حجت کرمی

Fatigue and sleepiness are considered as important factors in road accidents. Every year, a large number of heavy vehicle drivers are injured and die due to fatigue and sleepiness, and a heavy cost is imposed on the society in various fields. In this research, the effectiveness of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model in estimating accidents caused by fatigue and sleepiness on the Semnan-Shahroud axis was investigated. The studied accident data is from 1395 to 1401. The input data to the model included the month, lighting conditions, days of the week, road condition, weather conditions, type of riding, car condition, seat belt closure, type of injury, gender and education level of the driver. 70% of data was included for training and 30% for model testing. The performance of the model was evaluated with R2, RMSE and MAE evaluation criteria. The results showed that the SVM model can be effective in simulating the data of accidents caused by fatigue and sleepiness of the Semnan-Shahroud axis. The values of R2, RMSE and MAE of the model in the test stage were 0.9153, 2.6745 and 3.8512, respectively, which shows the good performance of the model.

One method used to estimate the evaporation rate involves employing various types of evaporation pans, including the standard Colorado Sunken and Class A evaporation pans. This study aimed to investigate and compare the evaporation rates from two pans, Class A and Colorado Sunken, in Semnan City. The Colorado Sunken evaporation pan was utilized as the test pan, and the test was conducted in an open space near the Faculty of Civil Engineering at Semnan University, located in Semnan City. Evaporation measurements were recorded daily for 123 days, from June 1, 2017, to September 31, 2017. The evaporation amount from the Class A pan was obtained from the synoptic station of Semnan city, situated 2.39 km away from the test site, and was subsequently analyzed. Meteorological data, including maximum and minimum temperature, maximum and minimum relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine hours, and air pressure, were also collected from the Semnan synoptic station and compared with the experimental evaporation data. The results indicated no significant difference in the daily evaporation amount between the Class A pan and the Colorado Sunken pan during the tested periods. The best statistical distribution, based on Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, for the Class A evaporation pan and the buried Colorado pan, were selected as Error with (k-s=0.05019) and Gamma with (k-s=0.05552). The coefficient of determination between the two pans was estimated to be approximately 93%. Further analysis revealed that the rate of evaporation is most closely associated with the maximum daily temperature. Pearson's correlation coefficient for the maximum temperature with the Class A evaporation pan and the Colorado Sunken pan was found to be 0.623 and 0.647, respectively.

This paper presents a novel technology for desilting dam reservoirs in a continuous and controlled manner. The proposed technology utilizes a suction system that incorporates two pumps: a dredge pump for removing and transporting sediments, and a high-pressure submersible pump for generating water jets to create turbulent flows in the bottom sediment layers. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technology, local experiments were conducted in two cases: with the suction pump alone and with the addition of water jet flow. These experiments were conducted at the end of the reservoir of Zenouz Dam, which serves as a case study. The collected sediment mass was measured over time, and the resulting mass-time graphs revealed three distinct phases: ascending, descending, and constant. Based on the local conditions, soil properties and dredging system, the maximum sediment mass removal rates by the pump were 100 g/s for the case without water jet and ranged from 200 to 430 g/s for the case with water jet. Dimensional analysis was performed to determine the relationship between sediment yield and parameters such as sediment volumetric flow rate and sediment mass flow rate. The results showed that the variations of sediment discharge followed the same characteristic curves (discharge - height) of the pump. The average de-sedimentation efficiency was found to be 7-14% and 2-3% for the experimental pump modes with and without the jet flow, respectively. This indicates that the water jet flow has a significant influence on enhancing the de-sedimentation efficiency, and without it, the sediment removal would not be feasible.

In this research, the numerical simulation of the scouring of the downstream bed of two types of trapezoidal and triangular piano key series in the same geometric and hydraulic conditions has been done using the Flow-3D numerical model. To carry out the calibration process of the desired numerical model, the laboratory study of Ghodsian et al. (2021) was used in the conditions of sediment transfer. After the software calibration, the accuracy of the R2 criterion for the longitudinal profile of scour and the maximum depth of scour downstream of the weir was equal to 0.9338 and 0.873, respectively. Eighteen numerical simulations for scour downstream of two types of trapezoidal and triangular piano key weirs were carried out under the conditions of changes in discharge and depth of abutment, and the local changes of scour in a trapezoidal piano key weir at a depth of 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 meters and all three The flow rate of 25, 35 and 45 liters second was observed less than the weir of the triangular piano key. By doubling the depth of the weir in the trapezoidal weir up to 29% and in the triangular weir up to 26.6%, the scour depth decreases. Also, with a 44% decrease in discharge at a constant depth of the aquifer, a 40% and 37.4% decrease in the maximum scour hole depth was observed in the trapezoidal and triangular weir, respectively. The increase in the depth of the floodplain causes the loss of energy of the falling jets from the weir, and by reducing the capacity of the bed sediments carried by the water flow, it causes a decrease in the maximum scour depth downstream of the desired weirs. It was observed that with the increase of the flow through both types of trapezoidal and triangular piano key weirs in the condition of constant depth of the abutment, the scour rate in the sedimentary bed for both types of weirs approaches.

Undoubtedly, Internet Broadcasting is one of the cost-effective and inclusive methods for content sharing. One of the characteristics of internet broadcasting is that the content is available to the audience without being saved. Since many copyright-protected works are transmitted through the internet, it has created issues with regard to the literary and artistic property rights. Among the challenging issues is the issue of protection of the internet broadcasting right, which has always been a matter of dispute between the supporters and opponents of such protection. Internet broadcasting rights protection has always been one of the topics discussed in the meetings for drafting the new treaty for the support of broadcasting organizations. The present article, considering all the mentioned issues, constitutes an attempt at answering the basic question of whether it is possible to protect internet broadcasting as is done with regard to the radio and television broadcasting. Furthermore, protecting the creator's rights against the internet broadcasting technology and considering the right of internet broadcasting for the creator are the issues that need to be studied and evaluated to clarify their current status and condition. The present study, while explaining the nature of internet broadcasting technology and comparing it with the radio and television broadcasting and considering the international documents and domestic laws of some countries, evaluates how the internet broadcasting technology is envisaged under the literary and artistic property rights system.

The junction of open channels is one of the most important points that must be carefully studied. Because the phenomenon of the intersection of channels or rivers is very common, from nature to cities. On the other hand, the flow behavior at these points is very fast, complex and different due to the connection of two or more flows with different characteristics. Many and different studies have been done on this field, with different conditions and forms of the channel section. But the main goal of this article is to investigate the flow behavior at the junction of two compound channels. But according to the literature review and past researches, it can be concluded that the most of the researches included channels with a rectangular section, while most of the natural sections are closer to the compound section. Therefore, here the intersection of channels with a compound section is investigated.

Until the last three decades, the study of fluid movement and the investigation of existing phenomena in this field, were only using experimental or analytical methods, with many assumptions to simplify it. But with the advance of computers, researchers were able to investigate more complex phenomena. One of these scientific fields that has made significant progress with the increase in computing power, is computational fluid dynamics or CFD, and one of its branches is hydraulic. Microscopic investigation of water behavior in natural streams is complex. Solving the existing theoretical models, in their complete form and with all the improvements, does not have the ability to correctly simulate its changes. But with the advance of computers, the science of CFD was able to successfully simulate and predict the behavior of water by using turbulence models. which There are different turbulence models with different applications that are used according to the type of problems. For calibration the model, the simulation’s results is compared with the experimental data. If the amount of error was small, it is concluded that the modeling has sufficient accuracy. So it is possible to continue the research and simulating other samples that have not been done in the laboratory, using Flow-3D software, and the effect of different parameters is investigating.

The profile of the water level in all cases of the intersection of two channels is such that the height of the water reaches a maximum in the middle of the intersection and then decreases to a minimum at a distance of about one meter from the intersection. After this point, the height of the water increases again to reach the equilibrium state. . However, among the effective parameters on the depth of water inside the channel, the effect of ratio of width of the channels, ratio of the flows and trapezoidal channel were investigated, with the assumption of constant angle of intersection of two channels (90 degrees).Reducing the slope of the channels wall up to 10.5%, reducing the ratio of the main flow to the side channel up to 4.2% and reducing the ratio of the width of the main channel to the width of the side channel up to 33%, leads to a decrease in the minimumwater depth compared to the base model (with a rectangular cross-section and a flow ratio of 0.25). Also with increasing the ratio of flow to maximum, the minimum depth increased by 7.5%.The velocity and the turbulence energy were investigated for four specific simulations in order to get a better understanding of the intersection of two compound channels.

The main changes and characteristics of the intersection of two channels, are related to the characteristics of the sub-channel and are the result of the effect that the momentum of the sub-flow has on the main flow. U-velocity in the trapezoidal channel, decreased by 13.76% compared to the rectangular channel, and also the u-velocity in the minimum flow ratio was 1.33 times higher than the model with the maximum flow ratio. This indicates the importante effect of the sub-channel.

One of the basic steps in water resources management and planning according to population increase and lack of water resources in Iran is to optimize the use of dam reservoirs. In this research, the effect of meteorological droughts on the optimization of the Aydoghmoush dam reservoir in the northwest of Iran was evaluated by applying metaheuristic algorithms under the impact of future climate change. Three models and two scenarios of SSP2-4.5 and SSP2-8.5 of the sixth IPCC report, and the LARS-WG downscaling model were used for Aydoghmoush dam weather station for the base period (1978-2014) and future periods of 2022-2040 and 2070-2100. The inflow and outflow of the dam, as well as the optimal utilization of the dam reservoir, were evaluated using standalone, and hybrid mode of genetic, slime mold, and ant colony algorithms. Results of the best release scenario (SSP2-8.5) showed that the annual rainfall in the future periods will decrease by 8.9 mm, and 14.5 mm, respectively, compared to the base period. The objective function of optimizing the use of the dam reservoir was defined as minimizing the sum of squared relative deficiencies in each month and maximizing the reliability in the statistical period of 2011-2021. The results showed that in terms of time reliability, vulnerability, and stability, the hybrid slime mold-genetic algorithm was better than other algorithms with values of 0.73, 0.32, and 28.78. Prediction of the dam's inflow and outflow using the hybrid slime mold-genetic algorithm indicated high accuracy compared to other models by 13% and 19% errors, respectively.

Hydraulic jump is a fast and irreversible variable flow that occurs downstream of hydraulic structures and the result of which is the rapid transformation of supercritical flow into subcritical flow, which increases the depth of the flow and causes a significant loss of energy. By examining the previous studies, it is clear that the roughness bed or the divergence plays an important role in hydraulic jump characteristics.  FLOW-3D is one of the suitable software in hydraulic Phenomenon modeling. In order to ensure the appropriate capability of FLOW-3D software in simulating hydraulic jump, first, a research related to this issue which has been investigated in the past in a laboratory, is simulated in the software. Then, by comparing the results of the numerical simulations with the laboratory data and ensuring the proper functioning of the software, new simulations are made. The experiments related to the physical model used were carried out in a laboratory flume with walls and floors made of transparent plexiglass, 5 meters long, 0.3 meters wide, 0.45 meters high, and zero longitudinal slope. To create a supercritical flow, a steel valve with a height of 0.65 meters and a thickness of 3 mm and an opening height of 1.7 cm was used for a non-prismatic channel with a divergence ratio of 0.33. In order to create symmetrical opening ratios of 0.33, glass boxes with a length of 0.5, a height of 0.2 and a width of 0.1 meters were placed on both sides of the flume. After the simulation and by checking the R2, MAE and RMSE parameters, the k-ɛ model and the mesh with the number of 687600 cells were selected as the optimal mesh. In this research, according to the selection of four types of bed (smooth bed, rough bed with hemispherical roughness and diameter of 3, 4 and 5 cm) and three divergence angles (7, 14 and 90 degrees) and five Froude numbers (Froude number: 4.34, 5.71, 6.95, 8.17, and 9.37) in total, Simulated for 60 different experiments.  The results showed that for the maximum discharge for the sudden divergent channel, the roughness of the bed with a diameter of 5 cm causes the amount of the flow depth to decrease by 19.77% compared to the smooth bed. Also, the sudden divergence of the bed reduces the flow level by 23.75%. In all cases, the value of y2/y1 increases with increasing Froude number. With the increase of the Froude number from 4.34 to 9.37, the value of y2/y1 on the flat bed increases by 15.54%. With the increase of the Froude number from 4.34 to 9.37, the value of y2/y1 on the rough bed with a diameter of 3 cm decreases by 5.67% on average compared to the smooth bed. As the roughness diameter increases from 3 to 5 cm, the value of (Lj/y1) decreases by 15.58% on average. The results show that the (EL/E1) ratio increases with the application of bed roughness. So that by applying a roughness with a diameter of 5 cm, the value of (EL/E1) compared to a smooth bed increases by about 5% on average, and by applying a sudden divergence, the value of (EL/E1) compared to a bed diverging under an angle of 7 degrees The average increases by 4.58%. FLOW-3D is a good software to prediction of hydraulic jump characteristics in divergent channel with smooth bed and rough bed and The k-ɛ turbulence model was selected as the optimal turbulence model. Increasing the bed roughness size decreases the secondary depth for all values ​​of 𝐹𝑟1. The sudden expanding of the rough bed with a roughness of 4 cm reduces the y2/y1 by 12.98% compared to the bed with a divergence under 7 degrees. Increasing the size of the roughness decreases the length of the hydraulic jump. According to the results, the length of the hydraulic jump in the rough bed with a diameter of 5 cm compared to the smooth bed decreased by 26.12%. Also, by increasing the roughness diameter from 3 to 5 cm, the value of (Lj/y1) decreases by 15.58% on average. By applying roughness with a diameter of 5 cm, the value of (EL/E1) increases by about 5% on average compared to the smooth bed. Results show that the divergence angle of the bed is effective on streamlines. But, increasing the roughness of the bed, there is no noticeable change in the streamlines. However, increasing the bed roughness size, increases the amount of disturbance energy in the section.

Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve is one of the most common tools used in water resources management (Bernard 1932). In this regard, obtaining IDF curves plays an important role in designing of hydraulic structures such as dams and water transfer canals. Intensity, duration and frequency of precipitation are changed according to the change in the hydrological cycle and the increase of greenhouse gases. The optimal designs of surface runoff systems extremely rely on IDF rainfall curves (Liew, et al. 2014). Since rainfall characteristics are often used for designing hydraulic structures, it is necessary to review and update rainfall characteristics such as the IDF curve for the future climate scenarios (De Paola, et al. 2014). Climate change affects the intensity and frequency of rainfall as well as runoff in future periods. According to the studies conducted in the western reversible flood basin, the amount of runoff and maximum flows and the probability of flooding will increase significantly in the future time horizon, (Binesh, et al. 2018). As well, it is necessary to define the flood peak thresholds in order to determine the discharge values for different return periods, for which it is necessary to determine the maximum precipitation values with a certain intensity and continuity for future periods (Van, et al. 2020). According to the researches, it seems that the effect of climate change on marginal currents in urban basins has been less considered. Therefore, in the present study, using the SDSM model outputs according to the fifth report, intensity- duration- frequency (IDF) curves under the influence of climate change scenarios were extracted for Shemiran, Geophysic and Mehrabad synoptic stations located in Tehran province with different return periods in order to better evaluate the role of climate change on the intensity of rainfall and floods in the basin and to consider the necessary measures in accordance with the conditions ahead.

The data of historical storms of meteorological stations is used to obtain the intensity-duration-frequency curves. In the present study, IDF curves of Shemiran, Geophysic and Mehrabad synoptic stations located in Tehran province influenced by climate change of the historical period (1991-2015) with 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 year return periods were extracted. SDSM software version 5.3 has been used for downscaling. Based on the following downscaling, precipitation forecasting was performed under three scenarios: RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for 5 periods of 15 years and a period of 10 years from 2016 to 2100. The SCS method has been used to calculate the concentration time in this study. Three criteria of correlation (r), Nash Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) and Bias were used to evaluate the efficiency of SDSM model. The proposed method of the US Soil Conservation Organization is based on the proposal of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) about the temporal distribution pattern of storms. The amount and intensity of precipitation in each return period is calculated by means of this temporal distribution pattern. 6-hour precipitation was obtained under RCP scenarios for different return periods using the hero relationship.

In this study, forecasts for the next 50 years indicate that the rainfall will decrease by 16.55% and 14.36% at Shemiran station according to the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Compared to the observational state; however, precipitation will increase by 45.24% based on the RCP4.5 scenarios. At the Geophysic station, the annual rainfall will decrease by 25.12 and 16.8 percent based on the scenarios of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, but it will increase by 20.61 percent based on the RCP45. The precipitation at Mehrabad station will decrease in all scenarios. The precipitation at Mehrabad station will decrease by 11.038, 10.6 and 5.75, respectively under the scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5.

In the present study, it is found that the rainfall intensity by comparing the obtained IDF curves in Shemiran, Geophysic and Mehrabad synoptic stations under RCP2.6 scenario has dramatically increased by 45.66, 54.49 and 31.74 percent in comparison to the base period for the return period of 50 years. RCP4.5 scenario contains 40.89, 61.5 and 43.9% and RCP8.5 scenario contains 65.77, 66.12 and 48.6 percent. Finally, using the extracted IDF curves for Shemiran, Geophysic and Mehrabad synoptic stations, the maximum flow influenced by climate change was compared with the base flow. The results show that the maximum discharge is increasing. According to the results, the maximum flow rate based on the rainfall intensity obtained at Shemiran station increased by at least 40.89% and at most 65.77% under the influence of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the return period of 50 years compared to the maximum of base flow. According to the intensity of precipitation calculated at the geophysic station, the maximum flood discharge increased by about 54% with the RCP2.6 scenario and about 66% with the RCP8.5 scenario compared to the base period. Finally, by comparing the maximum discharge under the influence of climatic scenarios and the maximum of base flow (based on calculated by rainfall intensity) at Mehrabad station, it was determined that the minimum increase of the maximum of base flow is related to RCP2.6 scenario was 31.74% and the maximum increase was related to RCP8.5 scenario which is 48.61%

The effect of weather and climate conditions on road accidents has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This research aimed to analyze climatic parameters, including wind speed, dust storms, fog, and hail, using the GIS technique. Station data used for this study were from Amirieh, Bastam, Foroomad, Qaleh Now-e Kharaqan, Hosseinian, Kohan, Mehdishahr, Majen, and Nardin in Semnan province. Following that, accidents on the main roads of Semnan-Shahrud and Mayamey-Jajarm over six years (2016-2021) were examined. Maps were produced regarding accident risk for each meteorological parameter on the mentioned roads using ArcGIS 10.3 software, divided into five situations: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. A comparison was made between Kriging and IDW as interpolation methods. According to the findings, most accidents happen on both roads in April. Also, on both roads, most accidents happen during the day, followed by lighting at night in all years. The results showed that the most serious accidents occurred on Semnan-Shahrood and Mayamey-Jajarm roads during clear weather conditions between 2016 and 2021. Furthermore, rainy conditions are ranked second regarding the risk of accidents on both roads during the years mentioned. The findings showed that the level of accident risk for the climatic parameters of thunderstorms and temperature was reported as low to medium and very low, respectively, on the Semnan-Shahrood road. Also, the risk level for precipitation and snow depth parameters was assessed as low to moderate. Further, the level of accident risk for the climatic parameters of snow depth, temperature, thunderstorm, and precipitation was evaluated as low to high, low, medium, and low to medium on the Mayamey-Jajarm road.

Runoff is formed by spending some time after rain and significantly depends on rainfall intensity, soil moisture, and slope. One of the fundamental questions about runoff is the time that it starts to create. In this research, the runoff start time in sandy loam soil was evaluated experimentally under different conditions using a precipitation simulator machine. The rainfall intensity parameters of (60, 80, and 100 millimeters per hour) and the slope of (0 and 5 percent) were investigated. The rainfall was created in the three soil treatment types completely dry (Sdry), the dry soil that had been saturated 24 hours before the test (S24hrlag), and the dry soil that had been saturated 48 hours before the test (S48hrlag). Eighteen tests were conducted on this soil. At the end of each test, the soil moisture was measured. The experimental results were compared with the numerical model of Green-Ampt. According to the Kendall and Spearman correlation test results, as the rainfall be intense, the start time of the runoff is lower. Also, the runoff starts at a faster time in the slope of 5 percent for every three types of soil. Also, the results of starting time of the runoff in the soil with a delay of 48 hours in the rain compared to the soil with a delay of 24 hours in the rain are closer in all of the rainfall intensity and slopes compared to the case of dry soil. Therefore, in the experiments related to a delay of 24 hours, the time of the start of runoff decreases. While in tests with a delay of 48 hours, it was not much different from completely dry soil. Also, the Green-Ampt results are close to the experimental results (R2=0.9775), and the maximum difference between the two mentioned methods is 4.8 minutes. Therefore, it can be used with the Green-Ampt method to calculate the start time of runoff in sandy loam soil in different states of rainfall intensity and bed slope.

This research aimed to analyze climatic parameters, including wind speed, dust storms, fog, and hail, using the GIS technique. The data used for this research were collected from Amirieh, Bastam, Foroomad, Qaleh Now-e Kharaqan, Hosseinian, Kohan, Mehdishahr, Majen, and Nardin in Semnan province. Following that, accidents on the main roads of Semnan-Shahrud and Mayamey-Jajarm over six years (2016-2021) were examined. Maps were produced regarding accident risk for each meteorological parameter on the mentioned roads using ArcGIS 10.3 software, divided into five situations: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. A comparison was made between Kriging and IDW as interpolation methods, and it was found that Kriging outperformed the IDW method according to the criteria evaluated by R2, RMSE, and MAE. The results showed that the level of accident risk was reported to range from low to high for wind speed, hail, fog, and dust storms parameters on the Semnan-Shahrood road. According to the findings, the level of accident risk for the climatic parameters of fog and dust storms is very low to moderate on the Mayamey-Jajarm road. Also, the level of risk for wind speed and hail parameters was assessed as low to high and low to medium, respectively.

The significantly high rate of evaporation from the surface of water results in a notable reduction in utilizing water reservoirs and farm ponds. Floating physical covers are considered to be one of the most effectual approaches toward reducing the rate of evaporation from the surface of water. In the present study, the following six types of covers were utilized with three repetitions for each type of cover on the surface of the standard Sunken Colorado Evaporation Pan. The covers included: polystyrene, wood parts, synthetic honey wax, Perlite and Leica grains, and threshed straw. Three varying percentages of 60, 70, and 80 were examined for polystyrene, wood, and wax covers. Water depth alterations for both covered and uncovered reservoirs were scrutinized in the period starting from May 23rd, 2018 until August 22nd, 2018 in Semnan University in Semnan city. The economical effectiveness of the plan was estimated for each separate type of coating. The findings of the study indicated that the average amount of reduction in surface evaporation in comparison with the control reservoir relevant to polystyrene covers with 60, 70, and 80% coverage, wood parts with 60, 70 and, 80% coverage, synthetic honey wax with 60, 70, and 80% coverage, and Perlite, Leica, and straw are approximately 43, 54, 65, 10, 19, 26, 9, 18, 25, 36, 22 and 20 %, respectively. Regarding the economic analysis of the study, surveys were carried out on a farm pond located at a distance of approximately 3.8 km from the site. The findings displayed that bearing in mind the 5-year economic life of the plan, polystyrene and Perlite covers are deemed to be economical. Conclusively, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for polystyrene covers with 60, 70, and 80% covering, and Perlite covers are 571, 722, 872, and 32, respectively.

The impact of different management options on the region and the existing conditions can be evaluated with minimal cost and time to select the most practical case using various tools including mathematical models. In this study, the SWAT hydrological model was performed from 2009 to 2019 using climatic, hydrological, and hydrometric data in the Malayer catchment, and the final model was validated by SWAT-CUP. To reduce the amount of uncertainty in the input parameters to the MODFLOW model, using the values of surface recharge from the implementation of the SWAT hydrological model, quantitative modeling of Malayer aquifer was performed more reliably in GMS software by using MODFLOW model. After modeling the study area in the 2009-2018 period and calibrating the model in the years from 2018 to 2019, the mean values of absolute error (MAE) were 0.35-0.65 m, and root means square error (RMSE) was 0.62-0.94 m, which seems acceptable considering computational and observational heads equal to 1650 m. Results of water level changes in observation wells located in the Malayer region indicate that the groundwater level in the aquifer has decreased by an average value of 9.7 m in the 10-year study period.

Among the approaches to reduce flood damage is to reduce the flow rate near the shore by spur dikes. The study first simulated the transfer of sediment and scour around series spur dikes in an experimental model using Flow 3d software. According to the comparison results, one can observe a good match between the results of the numerical and experimental models that the error rates of MAPE around the first spur dike, for U/Ucr ratios were, 0.75, 0.85 and 0.95 and were 9%, 13.79% and 14.10%, respectively. Then two protective spur dikes with various lengths (10 and 20 cm) were used in canal upstream and the effects of the presence of these two protective spur dikes simultaneously on the scour around the main spur dike were examined. In modeling done, increase in U/Ucr depth increases the maximum spur dike depth, so that with increase in U/Ucr by 26% (from 0.75 to 0.95), the increase in the maximum depth of the first spur was 51%, in the second spur dike 4 times, and in the third spur dike 116%. When the protective spur dike couple with various lengths is used simultaneously, and then these two protective spur dikes simultaneously drastically reduce the effect of the flow intensity to the wall and nose of the main spur dike. Moreover, the maximum depth of scour around the

Due to the scarcity of water resources and increasing human demand, the optimal operation of reservoirs has become one of the most important issues in the world. In this regard, the correct and optimal operation of dams is one of the most efficient tools for water resources management. Due to the large number of decision variables, relationships, and constraints in the problems, reservoir management, and optimization have many complexities. Therefore, many researchers in their research have paid special attention to this issue. In this research, a new algorithm namely Atom Search Optimization (ASO), which is derived from the concepts of molecular dynamics, will be developed for multi-reservoir water resource systems. On the other hand, failure to implement appropriate policies to protect the soil has led to an important phenomenon of erosion in the lands above the reservoirs, one of the negative consequences of which will be sedimentation. The transfer and accumulation of suspended sediments, in turn, will reduce the useful volume of the reservoir, which is neglected in most reservoir optimization issues. However, in this study, the optimal operation of a single reservoir dam is investigated by the Atom Search Optimization algorithm in terms of monthly sediment yield.

First, the performance of the atom search algorithm on mathematical benchmark functions will be investigated. Then, by performing sensitivity analysis to logically determine the effective coefficients of the algorithm and selecting the appropriate number of particles and the number of iterations of each operation, the performance of the algorithm on conventional systems of four and ten reservoirs is analyzed. In order to supply water downstream of Dez Dam, considering the important issue of monthly sediment flow in the reservoir, the atom search algorithm and four other common algorithms are used. The results are modified by selecting the objective function value criteria, RMSE, MAE, NSE, and PBIAS values and prioritized using TOPSIS and Modified-TOPSIS ranking techniques.

The performance of the atom search algorithm on conventional systems of four and ten reservoirs is analyzed, which shows the results of 95.33% with an absolute optimal solution of four reservoirs, ie 308.29, and 89.67% with an absolute answer of ten reservoirs, 1194.44. Also, by comparing the atom search algorithm and four common Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Genetic Algorithm (GA) in a single reservoir system under deposition, the absolute superiority of the ASO search algorithm was demonstrated.

The use of an atom search algorithm in solving optimization problems in the field of water resources management is recommended, especially in terms of the effectiveness of soil protection and sedimentation of reservoirs.

By the development of technology and the advancement of technology, many intelligent methods have emerged for estimating the discharge coefficient of different hydraulic structures. One of the structures used in power plants is bottom intake structure. The task of this structure is to transfer the flow to the collecting channel. The advantages of these structures are their stability against dynamic and static loads due to their low level alignment. In the present study, four intelligent algorithms capable of extreme learning machine (ELM), general regression neural networks (GRNN), multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) and M5 tree model have been evaluated in modeling of discharge coefficient of bottom intake. The modeling results showed that the ELM algorithm is more accurate than the other algorithms in both training (70% of data) and test (30% of data) periods. In addition, R2 coefficient for the mentioned algorithm was up to 3.74% higher than the other algorithms used. Also the DDR criterion and modeling error histogram showed the superiority of the ELM algorithm. Finally, the computational speed of the algorithms used was compared, which ELM algorithm was 2.557 times faster than the other algorithms. Therefore, the ELM algorithm has high potential for modeling the discharge coefficient in overflows due to its good accuracy and high speed.

One of the vital parts of a dam is its energy dissipation structure. With the construction of a dam, the flow is conveyed downstream. The outlet flow from a dam has a lot of energy and to dissipate this energy the plunge pools are used. The impact of jet from a dam outlet to the river bed might cause a large scour hole, which is one of the most important topics in the field of river engineering. The scour phenomenon may lead to damages for the dam or adjacent structures. Therefore, accurate estimation of the depth and dimensions of the scour hole is necessary. Although, the symmetric crossing jets in the dam’s outlet structures are used as a solution for the energy dissipation, but the scour at downstream of these structures may also happen. Pagliara et al. (2011) studied the scour caused by two crossing jets. They used a uniform bed material with a diameter of d50=9.5mm. They observed that in the presence of high tailwater level, a significant decrease occurs in the scour depth at all the crossing angles. The continuation of studies in this field help to collect more information and findings. Therefore, the present research uses a different bed material size with d50=1.4mm. An attempt was also made to derive specific equations which includes the crossing angle as an independent variable to interpolate the scour value in different angles.

In this study, 54 experiments were conducted to investigate and analyze the scour caused by symmetric crossing jets, also 9 experiments with a single jet were performed as reference tests. The diameter of the equivalent single jet is equal to Deq=31.1 mm. A bed material with d50=1.4 mm and geometric standard deviation of σg=1.5 is used. The experiments were carried out in a 16 m long, 1 m wide and 0.8 m high canal at the hydraulic laboratory of the Semnan University. A hinged gate was used to adjust the tailwater level. To hold the jet pipes during the tests and change their height, a metal base was built. An electro pump with a maximum discharge of 10 lit/s was used. Accordingly, three discharge values (105, 91.5, 78 lit/min), three tailwater level (3, 6, 9 cm), two distances for the jets crossing point to the water surface (5, 10 cm) and three different crossing angles (30, 70, 110) were used. To predict the scour hole dimensions (the scour hole depth, the length and the width as well as the ending location of the downstream ridge), the linear and power regression models are also presented. The experiments performed systematically by changing the hydraulic parameters and the effect of each parameter was investigated on the scour hole dimensions. At the end of each experiment, the longitudinal and transverse profiles of the scour hole at the maximum depth section were measured using a laser measurer.

At the crossing angles of 70 and 110 with low tailwater level, the scour depth is more than that of the crossing angle of 30 and the single jet. It was also observed that at the crossing angles of 70 and 110 and low tailwater level the scour shape tends to be asymmetric. Increasing the tailwater level and the distance of the crossing point of the jets from tailwater increased the scour depth at the crossing angle of 30, but, at the angles of 70 and 110, on the contrary, the scour depth was decreased. Accordingly, it turns out that the use of crossing jets for the scour reduction is only effective in some hydraulic conditions. The linear and power equations obtained from the entire data collection were not able to estimate the scour hole dimensions accurately at all the crossing angles because of the complexity of the phenomenon. But, the power models obtained separately for each crossing angle were able to estimate the scour features satisfactorily. The longitudinal scour hole profiles are plotted and compared with each other at various crossing angles. To show the effect of each variable, the scour hole parameters are also plotted versus the independent variables.

The results of this research showed that the use of crossing jets necessarily does not reduce the scour, and at the same time this depends on different hydraulic factors, such as, the angle of the crossing jets, the tailwater level, and the distance of the crossing point of the jets from tailwater level. The results show that at low tailwater level, the amount of scour due to the crossing jets is more than that of the single jet at all the crossing angles.Keywords: symmetric crossing jets, scour hole dimensions, regression equations

Nowadays, access to safe drinking water is a major challenge in most arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Due to the low cost of raw materials for construction of concrete tanks, these types of structures are common in many areas where water problems are encountered. This study explores the use of porous concrete by utilizing the idea of old water storage tanks (Ab-Anbars), which played an important role in water storage for remote areas, rural and small towns until three to four decades ago, and their effect on reducing or increasing water temperatures. At the wall of the water storage tanks, effect of air passage through the porous concrete on the water inside the tanks is studied. For further investigation, LECA (5% by weight of aggregates) was used as an additive to porous concrete and 3 replicates of this treatment and control treatment were made. Daily ambient temperature and humidity were measured by the respective sensors, and inside temperature of the tanks was measured with two sensors, one in the middle of the stored water and one in the middle of the open space of the tanks, in the warmest hour of the day (14:30 pm) in spring and summer of 2019. Results showed that mean water temperature of LECA treatment was lower than mean water temperature of control and mean air temperature of control treatment was higher than mean air temperature of LECA treatment. Mean air and water temperatures were always less than mean ambient temperature. Also, the physical parameters of porous concrete (i.e., porosity, permeability and compressive strength) were investigated in this study. Results showed that the compressive strength and porosity of LECA treatment were higher than the control and its permeability was lower than the control.

Due to the complexity of the nature of groundwater systems as well as the limitations of borehole drilling, temporal and spatial modeling of groundwater levels are not readily possible. Artificial intelligence methods such as RBF, ANN, SVR, ANFIS and ARIMA modeling and their combination with geostatistical methods have been used to find useful solutions for spatial prediction of groundwater level. The case study of this study is Semnan plain. The first step is the temporal modeling of groundwater level using different methods. The results showed that the ANFIS model provides more accurate prediction of the monthly groundwater level in the experimental stage than other methods (R2 = 0.994 and RMSE = 0.041). Next step, the ANFIS output data is used as input data for the geostatistical model and the linear kriging model is selected as the best model for spatial development of groundwater level. (R2 = 0.8889 and RMSE = 2.376). The results of this study showed that the combination of ANFIS model and linear kriging model is an appropriate method for temporal and spatial prediction of groundwater level.

Hydraulic conductivity of soils is one of the most important parameters in designing soil structures, water, and environmental resources management. Hydraulic conductivity in the soil varies with the size of their particles. Several studies by different researchers on fine-grained soil hydraulic conductivity and coarse-grained soils are done. In some studies, the methods and materials used to reduce soil hydraulic conductivity. On the other hand, nanoclays are nanoparticles of layered mineral silicates. Depending on chemical composition and nanoparticle morphology, nano clays are organized into several classes such as montmorillonite, bentonite, kaolinite, hectorite, and halloysite(Majeed and Taha, 2013). Organically modified nanoclays (organoclays) are an attractive class of hybrid organic-inorganic nanomaterials with potential uses in polymer nanocomposites, as rheological modifiers, gas absorbents, and drug delivery carriers(Abbasi et al, 2016).Plate-like montmorillonite is the most common nanoclay used in materials applications. Montmorillonite consists of ~ 1 nm thick aluminosilicate layers surface-substituted with metal cations and stacked in ~ 10 µm-sized multilayer stacks. Depending on the surface modification of the clay layers, montmorillonite can be dispersed in a polymer matrix to form a polymer-clay nanocomposite. Within the nanocomposite individual, nm-thick clay layers become fully separated to form plate-like nanoparticles with a very high (nm × µm) aspect ratio.In this study, the effect of different amounts of montmorillonite nano clay (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%) on the hydraulic conductivity in three different densities (85, 90, and 95%) of sandy and clay soils have been investigated experimentally.

Piano-Key weirs are a new type of overflow that are designed to increase the drainage capacity of dams and canals. If the keys forming this overflow model are placed on an arc of a circle, it is called curved piano-key weir. In this research, the performance of three models of Intelligent Support Vector Regression (SVR), Support Vector Regression- Firefly (SVR-FA) and Support Vector Regression- Grasshopper (SVR-GOA) to predict curved piano-key weir flow rate were evaluated. Determination Coefficient (R2), Mean Squared Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Scattering Index (SI) are four statistical indicators that are used to determine the accuracy of intelligent models. The result of these evaluation criteria during the test period is that the SVR-GOA model with values ​​of 0.99275, 0.01220, 0.00026 and 0.00046 compared to the SVR-FA model with values ​​of  0.95666, 0.03844, 0.00200 and 0.00342 and SVR with values ​​of 0.94249, 0.04013, 0.06027 and 0.00410 for R2, MAE, RMSE and SI indicators, are more accurate in predicting curved piano-key weir flow rate

Since new cities are considered as the main elements of population overflow and play a crucial role, the strengthening of new cities can have very useful results in the balanced development of regions. The present study was aimed to investigate the stability of the new city of Shushtarno based on sustainability indicators using the DPSIR method. In this study, the socio-cultural, environmental, economic, physical-structural and political dimensions in the new city of Shushtarno were investigated and it was found that due to the low per capita of cultural centers, low per capita green space and their inappropriate distribution, lack of attention to urban and commercial service centers, lack of implementation of health centers, lack of educational centers (schools, technical and vocational training centers) and the lack of an independent municipality don’t have indicators of sustainable urban development. Therefore, it is required to use proper management practices to achieve the indicators of sustainable urban development.

Improvement of the river route is one of the goals that considered in using a spur dike to control the flood, prevent bed erosion, stabilize and protect the walls, and set river width. Spur dikes are structures that with adjustment hydraulic conditions and make smooth flow cause to reduce flow erosion power and the ability to carry sediments. And also makes good situations for sedimentation and sides consolidation. Spur dikes are permeable and impermeable. Impermeable spur dikes have different shapes which according to erosion amount and condition can be used. Common spur dikes have simple, L and T-shaped geometric shapes. This research has been conducted to optimize the various combinations of spur dikes to reduce scouring. All of the scour and flow measurements were collected in a flume with 14 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 0.6 m deep located at the Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. Impermeable spur dike with different geometric shapes were tested in a series with 3 spur dikes for different compositions in U/Ucr≈1 conditions. Due to threshold flow condition by using Shields parameters in all tests, the calculated discharge at the mentioned conditions is 28.5 Lit/s. So according to discharge and flume dimensions in all the experiments, thereby concentrating on clear-water scour condition, flow depth (y) was taken as 0.06 m. For determine the equilibrium scour depth for each geometric, control test with 30 hours have been done. The first spur dike in all combinations was T-shaped. The results show that for first spur dike in combinations, in 10% of scouring equilibrium time, about 90% of scouring occurred. So with these results, 300 min (5 hours) test time was selected for do all main tests to achieve more than 85% of scouring. Also, in the results of different tests it was observed that maximum scour depth happens around first spur dike. So geometry of first spur dike is very important in reduce average scour depth in combinations. Mean scour depth in these combinations for first, second and third position respectively are about 2.44y, 1.21y and 0.75y which in that for second and third positions with 50% and 69% have fewer scour depth in comparison with first position. Combination (T L T) is the best composition for the lowest average scour depth in all three positions, which 2 times the flow depth have erosion. The best performance in the whole range of spur dikes due to the amount of erosion volume is for the composition (T I I), that’s about 70% of the massive erosion in other compositions. Mean scour depth in all positions for these 2 series are 1.39y and 1.63y. Average scour depth in (T T T) series is 1.41y which more than (T L T) combination. The reason for this results can be effect of middle L-shaped spur dike on T-shaped spur dike scour depth in third position. This effect cause to reduce scouring in about 28%. (T I I), (T L T) and (T T T) series spur dikes are the best combinations which each one has special performance, therefore, for design, the best composition should be choice for target of exploitation and optimal economic conditions.

Bottom intakes are one of the most efficient water diversion structures in rivers that have the task of transferring the flow to the collecting canal. The orifice bottom intake is used in the surface water collection and diversion network to the turbine. In the present study, the effect of different parameters of square orifice bottom intake including perforated plate longitudinal slope (S), opening area ratio (A) and number of orifices (N) on the discharge coefficient and percentage of flow passing through the perforated plate under different subcritical flow conditions in laboratory and numerical condition investigated. The results showed that parameter A and S had the highest effect on P and Cd. By increasing A from 0.01 to 0.07, the percentage of flow passing through the perforated plate has increased 7.58 times. Also, by decreasing the longitudinal slope by 10 degrees, the percentage of flow passing through the perforated plate increased by 45.57%. Also the simulation results of this structure in Flow-3D software showed that the value of P was inversely related to turbulence and pressure.