حسن اکبری

The semi-closed geometry of the Persian Gulf and its location in a dry and desert area have caused evaporation as one of the most important climatic parameters affecting the water salinity and water exchange between Oman Sea and Persian Gulf. Since the global warming as well as the decrease of precipitation will increase the evaporation in future, it is very important to investigate the effect of this phenomenon on the salinity of the Persian Gulf and its effect on the facilities, especially the desalination plants in the Persian Gulf. Therefore, this research have been carried out with the aim of investigating the circulation of water in the Persian Gulf and evaluating the direct effect of water evaporation on salinity and water exchange with the Sea of Oman. In this regard, the hydrodynamic modeling by considering the effect of evaporation in the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf has been done using the three-dimensional Mike3-Flow Model. The input hydrodynamic data is extracted from the HYCOM model and the required atmospheric data is extracted from the ECMWF model. To evaluate and validate the model, numerical results have been compared with TPXO data and tidal levels by means of statistical parameters. The results of this study show that the amount of cumulative water entering the Persian Gulf has a relatively linear relationship with the percentage of evaporation. Also, the increase in water evaporation from the surface of the Persian Gulf has a strong effect on the salinity of the Persian Gulf, and this effect is widespread but variable in the surface of the Persian Gulf, so that the areas closer to the Strait of Hormuz are less affected by the increase in evaporation, and the increase in salinity in the shallow northern as well as in the southern coasts have caused an increase in the average salinity of the Persian Gulf. On average, a 50% increase in evaporation increases the water salinity by 3 psu and a 100% increase in evaporation causes an increase in water salinity by 6 psu.

Feminist stylistics is a new approach that focuses on novels published by women and on the production, reproduction and transformations of style, gender identities and power relations between women and men. The current research has selected four novels from the 1980s; the titles My Bird (Parande Man) (2008), From Satan Learnt and Burnt (Az Sheitān Āmūkht va Sūzāand) (2008), Sorkhi to az Man (Your Redness from Me) (2008) by Bibi Shahrzad (2009). Using the descriptive-analytical method and based on Sara Mills' feminist stylistic model, the study examines these texts at three levels; lexical, sentence and discourse. The results of the research show that at word level in all the investigated novels, feminine interpretations and words related to the position of women such as pregnancy, love, virginity, childbirth, nausea, rape, abortion, cosmetics, etc. have been widely used. These words show the female identity of the authors of the stories from the individual-gender, ideological, class dimension and women's attention to the home environment and society. At the level of sentences (syntax), short, simple, detailed statements, the emotional dimensions of the text and the omission of the verb in sentences as well as interrupted sentences were consecutively examined in all the four novels. At this level, the use of short, repetitive and descriptive detailed statements without literary and rhetorical complications have a high frequency in all four works. At the discourse level, all the works, while dealing with gender stereotypes in the society, try to challenge the male culture and the long history of patriarchy. Thematically, all the four novels revolve around women's lives and are related to the issues, problems and oppressions that women face in society and family. The main characters of all the novels are women. Men are on the sidelines and are not allowed to speak much. The relationship between men and women is disjointed, chaotic and suffering from serious crises. Therefore, it can be said that the novels discussed in this research have all followed the model proposed by Sara Mills, and the characteristics and features of women's writing can often be found in these texts. As a result, it seems that, although a literary work is a product of an artist's mentality, language and world, the structural differences of gender are effective in creating linguistic, mental, stylistic and thought differences.

The initial position of particles in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method can play an important role in reducing numerical errors and its efficiency. In this research, based on water level variation modeling, and using previous modeling experiences with SPH method, six common particle distributions as: SC square distribution, Triangular distribution, distribution based on WVT algorithm, distribution based on Greedy algorithm, hexagonal distribution and distribution based on Fibonacci algorithm have been investigated. Based on the results of the pressure, velocity, and the free surface level at different times according to the physical model, the average total modeling error for each of the models (the difference between the values obtained from the modeling and the results of the laboratory model) has been presented. According to the obtained results, it was determined that the two hexagonal and Fibonacci particle distributions have the lowest average modeling error (10.2% and 11.1%, respectively). In addition, based on the obtained results, the WVT model has a lower modeling error (about 14%) than the remaining three models, i.e., square, triangular, and Greedy distributions. Therefore, since in this phenomenon, the two initial distributions of hexagonal and Fibonacci particles have less modeling error than other distributions, it is recommended to use these two initial distributions in modeling the water level variation phenomenon using the SPH method.

The traditional method of chemical analysis has high accuracy and precision. However, it is time-consuming and laborious, and it is not possible to obtain continuous information about the pollutant status over a large area. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a reliable and environmentally friendly method to quickly identify and investigate the distribution of heavy metals in soil and thus identify suspected contaminated areas (Scheuber & Köhl, 2003:33). Remote sensing is one of the ways that can provide a cost-effective and quick solution to investigate the distribution of heavy metals on a large scale using spectroscopic techniques (Bi et al., 2009:16). Habibi et al. (2023:4) also measured and evaluated the concentration of heavy metals in the aerial parts and soil of the tree species of Bandar Abbas city and also identified the species that has the highest potential for absorbing heavy metals. The results showed that the pattern of heavy metals in soil and leaves of tree species was Mn>Zn>Pb>Cd. (Nikolaevich, 2023:30) they addressed the modeling of heavy metal pollution in Central Russia based on satellite images and machine learning. Al, Fe, and Sb contamination were predicted for 3000 and 12100 grid nodes in an area of 500 km2 for the Central Russian region for 2019 and 2020. Estimating the amount of this pollution requires time and high cost. Considering the traffic on the Aleshtar -Khorramabad highway near Kakareza forests and the effect of heavy metal concentration in the soil and leaves of the oak species which can be caused by natural and human pollution, the accumulation of heavy metals in the species Iranian oak is a serious threat to this forest. Therefore, it is necessary to study and discuss pollutants and their effects on the environmental cycle. In this regard, considering the cost and time-consuming nature of traditional methods and since remote sensing methods are a suitable complement to traditional methods; the aim of the present research is to use remote sensing techniques and spectral analyses to evaluate and model the accumulation of heavy metals in Iranian oak species.

The present study is located on the road of Aleshtar -Khorramabad, 20 kilometers northwest of Khorramabad. For this purpose, five transects were created at distances adjacent to the road, 500 and 1000 meters on both sides of the road, and 10 x 10 m sample pieces were planted. Inside the sample plots, 30 soil samples were randomly collected and 30 leaf samples were collected from trees in all directions of the crown. To extract heavy metals from soil samples and plant samples, the acid digestion method was used and the physical characteristics of the soil were measured using standard methods. After preparing the samples, the concentration of Pb, Cu, and zinc heavy metals in soil and leaves was measured and the index of biological concentration of heavy metals from soil to leaves was calculated. Then the relationship between the concentration of heavy elements measured and the reflectance in different bands or band ratios at the corresponding sampling points was obtained. Non-parametric methods and generalized multiple linear regression models were used in order to model quantitative variables and spectral values corresponding to sample parts in satellite data. ArcGIS software was used to implement sample parts on the image, ENVI software was used for image processing, and STATISTICA software was used for modeling.

Cu and Pb in Iranian oak leaves had significant differences at different distances at the 0.05 level, but Cu did not have significant differences at different distances at the 0.05 level. Cu and Pb did not have significant differences in different soil intervals at the 0.05 level, but Cu had significant differences in different soil intervals at the 0.05 level. The bioconcentration factor was obtained as (0.2, 0.5, 0.2) mg/kg. The study of modeling of non-parametric methods using Sentinel-2 satellite data showed that the highest explanatory coefficient values (0.85, 0.88, and 0.97) were obtained for the three metals Cu, Pb, and Cu, respectively. The artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm obtained the highest accuracy. Also, according to the results of the random forest algorithm, for the three mentioned metals, PSRI, HMSSI, and PSRI indices are the most important in modeling.Based on the findings, the concentration values of Cu and zinc were significantly different at different distances, but the Cu values were not significantly different at different distances. In this regard, Mansour concluded in 2014 that there is a significant difference between the concentration of Cu and zinc in the leaves of the species, which can be attributed to traffic density and human activities, and the high amount of zinc metal in this study is the wear of car tires؛ and stated that the concentration of Cu is caused by the production of greenhouse gases and the use of vehicles using Cu gasoline. Based on the findings, the values of Cu and zinc concentrations at different distances did not have significant differences, but the Cu values had significant differences at different distances. Sources of input of Cu element to the soil are urban, industrial, and agricultural waste, fertilizers, and chemicals that add it to the soil through liquid, solid, or mineral fertilizers. These findings are with the results of some researchers including Wu and colleagues (2010:38), Botsou et al. (2016:17) are consistent. Based on the findings obtained from the calculation of the bioconcentration index and their comparison with the classification proposed by Ma et al. (2001:25) for Iranian oak species plants in relation to Cu, zinc, and Cu metals from soil to leaves, it acts as an accumulating plant. In accordance with the results of this research, in the study of Khodakarmi et al. (2009:15), Iranian oak was included in the category of superabsorbent plants in relation to the accumulation of Cu pollutants, which has a high capacity in terms of root absorption. Also, Madejón et al. (2006:25) stated that oak leaves are more resistant than olive leaves. The concentrations of elements in leaves and fruits decrease with time and the risk of toxicity in the food web is reduced. The review and comparison of five algorithms showed that (ANN) the highest explanatory coefficient values (0.85, 0.88, and 0.97) were obtained for three metals, Cu, Zn, and Cu, respectively. Considering the importance of the PSRI synthetic band in increasing the accuracy of modeling with satellite images and the influence of the visible and near-infrared bands, the amount of reflection measured by the spectroscopic method showed that with the increase in the concentration of heavy elements, the amount of reflection in the visible and infrared range decreases (Liu et al., 2011:24).

The results showed that Sentinel-2 images along with artificial intelligence techniques have a relatively good ability to model the level of biological pollution index in the region. In line with the obtained results, it is suggested that the Iranian oak species is used to reduce pollution on highways because it accumulates heavy metals.

Regionalism is one of the prerequisites for trade liberalization, which in advanced stages leads to economic, monetary cooperation and then to political and security convergence. Also, regionalism as a deterrent mechanism leads to peaceful solutions to potential crises between members and strengthens regional peace and security. Accordingly, the ECO Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) (as one of the most important regional arrangements) has set goals for the elimination of tariffs and the expansion of regional trade. To quickly remove trade barriers in the ECO region and expand intra-regional and inter-regional trade, and finally all members join the WTO and integrate into the WTO regime.The present research uses an applied and descriptive-analytical method to collect information in the form of libraries and the Internet to examine the advantages of Afghanistan's trade convergence with OECD member countries. The results of the research suggest that Afghanistan can use its new globalization capacities to overcome its geopolitical bottlenecks and compensate for the historical backwardness of development in its territory. One of the best capacities of the country is its cooperation with ECO member countries.

The aim of present study was production of Fatir bread fortified with rainbow trout and silver carp meats and evaluation of its quality attributes during room temperature storage.

Different concentrations of cooked rainbow trout and silver carp meat (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) were added to the Fatir bread and sensory properties of prepared bread were measured. Then, selected treatments were stored for 9 days at room temperature and during this time the quality attributes were evaluated. 

Results of initial sensory evaluations were showed that the Fatir bread containing 5% of rainbow trout and 10% of silver carp were accepted. Results also demonstrated that the protein, lipid and moisture content of the bread were increased with addition of the fish meat. Fatir bread fortified with fish meat had higher TVB-N, peroxide and total viable bacteria during room storage period. In terms of flavor index, the control Fatir bread was acceptable until the end of the storage period, however, the breads fortified with fish meat were within the acceptable range until day 5.

Can be concluded that although fortified breads showed higher nutritional value, they had lower shelf life than control bread. Between fortified breads, the quality changes were lower in the bread containing rainbow trout meat.

The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is among the numerical methods that have attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. This method as a Lagrangian method based on the movement of particles is also one of the meshless methods. In this method, the initial location or distribution of particles can play an important role in reducing numerical errors and its computational efficiency. In this research, based on wave modeling, which is one of the most conventional hydraulic phenomena, and using previous modeling experiences, six optimal and common distributions of particles including square distribution (SC), Triangular distribution, distribution based on WVT algorithm, distribution based on Greedy algorithm, Hexagonal distribution and Fibonacci distribution based on Fibonacci al-gorithm have been investigated. Based on the results of the pressure, velocity and the free surface level of the fluid in the location of the reference gauges of the laboratory model, it was determined that the square, triangular, WVT, Greedy, Hexagonal and Fibonacci distributions have a modeling error equal to 13.85%, 13.75%, 12.63%, 13.24%, 9.07% and 9.37%, respectively, and the two primary hexagonal and Fibonacci distributions have a modeling error of less than 10%, and in other words, it has the best performance in using the SPH method in order to improve the efficiency of the computational model.

Humans have always tried to express their inner opinions and feelings and have done this challenge either through verbal expression or through visual media. Presenting opinions and emotions is sometimes done through stone inscriptions and flower inscriptions, and sometimes it is done by figures, petroglyphs and other media. Apart from the two big deserts of Lut Desert and Central Desert and the forests of Mazandaran Sea, there are hardly any places in Iran where petroglyphs have not been reported. Sometimes these images in a limited area do not even reach the number of fingers of one hand, and in another area, such as a flood, they reach tens of thousands and possibly more. The underwater paintings were all executed in the open space and it can be said that all of them are fixed and in their original place, and no color painting has been observed among them. Due to their large number, the motifs have a variety of motifs, but most of them are made up of goats and sheep. All the motifs are located on the main road and a passage, and the motifs are located around the facilities related to the road, such as Rabat, mosque and reservoir. Many questions related to these works still remain unanswered. How it was formed and started, dating, and the intention of the creators are the main topics and challenges of these studies. In this research, we have tried to answer the question of why these motifs were created in this area and what are these motifs? be answered The basis of data collection for this research is field.

Space and urban elements cannot be understood without knowing their identity, and everything that arises from this identity originates from the tactics, tricks, techniques and innovations of planners, designers and architects based on the cultural, social and economic components of a nation and political and environmental conditions it rules a place. Over time, identity manifests itself in both stable and unstable (critical) forms.

The purpose of this study is to identify the elements of stable identity in the native dwellings of Talesh with emphasis on the percussion approach.

The research method in the present study is a combination of quantitative-qualitative approaches with analytical-exploratory nature which to analyze the data have been used the model of least squares in Warp-PLS software and qualitative methods of contextualization (ethnography) and rhythm analysis. The statistical population of the study is the housing of Talesh city, the sample size is estimated based on the modified Cochran model 340 housing.

The geographical area of the research includes Talesh city and its housing.

Findings show that the most important elements of sustainable identity in the native dwellings of Talesh are related to environmental elements (E), cultural elements (C) and functional elements (F), which based on the structural model, the extracted coefficients are 0.63, 0.48 and 0.43 respectively.

The results indicate that climatic conditions along with the simultaneous presence of several rhythms such as cultural values and functional needs in the cyclical and linear course of time have played a major role in shaping the sustainable identity of native dwellings in Talesh.

The issue of gender connection and language and the language specific to each gender is known as linguistic behavior in the topics of grammar, terminology, meaning, and conceptualization.The interests and habits and intellectual, linguistic and verbal tendencies of both men and women show that the topic of female and male is important in the presence and extent of using vocabulary for each gender.The culture of the society has determined the language and the way of speaking and the choice of words for each gender.Part of the topic of female and male archetypes of anima and animus is revealed in the context of language, text and linguistic behaviors.This research will investigate the gender signs of feminine and masculine words in the anima and animus aspects of the text of the stories by the descriptive-analytical method and the library study tool. In order to understand the connection between linguistics and psychological criticism with the literary types of stories and novels, it is necessary to conduct comparative-analytical studies. In this research, the results have shown that the realistic style and the reflection of the society's culture and the spirit of the nation in the stories of Al-Ahmed and Daneshvar have caused the expression of anima and animus in the language of the characters to be less. These two authors do not show such unusual contradictions in the society of that period.The prominent elements and components of feminine and masculine words in the manifestations of anima and animus in the works of Jalal Al Ahmad and Simin Daneshvar are:Emotional, romantic and caressing words, abusive and harsh words and sentences in women's speech, color words, children's words, adjectives for women or men, words related to the roles of women and men in the family and society, language related to communicating with the opposite sex, words that specific to the appearance of women or men, interrogative words and formal, standard and popular words and Feminine and masculine words superior and inferior.

Road construction operation in the forest is one of the most important cost factors in the field of forest management. The most important part of the construction of a road is its pavement, and the highest cost in the section of road completion and restoration is related to the cost of pavement. Therefore, the focus of management studies and planning is more in this sector. The aim of this study is identified of the effective factors in the destruction of forest road pavement in order to reduce the costs of forest road repair and maintenance in Azarrood sub-basin located in Savadkoh city in Mazandaran province.

For this purpose, 139 samples (with dimensions of 10.5 * 5.5 meters) were selected from the first-class forest roads in the series, then the physiographic variables of the area, the geometric shape of the forest roads and the grading of pavement materials were measured in each sample. In order to measure the pavement deterioration, the parameters of the volume of potholes, the volume of longitudinal grooves, the amount of stone protrusion surface and the volume of transverse grooves or shutters were measured. The relative importance of each of the pavement failure parameters was determined based on the process of hierarchical analysis and using experts' opinions. To model and determine the effect of each of the independent variables, two methods of multiple linear regression and random forest model were used.

The modeling results showed that the random forest method with an explanation factor of 89% compared to the linear regression method with an explanation factor of 28.4% had better results in modeling and analyzing the effects of variables on forest road pavement damage. Also, the results showed that in both modeling methods, the longitudinal slope of the road and the percentage of clay and granularity of road pavement materials are the most important factors in the damage of the entire road pavement.

In general, the results showed that the damage of the whole road was directly related to the increase in the size of the aggregates and the increase in the length of the tangent. Therefore, it is suggested to select the type of materials more carefully during the road construction operation and consider them in the road design.

Studies show that the temperature has increased in recent decades and we are facing the heat island phenomenon. This phenomenon has a negative effect on thermal comfort of the residents, and in this sense, cities have faced many challenges, including changes in microclimates and using more energy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for thermal adjustment solutions. Considering that vegetation is one of the most common ways to improve thermal comfort in cities, this research aims to investigate how natural elements such as vegetation and water affect thermal comfort in the courtyards of a number of historical houses in Isfahan. For this purpose, a number of historical houses with central courtyard in Isfahan city are modeled and simulated by Envimet 4 software, and the results related to the changes of Predicted Mean Vote index for the first day of July are calculated. The relationship between natural elements and thermal comfort index is investigated by univariate and multiple regression methods. The changes of thermal comfort index over time show that vegetation can always improve thermal comfort in the microclimate of central courtyard. Regression analysis shows that the factor with the greatest effect on improving thermal comfort is tree cover, while grass and water have a little negative effect on thermal conditions in some hours. Trees both reduce Predicted Mean Vote under the canopy and also reduce the average of index in the whole courtyard in summers of hot arid climates.

Humans have always tried to express their inner opinions and feelings and have done this challenge either through verbal expression or through visual media. Presenting opinions and emotions is sometimes done through stone inscriptions and flower inscriptions, and sometimes it is done by figures, petroglyphs and other media. Apart from the two big deserts of Lut Desert and Central Desert and the forests of Mazandaran Sea, there are hardly any places in Iran where petroglyphs have not been reported. Sometimes these images in a limited area do not even reach the number of fingers of one hand, and in another area, such as a flood, they reach tens of thousands and possibly more. The underwater paintings were all executed in the open space and it can be said that all of them are fixed and in their original place, and no color painting has been observed among them. Due to their large number, the motifs have a variety of motifs, but most of them are made up of goats and sheep. All the motifs are located on the main road and a passage, and the motifs are located around the facilities related to the road, such as Rabat, mosque and reservoir. Many questions related to these works still remain unanswered. How it was formed and started, dating, and the intention of the creators are the main topics and challenges of these studies. In this research, we have tried to answer the question of why these motifs were created in this area and what are these motifs? be answered The basis of data collection for this research is field.

The creation and construction of a forest road disturbs the natural balance of water flow in the forest area. This balance can be maintained to a large extent by installing culverts and building side channel in different traffic routes. culverts or drainage structures, as well as the road surface, often show behavior and signs before any kind of abnormality and destruction as a result of the effects of different vehicles on the road, which are related to the behavior of these signs. The ability to identify the severity of destruction and act on protection in time.

In this research, the static and dynamic anomalies of the culverts and forest road surface in different traffic levels in series one of Reyhanabad and series one of Pajim of Al-Ghadir Khalil Shahr forestry project were investigated. First, the specifications of all culverts (pipes, Made of concrete) including the thickness, diameter and length of the culvert, depth, slope and angle of its installation, the slope of the road and the flow rate of the culvert in the routes with different traffic numbers, measured with meters and inclinometers. The flow rate was calculated by measuring the cross section of the flow and the flow velocity according to the hydraulic radius, Manning's coefficient and flow slope. In the section of static anomalies, the level of health of the culvert in 4 floors was checked, as well as the unpaved road condition index (UPCI-unpaved road condition index) was measured. The dynamic abnormality includes the amount of vibration of the culvert when passing vehicles, which was calculated with the vibration meter application.

The results showed that with the increase in the installation depth of the culvert and the number of traffic, the numerical value of UPCI decreases. The lowest UPCI index values were recorded in longitudinal slopes of less than 5%. The health of the culvert increased with the increase of its installation angle. On the other hand, the lowest values of culvert health were recorded in longitudinal slopes of less than 5%. In general, the lowest level of vibration was recorded in the case of unarmored culverts that were installed at a depth of 50-100 cm, with a longitudinal slope of 5-8% and an angle of 100-120 degrees on low-traffic roads. In the routes with more than 4 vehicles per day, the vibration level of the culvert was estimated to be 2.24 Richter and in the routes with less traffic, the vibration level of the culvert was estimated to be 1.99 Richter. The reinforcement and the depth of the culvert also had a positive effect on the level of vibration of the culvert.

During road construction, observe points such as loading capacity, timely stabilization of the road, taking into account the shear position, timely compaction as well as implementing consolidation operations, taking into account hydrological properties (number of culvert crossings, water flow rate, transverse slope and moisture regime), creating ponds, applying operations. A course in road maintenance (current and periodic) on a continuous basis in forest roads, compliance with depth, reinforcement, longitudinal slope of the road, angle of installation relative to the axis of the road and taking into account the number of traffic in the design of the culvert It is necessary and can be effective in its health, vibration and efficiency.Key words: Unpaved road condition index, Gravel road, Forest road, Tubing.

In recent years, all governments have adopted policies such as granting credits and low-interest loans to improve the quality of rural housing. A policy that has changed the heart of villages and housing patterns. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of housing credits and loans in rural areas of Masal city (Shalma, Markieh and Darkhaneh villages) in two dimensions of housing pattern and village identity. In this regard, descriptive-analytical research method with emphasis on qualitative-quantitative approach has been used to collect information from field method (observation, interview and questioning). The statistical population of the study also includes the housing estates of the studied villages, that the sample size is estimated to be 383 houses based on Cochran's method. The research findings show that the main impact of crediting and debt consolidation loans is to improve the strength of new and renovated housing compared to older housing. Other effects of these facilities include a reduction in biological activity in the residential unit, a decrease in the level of infrastructure, a reduction in the number of rooms, and a change in the type of plan and housing structures. On the other hand, the results indicate a decrease in the identity of the villages in terms of spatial affiliation as well as a decrease in cultural values and adaptation to the old and traditional pattern in the new designs of residential units.

One of the most important indigenous structures in Iran, which is directly related to the agricultural economy, is the so-called pigeon house. Isfahan province is one of the regions that has played an important role in the background and construction of pigeon houses in the local history of Iran. Since Gavart pigeon houses have not been carefully studied historically and archaeologically, the present study tries to clarify the importance of these buildings in this cultural area in terms of political, economic and geographical relations. The method used, in addition to studying historical sources, is archeological field activity. In order to achieve the mentioned goals, Mirza Ahmad Pigeon House has been studied as the main pigeon house. The results show that this pigeon house is related to the Safavid period according to the surviving documents, which was also used in the Qajar period. This building has two floors and its plan is cylindrical and made of clay. Like other pigeon houses in other parts of Iran, the main purpose of building these pigeon houses was to produce fertilizer to strengthen agricultural lands, but industrial uses, pest eradication and even the possibility of temperature and rainfall changes should be considered. The architecture and structure of this building have a relatively single pattern and seem very simple in appearance, but the advanced engineering in their construction shows the taste, art and engineering knowledge of Iranian architects.This building has two floors and its plan is cylindrical and made of clay. Like other pigeon houses in other parts of Iran, the main purpose of building these pigeon houses was to produce fertilizer to strengthen agricultural lands, but industrial uses, pest eradication and even the possibility of temperature and rainfall changes should be considered. The architecture and structure of this building have a relatively single pattern and seem very simple in appearance, but the advanced engineering in their construction shows the taste, art and engineering knowledge of Iranian architects.

Problem solving and creativity are at the highest level of human cognitive activities and are considered as the most valuable educational goals. In recent years, the Iranian educational system has emphasized on activating learners in learning skills. The purpose of activating learners is to promote their creativity. Nowadays, university graduates are increasingly finding a global position and providing educational services in the international context, which requires the acquisition of international characteristics and qualifications. In fact, the main goal of all educational institutions is to create problem-solving ability and creativity in students. Architectural design courses play a pivotal role in education of architectural engineering students, and its importance is not hidden from anyone, either in terms of empirical knowledge or theories-related methods. Most architectural processes require initiative creativity, which requires knowledge and education; because in architectural design workshops, the sciences learned in other courses are combined to help students to identify creative answers. In relation to the factors affecting creativity, some experts have a set of cognitive factors (intelligence and talent), environmental variables (political, cultural, economic and social factors) and personality variables (such as five personality factors, intrinsic motivation, self-leadership characteristics, etc.) have been considered important. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of self-efficacy and academic motivation in predicting the creativity of architecture students in designing therapeutic spaces. The present study was a correlational study and the statistical population contained all of the semester 7 architecture students of Mohaghegh Ardebili University in the first half of the academic year 1396-1397, which among them, 30 students were selected using census sampling method. The mean age of the statistical population was 21.83 years and the standard deviation was 0.98. Among the 30 students who were studied, 7 (23.3%) were men and 23 (76.7%) were women. To measure academic self-efficacy, academic motivation, and creativity, the self-efficacy and academic motivation subscales, respectively, derived from the Dartaj Academic Performance Questionnaire (2004) and the Charles Schaeffer Creativity Questionnaire. The relationship between three subscales of motivation, self-efficacy and creativity was assessed using Pearson correlation test. The coefficient between academic motivation and students' creativity is 0.433 which indicates a direct relationship between these two items on average. Significant level of this comparison indicates a significant relationship (P = 0.014) between these two variables. Also the results of multiple regression tests showed that among two subscales of self-efficacy and motivation, this is only motivation that significantly predicts the creativity of architecture students. With one unit increase in motivation, a 0.45 unit increase in creativity will occur. According to psychologists, motivation is one of the key concepts and is used to explain the different levels of performance. Motivation is one of the main causes of behavior and can be defined as the driving force of human activities and its directing factor. There is a strong link between the personal motivation and the creativity, which is determined by the social environmental factors or at least certain aspects of the environment.

Rootstocks are very important for the production of a healthy and fruitful product, and without having well-matched rootstocks with the physical and chemical conditions of the soil as well as the weather conditions; one cannot hope to have productive orchards. The objective of this research is to find the efficiency of leaf nutrient uptake on fruit quality and shelf life (brown spot) in quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) cultivars (Behta,Vidoja and Isfahan) and promising genotypes ("KVD2", "NB2") grafted on hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) and quince seedling (Cydonia oblonga) rootstocks grown in heavy calcareous soil. This study suggests that, higher mineral nutrient uptake of studied cultivars or genotypes favored by hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) rootstocks, makes them suitable for heavy and calcareous soils. ‘KVD2’/hawthorn combination in our experiment demonstrated higher mineral nutrient uptake than other studied combinations in heavy (56% silt; 14% loam) and calcareous soils (28% calcium carbonate equivalent in soil) with slight saline (2.08%) and pH of 7.67. None of the studied cultivar/rootstock combinations were found to have adequate nutrient ratios in fruit that could reduce the risk of brown spot and increase storage capacity in the cold storage.

Scouring depth due to dam break flows as one of the important engineering problems can be investigated numerically by means of an appropriate multiphase model. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) model is a Lagrangian Mesh-free based method that has been introduced to solve such complicated flows.

A Multiphase version of this model is modified in this study to predict scouring depth after dam break flows. At first, the introduced model is validated via comparing the results with experimental data and it is confirmed that the model can well predict turbulent multiphase flows. Then, the performance of a scour protection structure with different length and heights is simulated against dam break flow to find an optimum geometry for this structure.

Based on the results, it is concluded that the effect of structure height on scour reduction is more sensible than the effect of structure length. In contrast to the structure length, a small edge at the end of the protective structure can efficiently decrease the final scoured depth. However, there exists an optimum height with the best performance. A too high scour protection structure can even result in a higher scouring depth than an unprotected case. Therefore, it is necessary to use a protection structure with an appropriate height and the introduced model can be utilized as a helpful tool to check the required performance of this structure.

The customs buildings complex at the Persian Gulf in Bushehr Province was built at the end of the Qajar era and the beginning of the Pahlavi era. These buildings are very similar. All these buildings are architecturally built in the same way. All these buildings have two floors and match each other. The architecture of these buildings is derived from the architectural style of the second half of the 18th century and 19th century of the West. This style entered Iran’s architecture as a symbol of modernity and strongly influenced Iranian architecture. It has to be mentioned that this influence was much greater in the last years of the Qajar era compared to its first years. By using the historical research method and library studies, it is tried to collect the necessary data about the research subject and obtain adequate understanding of the customs and telegraph offices in Bushehr Province.

Rural Housing Planning and Policy in Iran, which is seriously pursued and implemented by the Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution; It seeks to provide a favorable housing model for rural residents. Given the importance of rural housing planning, the aim of this study is to evaluate the components affecting rural housing planning in Masal city and identify their strengths and weaknesses. In this regard, the research method is mixed with quantitative-qualitative approach, which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The statistical population of the study included officials and experts in the field of rural housing in the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution of Masal County/Guilan. The sample size was 383 people using Cochran's formula and 340 people were reduced using Cochran's modified formula. In order to analyze the research information, has been used of partial least squares method in Smart-pls software. The research findings show that the 5 main variables and 24 sub-variables studied explain the effect of programs and policies in rural housing planning as 0.903% and only with the loss of 0.977%. Also, the highest impact among the components studied in rural housing planning is related to economic and quantitative components and the lowest impact is related to quality component with score of 0.856, 0.811 and 0.326, respectively. On the other hand, the GOF fitness index for measuring the fit of the measurement and structural models is 0.522, which indicates the overall utility of the structural model of the research.