فهرست مطالب حسن هاشمی زرج آباد

The eastern region of Iran, specifically Khorasan, played a pivotal role in the cultural, economic, and political developments of the Islamic era, particularly during the first to middle centuries. The region's rich cultural heritage, including its pottery, can be studied through the analysis of remaining data. The Jam Plain, supported by written sources and archaeological findings, has been a significant contributor to the region's historical developments. Specifically, the city of Buzhgan (also known as Buzhgan) has been identified as an important urban center situated on the ancient trade route connecting Neyshabur to Herat. The examination of pottery findings is crucial in archaeology, as it enables the reconstruction of chronology and the determination of historical periods.In this context, the typological analysis of pottery from the first and middle Islamic centuries is essential for understanding the formation and development of Buzhgan. This study aims to address fundamental research questions, including the identification of typology and production methods, chronology, and the significance of Buzhgan in the broader historical context. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining field and library research, this study utilizes a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology. Preliminary findings from the analysis of pottery pieces have provided valuable insights into the pottery cultures, cultural periods, and evolutionary dynamics of the Jam basin. The diverse species and production technologies evident in Buzhgan’s pottery art can be interpreted within the framework of the region's pottery tradition.

The data utilized in this study was collected through a systematic and painstaking archaeological approach, incorporating both fieldwork and documentary research. The research design consisted of two stages: first, fieldwork was conducted in Buzhgan, followed by a comparative analysis of the samples to establish a relative chronology. This involved comparing the findings with prominent ceramic centers in eastern Iran. Additionally, key historical and geographical sources were consulted to provide a comprehensive understanding of urban developments. 

The ceramic samples collected from the systematic excavation of Buzhgan were categorized based on variables such as type of piece, manufacturing technique, quality of construction, firing temperature, decoration type, clay body color, glaze color, and type of mixture. Furthermore, the Buzhgan ceramics can be broadly classified into six groups: rim, body, base, foot, handle, and lid, with the body accounting for the largest proportion. Following this, the base, rim, handle, and lid account for the remaining proportions. In terms of manufacturing techniques, considering Buzhgan's Islamic period, most pieces were wheel-thrown, with hand-building and coiling methods also being employed. The ceramics were produced in advanced kilns, and the clay bodies were well-fired, suggesting that Buzhgan was an important production center during the Islamic period, particularly during the Seljuk and Khwarazmian periods. Regarding the typology of the Buzhgan ceramics, the primary variables were glaze type, design motif, and decoration style. Based on these variables, the ceramics can be broadly categorized into two main groups: unglazed and glazed wares. Unglazed ceramics typically served daily functions and were often found in residential areas and daily life spaces. The unglazed ceramics can be further divided into two categories: plain unglazed and decorated unglazed wares. The plain unglazed ceramics include simple, undecorated ceramics, while the decorated unglazed ceramics feature engraved, stamped, or molded designs. The glazed ceramics, on the other hand, can be classified into two categories: simple glazed and ornate glazed wares. The ornate glazed ceramics feature intricate designs, including underglaze painting, overglaze painting, and luster techniques. Notably, the glazed ceramics with geometric and floral patterns, which are characteristic of Islamic ceramic art, were also found in Buzhgan. The presence of these ceramics suggests that Buzhgan was an important center for ceramic production during the Islamic period.

The Jam region, due to having suitable infrastructures for development, has been a suitable place for human gatherings since ancient times. The city of Buzhgan is considered one of the key cities of the Islamic period in the region, but unfortunately its remains have been severely affected by post-settlement processes. However, systematic archaeological studies of the Buzhgan area have yielded valuable information about its urban life. Various types of pottery have been obtained in this city, and comparative iconography shows that urban life existed in the early and middle Islamic centuries. Based on studies of pottery collections from the early to seventh centuries, main types of pottery such as plain pottery (without glaze or decoration), plain decorated pottery (without glazed decoration), plain incised pottery, and molded decorated pottery can be distinguished. These types, except for molded pottery which was popular in the Seljuk period, have been used in most Islamic periods. Floral and incised motifs under plain glaze spread in the first to fifth centuries and single-colored glazed examples, such as turquoise, black ink, golden enamel, and blue and white in the middle centuries, are datable. Additionally, Buzhgan was developed in the early Islamic centuries alongside the city of Nishapur, and flourished in its cultural zone and played an important role in communication with Herat. Other pottery types indicate its flourishing in the middle centuries. The overall evidence from archaeology, along with historical sources, shows that Buzgan has been a stable city and has had an influence on the historical developments of Islamic cities in eastern Iran alongside important cities like Neyshabur and Herat.

With the spread of Islam in the Middle Ages and Iran’s strategic geographic position, interregional communications between Iran and other countries, including Egypt, expanded through trade routes, both overland and maritime. This expansion not only facilitated trade but also led to a significant migration of individuals between Iran and Egypt, fostering regional cultural interactions and exchanges. Pottery is one of the most important and abundant material artifacts in archaeology, and among the significant types of pottery produced in the Islamic Middle Ages is lustreware pottery. This type of pottery, due to its decorative nature and extensive use of intricate patterns in its decoration, has often captured the attention of people and served as a commodity for exchange. Therefore, by studying its iconography, one can discern the extent of cultural interactions between the two regions. This study, conducted through a descriptive-analytical approach using library sources and information from museums worldwide, aims to answer the following question: What similarities exist between Egyptian and Iranian lustreware pottery, and how can we justify the political and cultural exchanges between Egypt and Iran? The findings indicate that many of the patterns found on lustreware pottery in Egypt and Iran are similar, with some common elements resulting from two factors: 1) trade and 2) migration of potters to Iran. The production of lustreware pottery initially served as a luxury item influenced by political factors and tied to governments. Over time, it became accessible to the middle strata of society and enjoyed relative abundance. Therefore, the abundance of this pottery in a region reflects the commercial power and economic prosperity of the government.

Ferim, of the outskirts of Dodangeh district, is located south of Sari. Ferim had a political and military importance in the early Islamic era. Geopolitical factors, military and political capabilities should be counted among the causes of Ferim positioning. The existence of government and memorial buildings, structures and urban areas show the prevalence of the triple urban system in Ferim. No focused research has been performed on Tabaristans old cities. The historical sources not matching with the archaeological findings, has motivated the present study to be done. The following questions are posed in this article: What factors have involved in the formation, development and fall of the Ferim? What role did Ferim play in the political developments of the region? The following assumptions can be raised: A geographic location, being central to the surrounding villages and equipped with the due productive and economic capacities have been among the influential factors in the formation and development of the Ferim. The political and natural factors are counted in Ferims waning.  he political capital of Ferim as the ruling hub and the existence of defense and military structures indicate the strategic political and military status of Ferim. Natural and geopolitical boundary, strategic status and political-military position are the most effective factors in the formation and development of the city. The location of Resket Tower and the Shahneshin site covering an area of 1000 m2 and the discovery of surface cultural evidence demonstrates that the dynamism and urban life of the old city should be searched in the mentioned site. Comparing the plan of the Shahneshin with some contemporary and more ancient constructions implies that this state building played a dual role, that is called “mosque-house” in the architecture of early Islam in Iran. The political and natural factors are the reasons behind Ferims fall in the end of the 5th and 10th century of Hijri calendar.

Accumulation of metal-rich mines in Great Khorasan region and brilliant history in the production of metal works from prehistoric times to the Islamic era caused ancient texts and sources to always emphasize the dynamics of metalworking in the northeastern and southeastern provinces of Iran.. Tabas city is located in South Khorasan province .There are many evidence of melting sites as well as mineral deposits in this cultural it is important in terms of evidence of melting and metal extraction and through the existence evidence of metal extraction. During archeological studies in 2015 and 2018 and writers’ field visit in the year 2021 in this cultural zone, have discovered 3 mines and 12 metal smelting sites. This research tries based on the results of archaeological field methodological study, texts and written sources, descriptive – analytical method to identify the evidence related to metallurgy industry, smelting technology and type of extracted ore deposit .With the studies done, typology and comparative comparison of the discovered slag with the known metal centers, it seems that the composition of the slag includes the main elements of iron, lead and copper, Archaeological field studies performed in mines and metal smelting sites identified show that metallurgists in this area used open and underground methods to extract minerals and after transferring mineral parts to workshops and smelting furnaces, they used roasting method for melting metals. Cultural materials (pottery) obtained from around the only furnace discovered show that this mine will cover the ages (Seljuk to Timurid).

What is translation of cities is the way that this discipline entails the arrangement of different land uses suitable and compatible distribution of urban facilities beside each other as well as the roads network at the localities level. The desired neighboring of infrastructure and urban facilities on the localities has resulted in preventing the establishment of social inequalities and consequently spatial inequality and spatial inequality in the areas that have influence on the function of spatial and spatial configuration of cities in the context of time and space. The aim of this research is to read the Integration spatial behavior between man and the environment in the historical context of the city of Beshravieh in the Qajar period, which has become the basis for the emergence of spatial organization and social logic of space and correlation in the physical-functional structure of the neighborhoods of this city.The current research is applied research in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. The theoretical information of the research has been collected from the method of library studies and using the findings, documents and documents of the cultural heritage of Beshravieh city. And in order to read the social logic of the space governing the spatial body of the neighborhoods of Beshravieh city, two quantitative guidelines (relationships, indicators of space syntax) and qualitative (idea of space syntax) existing in the theory of space arrangement have been used.According to the theory of space syntax, what was the role of physical-functional factors in shaping and developing the social logic of the space of Beshravieh city in the Qajar era? The results of the research show: the building elements of the physical structure of the neighborhoods of Beshravieh in the Qajar era were formed in order to meet the needs of the residents of the neighborhoods and in order to preserve and strengthen its cultural-social identity. And they have also been responsible for creating correlation between the physical elements of the neighborhoods . The achievement of this spatial order is the existence of spatial unity in the whole and its function in the minuscule.

Decorative and practical arrays in the two tombs of Chehel-Dokhtaran and Pir-e Alamdar in the Damghan city, is a suitable platform for research in the field of visual arts. The purpose of the research is to understand the visual capabilities and show balance in the artworks of the mentioned architectural heritages. The research queries the quality of the geometric designs along with the written elements of the mentioned tomb towers in terms of composition and space (with a visual approach). Therefore, eight image samples were selected and studied by descriptive-analytical method, beyond the field and documentary methods. The results show that geometric patterns are divided into two categories: simple (based on square and diagonal square) and complex (based on the style of prolific geometry). At the same time, written elements are divided into two categories of simple and knotted Kufic, which was used in both buildings. The use of repetitive combinations in both buildings has given a harmonious form to the designs. Moreover, the variety of positive and negative space ratios in these designs has resulted in a coherent structure. In the written elements, the inscriptions are basically composed of vertical, horizontal and diagonal lines (in simple Kufic) and geometric shapes (in knotted Kufic). Additionally, the composition of the writing elements is obtained from the combination of letters and words along with geometric and plant motifs. Moreover, the proper use of negative space in a simple Kufic inscription has contributed greatly to visual reading. In the knotted Kufic inscription, the balance between positive and negative space through writings and designs (geometric and plant) is well evident.

Persian Garden can be considered the most beautiful product, which is based on the principles of aesthetics and naturalism of Iranian culture, that it concept has been manifested in many of the arts of this land, including the art of painting. The garden is the synonymous of the word "Pardis" and in Iran there are many famous gardens that are not available now. With the entrance of Islam to Iran, the garden received special attention. Whatever made the garden different from the pre-Islamic period, the persistence of the Persian Garden was in the framework of the miniatures, as if it were forever immortal to us. The images featured in these miniaturists are an attempt to embody the nature of heaven or the Ferdos-e-Barin and the triumphal world. From the perspective of the form, Iranian miniatures portray the garden design as precisely as its architectural manifestation, with all natural and human elemental elements. The art of painting in the eighth to tenth centuries passed the degree of perfection, and two schools of painting in Herat and Tabriz II are the hallmarks of this period. What we intend to address in this article is the presence of gardens in the paintings of these two schools and their characteristic s that will be examined on a case-by-case basis.The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical using library tools. Since the Safavid painting was largely the heritage of the Herat school, the elements of the garden appear to be the same in both schools, and the differences are confined to a number of painting and painting features.

Deyhuk district of Tabas city in South Khorasan province is one of the regions that has high capabilities due to the large number of smelting sites and accumulated slag from perspective of ancient mining and metallurgy studies and is unknown in comparison with other regions of Iran. During archaeological studies, by writers and experts’ South Khorasan Cultural Heritage Office in Deyhuk district of Tabas city have discovered a copper mine and seven metal smelting sites, which shows the role and importance of ancient mining and metallurgy in the social and economic life of Deyhuk cultural area. This research tries based on the results of archaeological field methodological study, texts and written sources in Deyhuk district to identify the evidence related to metallurgy industry, smelting technology and type of extracted ore deposit to better understand the process and cycle of metallurgy including three stages of mining, extraction and provide melting of metals. With the studies done, typology and comparative comparison of the discovered slag with the known metal centers, it seems that the composition of the slag includes the main elements of iron, lead and copper, Archaeological field studies performed in mines and metal smelting sites identified show that metallurgists in this area used open and underground methods to extract minerals and after transferring mineral parts to workshops and smelting furnaces, they used roasting method for melting metals. Cultural materials (pottery) obtained from around the only furnace identified show that the relative dating of this mine is based on pottery finds from the Islamic Middle Ages.

A survey of in the fascias of farim’s monarchic surroundingHanie hossein nia amirkolaeiDr. seyyed rasool mousavi hajiDr. hassan hashemi zarjabadMehdi abedini araghiIn ????, a speculation was carried out around the tower of Rasht (located in the village of Farim, Dudange district of Sari city) from the underground soil, which the explorer called the Shahneshin. After that, the three sections were explored in order to study and study the different parts of this space in the years ????, ???? and ????, including the works of pottery, glass, iron nails and very beautiful pieces of plaster obtained from the above mentioned area.According to the archeological section from the period of Al buya in this area and according to the probe, the dating of this building dates back to the middle of the ?th century AH. One of the most important archaeological finds of this site is that, in terms of visual beauty, the combination of motifs and the use of plant and geometric designs is one of the great examples of this art at the height of Islam, which is obviously evident in the transmission of Sassanid artistic achievements.The results of the studies indicate that the designs used in the archery gilding from the Shahneshin area are largely similar to the patterns used in the decoration of the buildings of the early Islamic Ages, and these motifs themselves are influenced by the role of the decorative motifs of the Sasanian period.Key words: monarchic surrounding, fascia, Early Islamic centuries, assortment, Typological Comparison

The Kia’ids were a powerful dynasty that ruled a part of Gilan known as Biya-pish from 8th to 10th centuries (AH). They continued their rule independently from the Central Safavid government for about two and a half centuries. Very little research has been conducted on the economic status of Kar-Kia or Kia’id period, and there are only some scattered descriptions in this regard in historical texts and travelogues. The main purpose of this study is to study and explain the role of Gilan’s silk in the internal commercial economy and the economic and political changes of the local Kia’id government. The findings of the study indicate that one of the factors affecting the economic growth and prosperity of the Kia’ids was the historical geography of Gilan. As an economic and strategic product, silk was of great importance in the Kia’id period, and Gilan played an undeniable role in attracting European markets and trade centers because of producing massive amounts of high quality silk. While describing and explaining the social conditions of that time and analyzing its economic elements, the present study investigates the factors which were effective in the economic growth of the local Kia’id government in Gilan and the economic crises after the disintegration of this dynasty. 

The Beginning of Ishaq Ibn Ahmad Samani's Emirate (301 AH) in Samarqand Based on Numismatics Evidence Abstract After the death of Ahmad ibn Ismail (295-301 AH), at the same time Ishaq ibn Ahmad (301 AH), the great of the Samani family and Nasr ibn Ahmad (301-331 AH), emir Ahmad's young son rose to claim Emirate, which eventually led to the infighting and victory of Nasr. Since historical books have been widely dispersed, coin science can provide researchers with valuable information to address these discrepancies. emir Ishaq is the name of the late emir, also known as Ismail ibn Ahmad (279-295 AH) and dates to 301 AH. He was beaten in Samarqand. The main questions of this study are: 1. How can a part of the history of that era be reconstructed by using the copper coin of emir Ishaq (issued by Samarqand in 301 AH)? 2. emir's name is dead, why has Ismail insisted on this type of coin, and what role did Ishaq have in legitimizing it? In addition to introducing this first coinage index, this paper seeks to reconstruct and identify the causes of some events along with the cognitive cointegration data along with historical texts, using a cognitive archaeological approach and a historical approach. The main result of this study was the issue of legitimizing the Emir of Ishaq from the Baghdad Caliphate, which can be concluded that this coin was minted during the process of legitimizing the Emirate of Ishaq by the Abbasid caliphate, and since the coinage was considered a sign of power. And his legitimacy for the Emirate was also in the offing, bringing the name of the emir down to the coins could guarantee Ishaq's legitimacy at that time. Keywords: Ishaq ibn Ahmad, Samarqand, Numismatics, Samanids, Nasr ibn Ahmad. Keywords: Ishaq ibn Ahmad, Samarqand, Numismatics, Samanids, Nasr ibn Ahmad.

Hosseinieh Navab, as a religious-ritual monument, is one of the most important Hosseiniehs in Birjand's historical context in terms of architecture, age, and extent. Despite a general agreement, along with some doubts among researchers on the time of construction (the Safavid era) and the name of the founder (Bibi Navab, the wife of Amir Esmail Khan II), the authors of this paper reached different results. This research aimed to reveal the history of this building based on some studies with historical approaches and data collected from endowment documents, bibliography, and surveys . The results showed that contrary to popular belief, its construction time dates back to the Qajar era and it was founded by Bibi Navab, the mother of the Amir Alam Khan III, the wife of the Amir Asadullah Khan Hesam al-Dawlah, the daughter of Mirza Rafi' Khan. To the authors, the existing doubts regarding the name of the founder and construction time were due to the high popularity of the name Navab among the Khazimeh's family, and improper restoration and/or incorrect reading of the entrance inscription, which probably misled the historical studies. 

Mosques are among the most important architectural structures in Islam. In fact, in the history of Islamic art and architecture, mosques, as religious buildings and worship places, have always presented the most supreme samples of architecture and decoration. The architectural decorations of the Islamic period function as a rich treasure of designs which, in addition to certain values and formal beauties, express a series of cultural and religious secrets which they hide. In this regard, the Holy Qur’an, as the most significant symbol of Islam, has always attracted the attention of artists. Qur’anic verses have mixed some geometric designs and arabesque decorations with each other in order to display the most beautiful and prominent artistic works in some mosques such as Nasir al-Mulk and Mushir al-Mulk in Shiraz. This paper presents a comparative study of the content, concepts, scripts, and decorations of the inscriptions of these two buildings. This study has been conducted following an analytic-descriptive method, and the required data has been collected from library resources and field studies. The findings of the research demonstrate that the inscriptions of both buildings can be classified info five groups. The two mosques are mainly similar to each other in terms of their decorations (plant and geometrical designs, and Banai Kufic, thulth, and nastaliq scripts). Both of them are among the most notable buildings of Qajar period regarding their architectural decorative designs, particularly, their inscriptions. However, the decorative richness and Qur’anic inscriptions of Nasir al-Mulk Mosque are superior to those of Mushir al-Mulk Mosque.

Tabaristan State (Mazandaran) has always been of great importance due to its numerous economic and commerce potentials. Moreover, it has politically been much valued by Qajar rulers. Accordingly, an old mint was actively working in this city up to 1288 AH which issued (uring Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (1264-1313 AH) numerous silver qirans in the following years: 1264-1266, 1269-1274, 1280-1283, and 1287-1288 AH. The coin issuing system was although superficially obeying Tehran rules, each city acted independently in practice, and the coins in many cities were issued with different grades of silver purity. Such problems raise two questions regarding Tabaristan mint: how much was the silver purity grade of the coins issued in Tabaristan, and how have they changed during the history? What was the position of Tabaristan’s coins which was an important state in comparison with other important states such as Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, and Shiraz? Therefore, to answer these questions, the elemental analysis of this era coins (using PIXE method) was chosen as the main base of the present research due to not being destructive, being quick, and being highly precise in order to present an analysis of the Tabaristan’s mint commitment level to the central system of coin issuing during different times in comparison with other main states and cities in Qajar dynasty. In the present research, 17 coins from 17 different historical periods were elementally analyzed. Based on the numbersshowing the average silver purity grade changes during two periods of 1264-1278 AH and 1280-1288 AH, the results are 90.13 % and 84.33 %; the average for the whole period is then 88.08 %. At the same time, the silver purity grades of other mints are as follows: Mashhad (84%), Tabriz (82%), Tehran (90%), Isfahan (84%), and Shiraz (90%). Also, valuable information was obtained on the type of silver mines used, namely the Cerussite mines and how the coins were minted with copper and iron metals.

Iranians’ knowledge of mines and minerals has a long history and, based on numerous pieces of evidence that show extensive search for and smelting of minerals since nine thousand years ago in all parts of Iran, Iranians’ position as pioneers in the ancient industry of mining and metallurgy has been confirmed. Iran is rich in terms of mineral deposits and mineral resources, including copper, which is thought to be the first metal used by prehistoric artisans. The abundance of copper deposits in Iran is one of the causes of the enormous growth of the metal smelting industry in antiquity. Unfortunately, in archaeological studies in Iran, ancient metallurgy processes have not been investigated in detail. Ancient metalworking is a cycle that was initiated by the mining and extraction of minerals, followed by melting of stones and extraction of metal from them, and ending in the production stage and distribution of the products. Each of the activities of this cycle has created pieces of archaeological evidence that by identifying and studying them an understanding of metalworking potential in the area and the capability of its residents in utilizing the facilities and ecological capacities, such as water resources, vegetation, and mineral deposits can be provided. Accumulation of the minerals rich in various metals in Khorasan and rich history in the production of metal works from prehistoric to Islamic times led to an emphasis on the dynamics of metalworking in eastern Iran by ancient writings. Southern Khorasan province includes a wide area of eastern Iran which, due to geological features and higher content of mines and metals, has been predominately considered as an important area for mining and metalworking studies. This study introduces ancient metalworking sites and compares the chemical compositions of slags found in the northeastern parts of South Khorasan (Zirkooh district) using XRF spectrometry and petrography studies.

"Bākharz" is the name of one of the ancient and authentic Rastāq of Khorāsān that has always been mentioned in the historical texts of the Islamic era. This Rastāq, had extended from the north to Rastāq-e Jām, from the west to Rastāq-e Zāveh, to the south to Rastāq-e Zuzan, and from the east to the province of Poushang, and the center of this historic city is Mālin, whose massive ruins today appear on the southern edge of the current city of Bākharz. According to the historical texts, Rastāq-e Bākharz has been of great importance due to the presence of Herāt – Nishapur, and Merv-Herāt, as well as the favorable climate conditions and a variety of agricultural production these factors all led to the development of Rastāq-e Bākharz in this period. This process was transformed in the late Islamic centuries following the invasions of Uzbeks, and with the separation of Herāt from Iran and with the drawing of modern political boundaries, Bākharz also lost his crucial role in historical transformations, and changed to a small, low-profile township on the fringes of the current border of Afghanistan and Iran. The present research seeks to present a comprehensive picture of the relations of this era in the Islamic period with the analysis of historical texts and archaeological findings. It also seeks to analyze its political, social and cultural status in the political-administrative geography of Khorāsān. 

The architect of Timurid have four systems or sets of proportions that could have combined them, but in general, a system had a major role. These systems can easily be equated to musical steps that although they are run by geometric progression, they are repeated. Each system is set based on an integer, but it is balanced by the root of that integer, according to geometric principles. Integers 2, 3, and 5 are each associated with geometric shapes determining the other elements of the scale. It was indeed Farabi who could discover the kinship of architecture with music, and then it was discussed by Bolatov. The nature of this system is well illustrated according to Farabi stating that the side of square and sector of circle in architecture is used as measuring instruments, and is similar to the theorem in logic and refrain in poetry, as well as poetry rhythms. It is precisely because of such an issue that Bolatov’s view can be accepted. Accordingly, the geometry of the design is not comparable with Western imaginations of proportion, which deals with the repetition of similar or related forms. In addition to its practical value, as an implementation procedure, the Islamic system provided the coordination and harmony for all parts, thereby the entire parts were associated with a single nature, like the relation of the parts of squares, triangles and pentagons with each other.

Rock cliffs, rock art, or a commonly used concept among archeologists, “Archeology of Rocky Art,” is an extraordinary piece of evidence in the field of archaeological studies and other related disciplines and knowledge. These massive treasures of diverse information, to the extent that they are broader and identified, discovered and studied, are our knowledge of how the process of culture and social life, including the type of economy and livelihoods, trade practices and value systems, and population beliefs In the past, human has become richer, deeper, and more secure.  Millions of rock art sites around the world have witnessed human creativity over a period of more than 10 millennia to prehistoric times. This art has wide geographic dimensions that have been found in many parts of the world. In recent decades there has been a lot of research in this field.  This research studies humorous designs in rock paintings in southern Khorasan province. The research method is descriptive-analytical and information gathering tool, library studies and field method. The research objectives are the study and introduction of human designs, the classification of human designs, comparative comparisons of designs with other Iranian rock paintings, the symbolism of the role of human resources and the relationship of designs with the beliefs and culture of life of the past people. The results indicate that the theme of human relics in the six individual categories is in the ceremony (ritual, dance), in battle, in the show (racing, horseback riding), pasture or livestock, along with symbolic motifs. These motifs represent the past lives of people who believe in their beliefs, and make clear to us the sign and verbal of the dark angles of the ancient world.

The Study of settlement patterns in any time period in a region, Due to the natural and cultural features of that area, it requires its own special methods. A combination of factors plays a significant role in creating settlements contexts at any given time. Over the past recent years, a lot of attention has been paid to understanding and evaluating the complex processes between humans and the environment in the field of archaeological studies. This approach to archaeology makes it possible to adapt habitats with the existing environmental situations in addition to recognizing the impact of the environment on the creation of each habitat. One of these approaches in the study of archaeology is the study of the settlement pattern and the analysis of the habitats which examines the formation of ancient sites in environmental settings. Sarayan is a city located in the Lout and Central desert in the province of Southern Khorasan; it’s 160 Km apart from Birjand, the center of the province, and is located in a plain in the margin of the desert in the west-southern slopes of Zabari mountain known as Shotoran. No studies have been done so far to investigate the settlement pattern and the interactional effects of humans and the environment during the Islamic periods in the southern plain of Sarayan; the present study aims to fill this gap by addressing this issue. On the basis of goals, the present research is a fundamental research and in terms of its nature and method is a historical and descriptive-analytical type, according to which the written information is gathered from reliable sources and even first hand, and then archaeological evidence and its related elements are provided by the results of field studies and archaeological excavations. Use of geographic information system, the monitoring of cultural data is statistically based on its field analysis and “main component analysis” of the methods used which in this research to find the settlement patterns of identifying the priority and the main component for locating the developments. The authors are trying to use theories and views Proposed in this context and using new geographic tools Such as GIS or Geographic Information System, a cultural and biological landscape single-period enclosures of the southern plain Sarayan during the Islamic Middle Ages Be evident. GIS analysis of identified sites in the Middle Islamic period (5-9th century) as well as environmental analysis in order to know the knowledge and skills of the past people Sarayan the use of environmental resources as well as the impact of environmental resources on the distribution of Islamic sites is one of the other objectives of the present study, which it seeks to achieve. What are the effective factors in the formation of a settlement pattern in the southern plains of Saroyan? The most important factors in the formation of the Islamic era settlements in the south plain of Saroyan are the environmental factors such as proximity to water, elevation, soil fertility, vegetation and access to roads. The results are based on archaeological studies and the study of cultural data in this Research shows that the distribution of all the settlements of the Islamic Middle Ages in the single-period enclosures of the southern plain Sarayan. They are centrally located and close to each other and follow the pattern of clustering and clustering, and they follow only the margins of the grove. Due to limited environmental resources in the southern plains of Sarayan and rivers, due to access to water resources, the output of GIS maps clearly illustrates this.

The great Khorasan and Transoxiana during the Timurid period have been a context for massive changes in the formation of Iranian schools. One of the architectural masterpieces of this period is the Ghiasiyah School (Ghiasiyah Madrasa) of Khargers, which was built by Qavameddin Shirazi in 846 AH . Nevertheless, what is considered in terms of architectural studies is the use of geometric patterns in the plan of this complex, the adherence to the human proportions and the balanced volume in the façade and the plan. The present paper aims at clarifying the proportions of the applied geometry and the application of module and high scale in the construction of the Ghiasiyah School. Therefore, it is attempted to answer the following questions: What were the pattern and geometric proportion used in the construction of the dome house, the plan and the façade of this building? Which Timurid systems of proportions have been applied by the architect to design this building? Relying on a descriptive-analytical approach and using library sources and field observation and recording, it can be argued that one of the distinctive features of the Timurid architecture is the greater use of geometry in architectural designs, whose representation can be seen in concavity and convexity (Nahaz and Nakhir) of the plan of Ghiasiyah School in a circular manner. Moreover, since the Timurid period was the flourishing age of mathematical calculations, and architects used various systems of proportions in constructing buildings, it can be stated that in the construction of the Ghiasiyah School a simple system of proportions such as (√2) and its derivatives have been taken into account in the dome house and the plan, and the derivatives of (√5) have been applied for the façade and the segment.

Metallurgy is one of the most significant branches of the art of Islamic era which had a special place among all other eras. In addition, one of the suitable ways to study and do research on inscriptions is the metalwork’s art. Safavid era is one of the flourishing ones, in which artists under the influence of Shia religion, have illustrated verses and aphorisms in the form of inscriptions on the metal works. As a result, the authors of this article have tried to study the inscriptions of Safavid era with regard to metal plates by using both a descriptive method or library-based study as well as field studies or museum-based ones. Moreover, in order to increase the quality and accuracy of this study, they focused on some of the valuable plates available in Astan Ghods Razavi museum. The result of this study shows that the metalworkers of this historic period usually paid attention to religious themes in the inscription of metal plates, the themes which consist of the names of Imams, Salavat, and some verses from the Quran. Sometimes some beautiful poems can also be noticed on these plates which point to the usage of these plates.

One of the traditions and good characteristics of people throughout Islamic periods to attain God’s satisfaction as well as perfection, has been the tradition of endowment. Endowment system in the history of Muslim communities shows an example of sustainable planning in a thousand-year-old tradition. By studying these communities, a number of buildings can be found which have lasted longer than other buildings due to the good tradition of endowment; that is, part of the endowments was spent for holding mourning ceremonies and performing religious rites, and the other part was spent on maintaining, refurbishment and finally, stability of the building. This research which has been conducted based on a descriptive/analytic study and library and field data collection, seeks to explain the significance of this issue and its impact on the formation and stability of Qajar period Hosseiniyehs of Birjand city. In this article, by studying the endowment document of Bibi Arous Hosseiniyeh and analyzing its architectural space, the impacts of endowment on formation of the Hosseiniyeh and finally its effects as an important factor in the stability of the Hosseiniyeh are explained. Research findings indicate that Bibi Arous Hosseiniyeh has been studied as one of the endowed Hosseiniyehs and is considered one of the main and most important elements in the historical context of Birjand. By referring to its endowment documents, it can be found out that maintenance, stability and lasting of this building has been one of the main intentions of the endower. In fact, the framework of the building has met the multiple requirements of the building (religious affairs and maintenance of the building). Finally, the intention of the endower for performing religious ceremonies and the need for a place for fulfilling this intention, has been the main reason for the stability of the structure of this Hosseiniyeh in the city.

One of the fundamental factors in designing Islamic cities and urban monuments, is “climate and observing the Ron” principle so, that its effect can be seen in all of the urban fabric and even in all the buildings and the elements of interior places. In the Islamic republic of Iran architecture in the hot and dry climate is one of the most specific and obvious manifestations of the effect of climate in the formation of the cities and buildings and the most beautiful Iranian designs can be observed in this type of climate. Iranian city experts including western and eastern, consider physical monuments on the basis of Islamic culture as one of the characteristics of Islamic cities. Among other religious centers, Hosseineyeh has less been paid cosidered, while these elements have had important role forming the behavior, strengthening social ties and reinforcing cultural convergence. This paper has selected Birjand city which is on the edge of desert as a unique example which little traditional architectural studies have been done about it and studies the effect of climate in one of the unique historical monuments at Shah Abbas Safavid reign named “Hoseineyeh-e-Navvab”. This monument is at one of the historical area of Birjand named as “Chahar Derakht” and is a valuable case study evaluating the effect of climate in designing and forming the buildings at the desert edge. Researchers in this study examine and analyze the architecture of the mentioned monument based on the climate factor thorough descriptive – analytical method and library data gathering tools. In study of Chehar-Derakht district generally and Hoseineyeh-e-Navvab specially, we focused on the continental considerations in addition to direction of wind and sun. Skeletal tissue of Hoseineyeh-e-Navvab is completely introvert and mostly windows are opening to central court, and building materials for architectural spaces of building are homogeneous with desert zone and implemented using clay, ingot and brick. This type of composite brings a uniform and resistant mass which plays the role facing temperature and moisture insulation against sun. The bright color of thatch in roof and plaster coating in entrance and inside view of court also reflects the projected heat. Wooden doors and windows and thickness of walls also improves the strength of building and balances the variation of temperature in 24 hours a day. The main cover of architectural spaces are domical and semilunar. This form prevents heat exchange and prevents from erosion, and in addition has an important role transferring the precipitation. Utilization of windward, aqueduct entrance, garden and pool inside the court has an important role balancing hot temperature in summer. In Hoseineyeh-e-Navvab, the Hashti and corridor brings shadow and a desirable feeling for neighbors and mourners. In a final conclusion we can say that Persian architects by taking attention to requirements of dry climate of desert and using local resources, invented phenomena worthy to study in every aspect, and a general rule in relationship with all traditional buildings evidences in Chahar-Derakht district which is their homogeneous structure with residential zone and natural factors. Recognition of climate in desert zone always has fundamental role in strategic studies and now a days utilizing this divine resource can have important role in urban development.

Qaen Friday mosque besides the other Friday mosques represents the grandeur and glory of Iranian architecture in the Islamic period that in addition to being a religious and social center, is of great importance in terms of architectural features. The building of this mosque is considered as a one-iwan. The iwan of this building is built in 1368 AD /770 AH by J. ibn Qaren and the naves, arcades, entrances and water-reservoirs were attached during the regin of the Safavid Soleymon king. The mosque architects considered principles in architectural form and space planning in terms of the nature of architecture that are derived from geometrical shapes and proportions between them. Therefore we intended with the approach of analyzing geometric proportions in the building to answer this question that how the applied proportions system used in Qaen masque have benefitted from the Islamic– Iranian proportions in the architectural elements? This research is based on analytical method and the data is collected by observation from field and library sources both. Reverse engineering on architecture, plan, section and elevation of the Qaen mosque was geometrically analyzed in an attempt to answer the research question and the results indicated that the building is constructed with regard to the system of Islamic- Iranian proportions which are based on irrational numbers and geometric properties of square and double square. And also the use of golden proportion can be observed in elements such as iwan and the main entrance and positioning of the north-west entrance that were used to achieve the visual balance.