 6 weeks data related to the post-test phase were recorded. Data analysis was performed in SPSS. 23.

Findings showed a significant effect of performing plyometric training for 6 weeks on aerobic (34.67±2.43_39.58±2.58‎) and anaerobic capacity (104.23±8.07_132.25 ±6.49‎), waist to hip ratio (0.84±0.17 _ 0.91±0.13‎), body fat percentage (14.54±2.18_11.49 ±2.75‎) and body mass index (23.01±1.68_ 20.08±1.93‎) in plyometric group (P<0.05). However, after 6 weeks of de-training, almost all training achievements for the subjects in the training intervention group disappeared, which indicates the principle of long-term training in performing plyometric training.

Findings confirmed the effect of plyometric training on cardiorespiratory function (significant increase in aerobic capacity) as well as improving health indicators. Therefore, due to the principle of diversity in training and the ease of using the gradual overload process in performing plyometric training (due to the nature of plyometric training), plyometric training in the field of health is recommended as an alternative training method for continuous aerobic training. However, it should be noted that the gains of plyometric training will disappear after a period of non-training.

Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is an interleukin-6-related cytokine with known hypertrophic and protective actions upon cardiac myocytes. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of 1- week aerobic exercise on serum levels of cardiotrophin-1 in female patients with hypertension.

in this study, 35 old women aged 50 to 70 were randomly divided into two groups (15 controls and 15 controls). The exercise program included aerobic exercises conducted increasingly 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Before the exercise, and 24 hours after the last session, blood samples and the body composition were taken. Data were collected and analyzed using one-way ANCOVA and Tukey post hoc test at a significant level of P≤0/05.

According to the results, twelve weeks of exercise did not significantly affect CT-1 level.

Overall, it seems that 12-week aerobic exercise has been beneficial in patients with hypertension and has been improving myocardial function; however, further studies are needed.

The use of “Whole Body Vibration Training” as a relatively new method of neuro-muscular training and strong mechanical stimulation is of interest for athletes of various disciplines. The aim of this study was to determine the ‎effect of “Whole Body Vibration Training” on body composition and some ‎cardiovascular risk factors in male students. ‎

In this quasi-experimental study, 20 male students of Alborz ‎University physical education students were selected purposefully and convenience and based on body mass index were ‎studied in 2 groups of “Whole Body Vibration Training” (10 people) and control ‎group (10 people). Data were recorded using a demographic questionnaire, ‎digital scale of personal scale model 180 kg and digital standing gauge of Seca ‎model 264. ‎Fasting blood samples were taken from the brachial veins and systolic blood ‎pressure was recorded using a mercury sphygmomanometer made by ‎Rossmax Company in Taiwan. The “Jackson and Pollock Skinfold Test” was used ‎to measure body fat percentage to estimate body composition. The validity ‎and reliability of the tests has been confirmed in previous studies. The ‎intervention group performed “Whole Body Vibration Training” (frequency: 30 Hz ‎and amplitude 4 mm) for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22. ‎

The mean body composition (12.37±3.51) and high-density ‎lipoprotein (46.48±3.29) in the intervention group compared to the pretest ‎respectively (14.37±2.26) and (41.75±3.84) experienced significant ‎improvement. While none of the variables studied in this study in the control ‎group and also triglyceride, fasting glucose and systolic blood pressure in the ‎intervention group did not change significantly (P>0.05). ‎

The results showed the effect of “Whole Body Vibration Training” with the frequency and amplitude used on improving the body composition and high-density lipoprotein of male students. It is recommended to use “Whole Body Vibration Training” to improve body composition and cardiovascular risk factors as one of the new training methods with special and safe achievements, low cost and applicable in work and home environment with the same protocol.

Cardiac functional adaptations are affected by gender, age, intensity and type of exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of endurance, resistance, concurrent training on the cardiac function.

Forty healthy middle-aged women (mean age 44/62±3/45 years, height 157/75±4/87 cm and weight 73/27±10/64 kg) were randomly divided into four groups (10 person in each group): Control, Endurance, Strength and Concurrent. The training program was conducted in a period of eight weeks, three sessions per week. Endurance group runs on the treadmill with the intensity of 65% to 80% of the maximal heart rate, the resistance group performed eight exercises with the intensity of 65% to 80% of one-repetition maximum and the concurrent group included performing half of both endurance and resistance training in each session. Cardiac function variables were measured by m-mode and 2-D echocardiography.

End-diastolic volume, stroke volume, cardiac output, and cardiac output index increased significantly in the endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise groups after exercise (P≤ 0/05). Also ejection fraction showed a significant increase in endurance and concurrent exercise groups (P≤ 0/05).

Eight weeks of endurance, resistance and concurrent training improve cardiac function in healthy middle-aged women. Also, the effect of concurrent training is more than endurance training and endurance training is more than resistance training.

Contrary to pathological conditions, structural changes and adaptations in response to regular exercise are a physiological phenomenon. Aerobic activity follows an extrovert hypertrophy pattern by applying a kind of volumetric load on the heart muscle. While the pattern of changes due to resistance or strength exercises occurs due to pressure stress in the form of introverted hypertrophy. However, athletes in many sports between the two ends of the continuum and endurance and resistance exercises, usually inevitably use combined exercises that have both the characteristics of pressure and volume push-ups (4, 5).However, there is much disagreement about the effect of short-term exercise on young non-athletes and its effect on structural and functional changes in the heart, and although not enough information is currently available, research findings show that in Response to regular exercise The cardiovascular system undergoes significant positive changes. In addition to the above, it is important to study the effect of various sports exercises on the structure of the heart (8).However, despite much research on ECG and exercise, resistance exercise and ECG and echocardiography have been studied simultaneously and less in endurance-resistance training, and most research on aerobic exercise, disease, and postoperative recovery has been studied. Cardiac surgery has been performed. Therefore, in this study, structural changes in the heart in response to short-term and long-term endurance-resistance training in young non-athlete men are studied and the question is answered whether short-term and long-term combined (resistance-endurance) training Does it affect some structural variables in the heart of young non-athlete men?

The present study is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted in the field and laboratory with a group of 12 people and 3 experimental stages. For the present study, 12 non-athlete young men aged 20 to 30 years in Saveh were randomly selected as the sample. Then, before starting the training program, the consent of all subjects was obtained to participate in the research. Then, the research variables in the pre-test were measured using an electrocardiograph and the subjects performed a short-term combined training program (resistance-endurance) for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, they underwent ECO again and exercises for another 4 weeks. Did their own thing and finally ECO came out of them again.To perform the research protocol, first a maximum repetition of the subjects was calculated, then they warmed up for 10 minutes and performed strength exercises including four movements of foot press, chest press, armpit and leg stretching in such a way that all movements in the arms and legs in The first week was performed with 50% of a maximum repetition in 2 turns with 10 repetitions and with a rest frequency of 1 to 2 minutes between each turn. The intensity of training increased increasingly and reached 80% 1RM in 3 turns with 6 repetitions in the eighth week. After each session of resistance training, the subjects performed endurance training including running with a working intensity of 65% of maximum heart rate on the treadmill for 16 minutes in the first week to 80% of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes in the eighth week (11) .Finally, to describe the data from the central indicators, dispersion and drawing of tables, and from Shapir-Wilk tests and analysis of variance with repeated measures by software (SPSS) version 23 at the significant level of p≥0.05 It was used for inferential analysis of data.

The results of statistical analysis of Khadr research data showed that short and long-term combined (resistance-endurance) training on left ventricular end-diastolic end diameter (p = 0.398), left ventricular systolic end diameter (p = 0.480), aortic diameter At the root level of AO (p = 0.756), transverse diameter of right ventricle (p = 0.997) and thickness of interventricular septum (p = 0.759) of young non-athlete men had no significant effect (Table 1).

The results of the present study show that short and long-term combined (resistance-endurance) training has no effect on the left ventricular diastolic end diameter of young non-athlete men, but the effect size of 8 weeks of training is less than 4 weeks of training. Exercise restores the structure of the left ventricle of the heart, which is mediated by many aspects of exercise as well as individual characteristics. Different sports are a combination of compression and volume overloads and there is absolutely no volume and pressure overload in any of the sports activities. There are many factors that can affect left ventricular preload and postload, all of which can affect the size of the left ventricular diastolic end as much as exercise or even more.Increasing the thickness of the posterior walls of the left ventricle indicates an overload of pressure on the heart walls. Repetition of strong contractions during exercise stimulates the necessary ventricular wall hypertrophy and thus increases the thickness of the left ventricular wall. When the heart is exposed to acute exercise conditions, there are changes in heart rate and strength, and when it is exposed to these pressures over a long period of time, there are changes in the size of the heart cavities and the thickness of the ventricular walls. The results of various studies show that these changes may vary depending on the type of exercise, age, sex and body surface area (14).

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic and endurance training on GLP-1 and insulin resistance in obese women with type 2 diabetes.

Thirty diabetic women aged 35-50 years, members of Saveh Diabetes Association, voluntarily participated in the present study and randomly divided into three groups of control (n=10), aerobic exercise (n=10) and resistance training (n=10). 24 hours before the start of the exercise protocol, individual characteristics and blood sampling were measured in the pre-test. Then the aerobic and resistance training groups performed their own training program for eight weeks (3 sessions per week and each session lasted 45-60 minutes). After eight weeks and 24 hours after the last training session individual data and blood samples were measured and analyzed using one-way ANOVA at p < 0.05.

The present study showed no significant difference between the effects of the two training methods on insulin resistance (P=0.922), but there was a significant difference between the effects of the two training methods on GLP-1 values (P=0.001).

Aerobic and resistance training can decrease appetite and weight control in obese women with type 2 diabetes by increasing     GLP-1. Aerobic training also seems to be more effective than resistance training.

Cognitive impairment is a common progressive disease in the elderly and is one of the worldwide leading causes of their disability. What makes it worse that there are currently no treatments to reverse cognitive impairment. Therefore, early intervention would be the best issue to prevent cognitive impairment. Moreover, early detection of asymptomatic cognitive impairment can prevent Alzheimerchr('39')s disease. Improvement in cognitive impairment could be related to the amount of physical activity. Recently, the effects of serum lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, have been studied on cognitive impairment in the elderly. The results of these researches on how lipid profile levels can affect cognitive function have been controversial. On the other hand, the effects of various types of exercise, including the intensity and duration of these exercises on serum lipid profile and also its relationship with cognitive function in the elderly are unknown. Furthermore, most studies are focused on aerobic exercise and hence investigation on the effect of various types of exercise, including resistance and combination exercises on serum lipid profiles and cognitive status, and the relationship between them in the elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment have been neglected so far. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different types of exercise, and not only aerobic exercise, on serum lipid profile in one hand, and also its relationship with cognitive function in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment on the other hand.

The present study is a pilot study with a small population to be effective in future investigations with more subjects and longer duration. For this study, thirty elderly (men and women) patients in the age range of 50 to 70 years old which diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment were selected from the 1223 patients who referred to the Cardiovascular clinic of Imam Reza subspecialty Clinic which is under supervision of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, as the study population. In selecting this population, in addition to mild cognitive impairment, three other parameters also were considered for the research samples. First, they should not have been regularly exercising for past six months before the start of the study. Second, they should not have any respiratory or cardiac disease; Finally, in a case that they have had surgery, at least 6 months must be passed since it. The samples were randomly divided into three groups: aerobic exercise group (n = 10), resistance exercise group (n = 10) and combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise group (n = 10). Twelve weeks of the resistance, aerobic and combined exercise programs consisted of 90-minute sessions in length, three days per week with moderate intensity for each mentioned group. In the present study, exercise programs were designed according to the physical condition of the subjects and based on the recommended physical activity instructions for the elderly. Evaluations including Lipid profiles levels and the cognitive performance of the samples were made at baseline and at the end of the twelfth week. Lipid profiles including total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were tested in the laboratory of Shiraz Hafez Hospital which is under the auspices of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, using an auto-analyzer and Pars Azmoon kits (made in Iran). Also, the cognitive performance of the samples was assessed by a short mental status test, which includes a cognitive status questionnaire by Folstein et al. The Shapiro Wilk test was used to found the normality of distribution and also knowing that whether parametric tests could be used or not. The results reported as mean and standard deviation and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to determine the differences between variables. The paired t-tests were performed to detect differences between time points (pre and post). Also, in order to understand the relationship between the variables, the Pearson’s single correlation test was used and statistical significance was set at p≤0.05. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) ver.22 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. To do so, the differences of all variables between groups, their relationship, and changes between pre-test and post-test were evaluated.

The results showed that except for the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol marker, which was significantly reduced in the resistance group, in other serum lipid profiles, there was no significant difference observed between the groups results after three months of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise. However, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased in the aerobic and combined groups and increased in the resistance group, which none of them were significant. Also, after three months of exercise, high-density lipoprotein decreased in the aerobic group and on the other hand increased in the combination and resistance groups. Therefore, in the resistance group, despite the increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to a low extent, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased significantly. Hence, resistance exercise is able to optimally reduce the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. On the other hand, cognitive function in all the three groups increased significantly after 12 weeks (p≤ 0.05). Finally, it should be mentioned that despite the simultaneous improvement of some of the serum lipid profiles and cognitive function, no significant relationship in the elderly was found between lipid profiles and cognitive function.

According to the results of this study, the resistance and the aerobic exercise are able to improve one or two serum lipid profiles in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment; But, the combined exercise improves all serum lipid profile markers, which (should be mentioned) was much less effective than other two types of exercise. Overall, it seems that the resistance exercise can improve the serum lipid profile in the elderly more effectively. On the other hand, the results indicate that the aerobic, resistance, and combination exercises are able to improve cognitive function in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment. However, more comprehensive studies with larger sample sizes should be done in this regard.

Time under Tension of muscle is one of the variables of strength training that contributes to its adaptation. The present study was conducted the effects of six weeks of resistance training with the varying Time under Tension of muscle on VEGF and endosotene serum levels  in healthy young women. This study was conducted on 20 female students (22.65±2.03years) Subjects were randomly and equally assigned to two groups with a Time under Tension of 1s- 1s(Normal Speed Contraction) and 3s- 3s (slow Speed Contraction). The exercise load was the same in both groups and resistance training was done in a circular manner for six weeks, three days a week in eight stations. Blood samples were taken from the subjects to study  research variables before the training period and 48h after the last session of the training. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis at a significant level of P≤0.05. There was no significant difference between the serum levels of VEGF and endostein in both groups (P≥0.05). In the strength test, the  SSC group experienced increase power further. However, there was no difference between the two groups in indicators related to angiogenesis for six weeks and  most probably, for this indicator needed more training time, but  practice with more Time under Tension (3s- 3s) can lead to increase power further.

Aging is a process in which structural and functional changes occur in the heart. This study was performed to compare aerobic and resistance training on some oxidative markers and TGF-β in cardiac tissue of elderly rats.

For this experimental study, 27 Wistar rats (mean age 24 months) were randomly divided into three groups of control (9 rats), resistance training (9 rats) and endurance training (9 rats). After one week of endurance training, rats in the endurance group performed their training on a zero-degree steep treadmill for 8 weeks and 2 days a week. Resistive exercise group also performed on the ladder for eight weeks and seven days a week. The research variables were measured by ELISA using Zellbio Germany kits. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.

In the present study, it was found that the effect of eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training on GPX (p=0.005), SOD (p=0.002) and TGF-β (p=0.005) was significant in the heart tissue of elderly rats. As a result of the post hoc test, it was found that there was only a difference between the experimental and control groups.

The results of this study indicate the role of aerobic and resistance training in improving oxidative stress indices in the heart tissue of elderly rats.

Aging is a process that causes structural and functional changes in the heart. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on the TGF-β / smads signaling pathway, which induces cardiac fibrosis in elderly rats.

In this experimental study, 18 Wistar rats with age (24 months) and mean weight (511.15 g) were randomly divided into control (n=9) and exercise (n=9) groups. After adjusting to the environment and familiarizing with the practice, the task force performed their program on a treadmill with a steady zero degree slope at a constant speed of 12 m / min for eight weeks and 2 days a week. The training period ranged from 5 minutes in the first week to 52 minutes in the eighth week. The control group did not perform any exercise during this time. Research variables were measured by ELISA method using German ZellBio kit. Inferential t-test was used to analyze the data.

The results showed eight weeks of aerobic training on superoxide dismutase (P=0.001), catalase (P=0.006), glutathione peroxidase (P=0.012), transforming growth factor beta (P=0.001) and tissue collagen percentage had a significant effect on the heart tissue of elderly rats.

The results showed that aerobic exercise was effective in improving cardiac oxidative stress indices by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in cardiac tissue because, despite increasing TGF-β levels, it prevented the initiation of cardiac fibrosis signaling pathway, which Decreased collagen expression in the heart of aged rats.

Aging is a process in which the body's physiological capacity decreases continuously after the age of 30. One of the major changes is body mass loss (sarcopenia), which is due to decreased blood supply due to inability to exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of continuous aerobic exercise on some angiogenesis indices in elderly male rats.

The sample of this study consisted of 20 elderly male rats that were randomly divided into control (n=10) and experimental (n=10) groups. Eighth arrives. Blood samples were obtained from the tail of adult male rats 72 hours before and after the last session of the protocol of 3 cc (VEGF), FGF, NO and Apelin 13). Independent and dependent T-test was used for analysis of data. Inter-group and intra-group evaluation was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16 at α=0.05.

Eight weeks of aerobic training significantly increased the levels of VEGF (P=0.000), NO (P=0.000), FGF (P=0.000) and Apelin 13 (P=0.000) mice. The male became older. No significant changes were observed in the control group.

The results of this study showed that eight weeks of aerobic training significantly increased the angiogenesis levels in elderly male rats. Therefore, continuous aerobic exercise can be used as an appropriate method to increase angiogenesis in the elderly.

Exercise plays an important role in promoting cardiovascular function. Also concurrent endurance and resistance training can have different effects on the heart. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance, resistance and concurrent resistance and endurance training on the heart structure of healthy middle-aged women.

Forty healthy middle-aged women (mean age 44.62±3.45 years, height 157.75±4.87 cm and weight 73.27±10.64 kg) were randomly divided into four groups (10 people in each group): Control, Endurance, Strength and Concurrent. The training program was conducted in a period of eight weeks, three sessions per week. Endurance group were running on the treadmill incrementally. The resistance group performed eight exercises incrementally in each session. The concurrent group performed half of both endurance and resistance training in each session. Left ventricular end diastolic and systolic diameters, post-wall thickness, septum wall thickness and left ventricular mass were measured by m-mode and 2-D echocardiography.

The end systolic diameter in the concurrent group and end diastolic diameter and left ventricular mass in endurance and concurrent groups were significantly increased compared to pre-training (P≤ 0.05).  The left ventricular mass in the endurance and concurrent group was significantly different from that of the control group (P≤ 0.05).

It can be concluded that concurrent endurance and resistance training is effective in making some structural adaptations of the heart in middle-aged women.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rapidly rising in developing and industrialized countries. Inappropriate nutrition and physical inactivity are among the key contributors to overweight and obesity. The rate of motor disability is particularly high in everyday life among the elderly in Iran, compared to advanced countries, such as South Korea and Europe. It is important to determine the appropriate strategies for increasing the participation of the elderly in physical activities. One of the motivational tools for physical activity is activity trackers that assess the physiological function of the elderly and could motivate exercising through feedback provided to them. The American Academy of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has named activity tracking technology as a fitness model in 2016 and 2017. Tracker technology may be an incentive for older people to increase physical activity and slowdown. The increased use of technology and time spent in slow–moving activities require more interventions that highlight the role of technology in the elderly while encouraging them to mobilize further. The researchers concluded that the technology of direct use of activity trackers could be used to improve physical activity interventions, in combination with behavioral change theories. An inactive lifestyle not only causes physical problems, but also leads to depression, and decreased self–esteem and quality of life. The relationship between physical activity and mental abnormalities is very complex. However, increased physical activity can prevent mental health conditions, such as depression, and decreased self–esteem. Therefore, this study investigated the concurrent motivational effect of applying activity trackers associated with physical activity on body composition and self–esteem in sedentary adults.

This was a field trial research (based on the purpose of a clinical trial). The study participants were 45 inactive people aged >60 years and accommodated at nursing homes in Tehranchr('39')s eighth district. The International Physical Activity Inventory (IPAQ), Physical Fitness Preparedness Questionnaire (PAR–Q), and Exercise Motivations Inventory–2 (EMI–2) Schedule for selecting subjects were used. The study subjects were assigned to three groups, as follows: control, physical activity test group with a tracker, and physical activity test group without a tracker. Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to assess body composition, and the Eysenck Self–Esteem questionnaire was applied to assess self–esteem in the study participants. For data analysis, repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used at the significance level of 0.05.

The research findings revealed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in body composition and self–esteem.

Previous research results indicated a significant and inverse association between the level of physical activity and body composition. However, the present study results suggested that 12 weeks of training was insufficient for making a difference in the body composition and self–esteem of sedentary adults.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the main reason for morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. Among CVDs, coronary artery disease is the most frequent cause of heart disease, especially in the elderly. The most prevalent treatment for CVD is Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). Most patients that experience this surgery encounter mood disorders. One of the prerequisites for CVD treatment is cardiac rehabilitation, which reduces the risk of cardiac events and improves psychological disorders by physical exercise. However, depression and anxiety are conditions that affect the patientchr('39')s compliance with medical advice, including cardiac rehabilitation programs. Yoga, as a simultaneous treatment of mind–body, is growing in popularity. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of long–term combined exercises (yoga–cardiac rehabilitation) on depression and anxiety levels in patients undergoing CABG surgery. 

This quasi–experimental study was conducted on 27 male patients (40–75 years old) who experienced CABG surgery at least one month before the research onset in Shahid Rajaie cardiovascular, medical, and research center in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019. They were randomly assigned into the control (Cardiac Rehabilitation Training; CRT, n=13) and experimental (combined yoga–CRT or COMT, n=14) groups. The study inclusion criteria included male gender, the ejection fraction of >35% based on patientchr('39')s Echocardiography (ECG), the lack of comorbidities, such as kidney failure, diabetes, cancer, and severe neurological disorders, no experience of emergency heart and valve surgery, and not taking drugs for severe psychological disorders. Exclusion criteria included motor disorders that prevent rehabilitation exercises, the lack of regular follow–up and attendance during the training sessions, changes in the patientschr('39') ECG, and the aggravation of chest pain. The levels of depression and anxiety were evaluated by a Symptom Checklist–90–Revised (SCL–90–R; Derogatis, 1986) in two stages (before & after interventions). The CTR group performed a one–hour cardiac rehabilitation program with 60%–85% of maximum heart rate for 3 days a week. The COMT group performed a one–hour yoga and cardiac rehabilitation plan for 3 days a week (one session in between, 12 session rehabilitation training, 12 sessions of yoga training). The study subjects completed training sessions for 8 weeks. For understanding yoga training intensity, we used a 20–point scale of Borg’s rate of perceived exertion. The optimal pressure sensation in these patients was considered based on the results of studies equal to 11–13. Subjects who stopped attending the sessions for any reason were excluded from the study (CRT group: n=7; COMT group: n=7). Data analysis was performed using SPSS (α=0.05). The distribution of data related to research variables was studied using Shapiro–Wilk test. Dependent Samples t–test was used for intra–group comparisons and Independent Samples t–test was employed for between–group comparisons. 

The obtained data suggested no difference between depression (p=0.595) and anxiety (p=0.911) levels in the pretest as well as depression (p=0.727) and anxiety (p=0.268) levels in the posttest between the study groups. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in depression (p=0.002) and anxiety (p=0.011) levels in the CRT group. Besides, depression (p=0.006) and anxiety (p=0.047) levels significantly declined in the COMT group.

Considering the effectiveness of COMT and CRT interventions in our study, cardiac rehabilitation centers can offer combined training models based on their facilities and patients’ desire post–CABG surgery (i.e., because of the safety and low costs of yoga training).

Physical activity plays a crucial role in the biopsychological health of individuals. Moreover, it is considered as the key factor in the promotion and development of humans, especially the elderly. Given that exercise and physical activity significantly increase the ability and prevent diseases, addressing the issue of exercise in the elderly is necessary. To better understand the elderly’s behavior, researchers have examined the motivational aspects related to their decisions for starting and continuing physical activity. Numerous motivations have been investigated in the elderly in terms of physical and sports activities. A motivational tool for physical activity is activity trackers that assess the biological function of the elderly and could motivate the exercise through feedback provided to them. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the concurrent motivational effect of activity tracker and physical activity on cardiovascular endurance and the quality of life in sedentary adults.

This was a field trial research, based on the purpose of clinical trials and in terms of data collection. The study participants were 45 non-active individuals aged higher than 60 years. They were accommodated at nursing homes in Tehranchr('39')s 8th district. The International Physical Activity Inventory, Physical Fitness Preparedness Questionnaire, and Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 for selecting subjects were used in this research. The study subjects were assigned to three groups; control, physical activity test group with a tracker, and physical activity test group without a tracker. A Rockport test was used to measure cardiovascular endurance, and the Quality of Life questionnaire was used to assess their life quality levels. For data analysis, the repeated-measures Analysis of Variance was used. Moreover, for comparing the mean values of the study groups, Fisherchr('39')s post-hoc test was implemented. The significance level of 0.05 was considered, as well.

The current study findings demonstrated a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of cardiovascular endurance and quality of life (cardiovascular endurance: F=434.504, p<0.001, Eta=0.954; quality of life: F=15.826, p<0.001, Eta=0.430).

The obtained data suggested that using the tracker stimulates physical activity in the elderly and improves their quality of life and cardiovascular endurance.

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has side effects for the patient's heart. One of the most important adverse effects after CABG surgery is disorder and heart rate abnormalities and heart rate variability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term yoga and rehabilitation training on HRV parameters of Post CABG patients.

In this semi experimental study, 14 CABG patients randomly divided into two groups: rehabilitation (control; N=7) and rehabilitation and yoga (experimental, N=7). After preliminary evaluations, performing exercise test and HRV assessment, the patients underwent 8 weeks of training program, 3 times a week, in Tehran's Shahid Rajaee Heart Hospital. T-test was used to evaluate the intra-group differences and independent t-test was used to evaluate the difference between groups (p≤0.05).

The results showed that there was a significant difference in the SDNN of experimental group (p=0.05) and LF (p=0.032) and HF (p=0.017) in the control group. Also, there was a significant difference between the two groups in HF (p=0.030)

The results of the study showed that the combination of yoga and rehabilitation exercises has beneficial effects on heart rate variability. By improving the HRV index, the mortality rate associated with changes in heart rate and autonomic impairment decreases. Therefore, a combination of yoga and rehab programs for Post CABG patients are suggested.

The global epidemic of obesity has affected the general health. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of low and moderate intensity circuit resistance trainings on the levels of adiponectin and lipid profiles in overweight women.

A total of 54 overweight women [31.56±2.24 years, 80.45±9.4 kg, 28.3±6.21 kg/m2] were randomly assigned into three groups of moderate intensity circuit resistance training (MICT), low intensity circuit resistance training (LICT), and control. Exercise training program was conducted for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Before and after the exercise training program, the levels of adiponectin and lipid profiles were measured. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance test and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. Data analysis was performed in SPSS, version 20, with the significance level set at p≤0.05.

At the beginning of the study and before applying the exercise protocol, there was no difference in baseline adiponectin between the groups (p>0.05). The results indicated that adiponectin levels significantly increased after eight weeks of moderate-intensity circuit resistance training as compared with control group (p=0.027), but changes in adiponectin levels were not statistically significant in low intensity group (p=0.14). Decrease in the levels of LDL-c (p=0.001), cholesterol (p<0.001), and TG (p<0.001) and increase the levels of HDL-c (p<0.001) were significant in moderate intensity group compared to those of the control group.

According to the results obtained in the present study, moderate-intensity circuit resistance training has been shown to be effective in increasing adiponectin, therefore, the lipid profiles in this group had a significant improvement related to these changes.

N-terminal proBNP (NTproBNP) is widely used as a diagnostic biomarker and for the risk stratification of patients with heart failure (HF). Its role in the evaluation of patients with hypertension is not completely clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on NT-pro BNP in women with hypertension.

Thirty-five middle-aged women with hypertension were randomly divided into two groups of the aerobic training and the control. The aerobic exercise group completed 12 weeks of exercise, 3 sessions per weak, with 35-60% of the maximum heart rate. Serum NT-proBNP marker was determined by Elecsys method, and 5 ml of blood was collected from brachial veins.

The results demonstrated that 12 weeks of aerobic training had a positive and significant effect on NT-pro BNP concentration in patients with hypertension (p <0.05)

Overall, it seems that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise has been beneficial in patients with hypertension, and has improved myocardial function. However, this issue requires further research.

The use of non-enzymatic antioxidants and proper exercise can have a positive effect on decreasing apoptotic side effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and consumption of l-carnitine on some of the apoptosis factors in the liver of diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats (200-300 gr) were randomly divided into six groups: 1) sham group, 2) healthy control group 3) diabetic control group, 4) diabetic group receiving l-carnitine, 5) diabetic group of aerobic training, 6) diabetic group of aerobic training and receiving l-carnitine. Rats were diabetic with nicotinic amide and a single dose of STZ of 55 mg / kg body weight. Rats in the L-carnitine group received daily 100 mg of l-carnitine orally. The aerobic exercise protocol done on the treadmill.

Combined intervention of aerobic exercise and supplementation of l-carnitine had a significant effect on Bcl2 factor in liver tissue in diabetic rats. However, six weeks of aerobic exercise and supplementation alone do not have a significant effect, six weeks of aerobic training and combined intervention had significant effect on BAX factor in liver tissue in diabetic rats but supplementation of l-carnitine alone had no significant effect.

L-carnitine supplementation intake with regular exercise can have beneficial effects on apoptotic improvement in rats with type 2 diabetes

Shift work can be a factor in inflammation, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 8-week aerobic physical activity on Hs-CRP and blood pressure of the shift workers of Sarir Plast Industrial Group in Dezful.

The present research is a semi-experimental research that was carried out at the shift workers of the five industrial group of Surirplast. 30 workers, who had an average of 5 years of shift work history, were selected using judgmental sampling technique and were then randomly assigned to the two groups of aerobic physical activity (n=15) and control group (n=15). The experimental group performed 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week with 50-70% THR intensity, according to the schedule. Before and after the plan, the activity, height, BW, BMI, WHR, BFP, VF, Hs-CRP, SBP, DBP and HR were measured. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Leven test, Mbox-test and ANCOVA were used (p<0.05).

The BW, BMI, WHR, BFP, and VF decreased significantly in the post test for the training group, while the value of Vo2max increased (p<0.05). Also, the results of the study indicated that APA had a significant effect on BW, BMI, WHR, BFP, VF, Hs-CRP, SBP, DBP, and HR.

8-week Aerobic physical activity was effective in reducing the risk factors of CVD in shift workers; perhaps aerobic physical activity could be used as a non-pharmacological approach to prevent CVD in shift workers.

Obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes with regard to the hormones involved. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on Dpp-4 and GLP-1 in obese women with type 2 diabetes.

From among obese women with type-2 diabetes mellitus 35-50 years old referred to the Diabetes Association of Saveh, 20 people were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to two groups of control (10) and Experiment group (10) were divided. Twenty four hours before the beginning of the training, the individual characteristics of the subjects included age, height, weight, body mass index and research variables (insulin resistance, Dpp-4 and GLP-1) in the pre-test and the training group Aerobic exercise lasted for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 45-60 minutes each session, and the control group did not practice. After 8 weeks and 24 hours after the last training session, the individual characteristics and variables of the research were again measured. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and dependent t-test at p≤0.05.

There was a significant increase in the level of GLP-1 (P= 0.001) and a significant decrease in DPP-4 level (P= 0.001) in the aerobic exercise group compared to the control group.

Results showed that Dpp-4 and GLP-1 values were significantly different in aerobic training group after 8 weeks compared to control group. It was also found that aerobic training significantly increased the level of GLP-1 and decreased the level of DPP-4.

Background: Heart disease is one of the side effects of breast cancer. Physical activity and herbs are effective in reducing the inflammatory factors of the heart tissue.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of swimming and ginger on some inflammatory factors of the heart tissue of mice induced by breast cancer.

60 female Balb C-female (6-8 weeks old) and (150-250 g weight) after induction of breast cancer (surgical technique) and familiarity with the environment were randomly divided into 6 groups: healthy control, control Cancer, Cancer-Swim, Cancer-Supplement, Cancer-Saline-Supplement and Cancer-Saline. Swimming and swimming-Supplement groups swam for 6 weeks, five days a week and 60 minutes a day. Supplements and supplements-swimming groups were injected 6 days a day with ginger extract (20 mg / kg) and saline (sodium chloride 0.9%). After intervention, alpha-Tumor necrosis levels (TNFα) and Interleukin10 (IL10) were measured by ELISA and specialized kits. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data (P <0.05).

The results showed that induction of cancer was associated with an increase in TNFα and a decrease in IL10. Six weeks of swimming, supplementation and combined intervention reversed these changes. But there is no significant difference between these three independent variables.

Swimming, supplementation of ginger and their combination may be effective in modulating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in the heart tissue of breast cancer patients.

We investigated the effect of virgin olive oil with and without aerobic training on the selective indicators of cardiovascular diseases (blood level of triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL) in women. There is clear relation between abnormal blood lipid profile and heart diseases; therefore, the level of lipid profile is important. Use of olive oil leads to the decrease of blood lipid level after meal for having one bonding fatty acid. Also 3 weeks after using virgin olive oil, the level of HDL will increase.

The study was carried out with four groups of women (aged 30-50 years) for 6 weeks. 10 persons participated in each group. One group acted as sedentary control for 6 weeks. The same group made the second group after 10 days of wash out. They consumed virgin olive oil (12 gr daily) for 6 weeks. The third group (another 10 persons) ran in a treadmill for 6 weeks; they began with 2 km/h speed, and every 3 min, added 1 km/h to their speed; they continued this pattern up to 15 minutes. This group made the fourth group after 10 days of wash out. They did aerobic training similar to the third group; in addition, they consumed 12 gr of virgin olive oil daily for 6 weeks. Triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels of blood were analyzed for all groups at the beginning and at the end of every 6 weeks.

The finding revealed that in the fourth group who did aerobic training and used virgin olive oil simultaneously, the level of HDL increased significantly (p<0/05).

Results from the present study support the idea that aerobic training and intake of virgin olive oil is a very good way for increasing the blood's HDL level, which is desirable in many pathologic situations. It is concluded that aerobic training pulse olive oil consumption is effective for fighting against cardiovascular diseases

Aerobic exercise increases the production of free radicals. Grape seed extract has a high potential in removing the free radicals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of concurrent aerobic training and grape seed extract on total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde in young men.

In this study, 40 healthy non-athlete male with an average (age 22.60±0.98 in years, weight 76.07±5.11 in kg and body fat 18.06±1.64 in percent) randomly divided into four groups of training- supplement (n=10), training-placebo (n=10), supplement (n=10) and control (n=10). Before and after the intervention, weight, BMI, and body fat percentage, maximum oxygen consumption, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde were measured.

The mean age, weight, and body fat were 22.60±0.98 years, 76.07±5.11 kg, and 18.06±1.64 percent, respective) The results showed that concurrent aerobic training and grape seed extract significantly increased total antioxidant capacity and reduced malondialdehyde in the training-supplement, training-placebo and supplement groups,and in the control group was significantly increased malondialdehyde.

The results showed that 8 weeks aerobic training and consumption of grape seed extract increased total antioxidant capacity and reduced the malondialdehyde.