حسین دانش مهر

The current research aims to evaluate and examine the role of rural itinerants in the integration of rural society into the market economy. The approach of this research is based on the views raised in economic sociology and inspired by the theories of Polanyi, Granwater, Smelser, Swedberg, Slater and Tonkis.The narratives of 15 itinerants in the villages of the Hawraman region of Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces were analyzed due to a paucity of information. Utilizing the principles of Clandinin and Conley’s narrative research, data from semi-structured interviews were acquired through the snowball method and analyzed using thematic analysis. The results were obtained in the form of five secondary categories: Nomadism as a network of social relationships, rural nomadism and local development, urban-rural links and the role of rural nomads in them, the expansion of communication and transportation and the reduction of the presence of nomads, and the expansion of the role of capital and money in villages and the role of nomads.The elimination of itinerants and, as a result, the emergence of border trade and market practices in the region was the result of the separation of economic relations from social relations and the expansion of communication and transportation. Therefore, the role and position of itinerants in the rural integration and development acted as a reverse mechanism, leading to a decline in their role and position as the market economy progressed.

The present research has sought to analyze the experience of women entrepreneurs in Sanandaj city from social inequality. Social inequality includes many dimensions and angles, including gender, work, time and place, etc. The present research has questioned this about women entrepreneurs in Sanandaj. Entrepreneurship, as a new phenomenon in the economy, has found an effective role in the economic development and progress of countries. Today, entrepreneurship has a key role in a competitive and market-based economy, but it has limitations and obstacles for women. The status of women's entrepreneurship around the world reflects gender inequalities in the external environment, which are often more obvious for women than men, and such inequalities lead to unequal access to resources and opportunities. Therefore, taking into account the views of three theorists in the field of social inequality - Chaffetz, Fogel and Elaine Wright - their analysis of social inequality in a link with gender inequality, social opportunity and work and production conditions has been discussed.

The method used is interpretive phenomenology, and it is devoted to the understanding and interpretation of women's experiences of inequality in the field of entrepreneurship in Sanandaj city. The statistical population of this research includes 17 women entrepreneurs located in Sanandaj city, who work in the fields of industry, services, agriculture and handicrafts, and are known as entrepreneurs. Purposive sampling was used to conduct semi-structured interviews and continued until theoretical saturation. The four-step process of data analysis includes 1) reading and understanding the entirety of the data text. 2) Hominization and summarization of data. 3) Formation of semantic. 4) A careful rethinking of the identified themes, commonalities and differences in them, general themes and feedbacks of the interviewees are extracted.

The results showed that 275 concepts, 16 primary categories and 5 secondary categories including "multiple sufferings", "marginal entrepreneurship" and "double genetic inequality", "physical and appearance complications" and "economic crisis and "inflation" whose interpretation indicates lack of adequate income, lack of financial and emotional family support for the entrepreneur, legal and administrative barriers to work, pressure to work and being alone, which are mixed with gender inequality and complications caused by hard work. The obstacles in the path of female entrepreneurs, compared to male entrepreneurs, show that, most of the obstacles that women struggle with, the existence of barriers related to gender, for the female entrepreneurs studied, from the family to the administrative work process. And the process of selling products and services exists, and it has been institutionalized in most dimensions and areas, which gradually causes the issue of women entrepreneurship in Sannandaj city to face serious and unsolvable obstacles and problems. to be Barriers are gender and family, rather than legal and financial barriers, while financial and legal labor barriers are more obvious for men. Entrepreneurship in the city of Sanandaj is on the sidelines compared to the areas of entrepreneurship and development, and this has caused major obstacles for women entrepreneurship. The risk of business closure and non-sale of products due to inflation has also aggravated these obstacles and inequality. The risk of business closure and non-sale of products due to inflation has also aggravated these obstacles and inequality. Women entrepreneurs of Sanandaj city, compared to women entrepreneurs in big cities, see themselves in more unequal conditions, which is the result of marginal and unequal entrepreneurship in Kurdistan province and especially Sanandaj city. The indifference of the officials and the government towards the development of entrepreneurship in Sanandaj city, and the continuation of the inflation and economic crisis, can face women entrepreneurs with more serious problems and issues.

Due to the desire of women entrepreneurs and also the existence of great potentials in the fields of tourism (expansion of ecotourism stays), handicrafts (purple-weaving, embroidery, leather, kalash-weaving, local clothing) ) and agriculture (strawberry cultivation, animal husbandry, silkworm breeding) can be transformed into actual capacities by investing and supporting the government in these sectors and strengthening them, and many people , especially encouraged women towards entrepreneurship in these fields, and the government should provide incentives and provide basic facilities and financial support to women entrepreneurs to create employment for them. Therefore, in order to reduce these obstacles and facilitate women's entrepreneurship, it is necessary to take measures such as providing facilities and loans, removing the bureaucratic process, and providing spiritual and financial support to women entrepreneurs, according to the potential of Sanandaj city.

This research aims to investigate the underdeveloped areas in the agricultural sector of Kurdistan province, employing the theoretical frameworks of economic-social underdevelopment, local development, and grounded theory. The primary objective is to propose solutions to activate key sectors of the province's development and overcome existing obstacles. The research methodology utilizes grounded theory, with data gathered through semi-structured interviews conducted with experts, elites, activists, and officials in the agricultural sector of Kurdistan province. Thematic analysis is employed to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal that Kurdistan province is characterized by underdevelopment in the agricultural domain, and the main achievement of this research is the development of a paradigmatic model illustrating the underdevelopment of agriculture in the province. According to this model, the underdevelopment of agriculture in Kurdistan province can be attributed to the interplay between traditional livelihood activities and modern practices, as well as the neglect of agricultural capacities in the province and a lack of coordination among development organizations. Factors contributing to underdevelopment in the agricultural sector include inheritance laws, land fragmentation, and traditional agricultural systems. Additionally, inadequate continuous training, limited access to training and promotional workshops, insufficient financial capacity of the private and public sectors for investment in the agricultural domain, stringent loan conditions, and a lack of participation and investment culture in the industrial sector, particularly in agricultural and processing industries, act as significant intervening factors in the underdevelopment process. The consequences of this situation encompass the neglect of agricultural product processing and branding industries in the province, the absence of a driving force for the sector's development, and the marginalization of agricultural capacities in the province's overall development process. To address these issues, the study recommends the adoption of substantive development policies and programs, focusing on enhancing production efficiency and diversifying agricultural products and activities.

The present research, by problematizing the water crisis in Iran and Kurdistan province, has tried to analyze the situation of institutional and public water transfer disputes as a solution to this crisis. In this regard,  the question of whether the transfer of water in the province has provided an opportunity for its development or if it has led to development bottlenecks, analyzing the debates and controversies of two institutional perspectives in the form of experts and managers of the regional water company of the province has been raised. Kurdistan and civil and environmental activists are concerned about the transfer of water from the west to the east of the province. Therefore, the sustainable development approach, which seeks the connection and interaction of the three spheres of society, economy and environment, has formed the theoretical basis of this research. The methodology is based on theoretical and experimental goals and position, while institutional ethnography is based on the experiences, knowledge, views of the interviewees [31 semi-structured interviews], and the review of statistics and documents related to the discussion of water, and its leading crisis has been water transfer in Kurdistan province. According to the analysis of 6 secondary categories, the results show that managers and experts consider climate change and natural obstacles to water exploitation as the basis of many conditions and obstacles to sustainable management of water resources, while activists focus on the weakness of sustainable management of water resources. They also emphasize, managers and institutional experts highlight the lack of integrated water management and the lack of funds as the basis of institutional weakness and the indifference of the academic elite and provincial representatives to the water issue, and the lack of bargaining power in allocating water to the province. They consider political issues and lack of public participation as the reason for this. And finally, it can be concluded that water transfer is not considered an opportunity but a bottleneck and challenge for the province's development.

Considering the importance of the compatibility of job roles with long-term family commitments, this study investigated the relationship between work-family conflict and marriage-childbearing attitudes of employed women. The theoretical framework is based on role conflict, gender inequality, social support, and economic resources theories. The study according to the type and method of data collection, is quantitative. The field of study is Sanandaj and the sample includes 338 employed never-married and married women aged 15-49 who were selected by multistage cluster and simple sampling. The results showed that never-married women who experience higher work-family conflict consider an older age suitable for marriage. Also, the higher experience of work-family conflict among married women is associated with the attitude of having fewer children. The findings of multivariate analysis showed that among never-married women, 23.5% of the changes in attitude towards marriage age were explained by employment status and work-family conflict; and among married women, 42.5% of the changes in attitude towards the ideal number of children were explained by work-family conflict and age. Placing women in safe job positions and resolving work-family conflicts by adopting family support policies to realize the ideals of marriage-childbearing are the policy recommendations of this study.

The aim of this study is to investigate the areas of underdevelopment of Kurdistan province in the area of water based on the theories of socio-economic underdevelopment and local development, as well as to provide solutions based on the development of Kurdistan province to activate the areas that drive the development of the province (water) and eliminate its obstacles.The method utilized in this study is ground theory, the data collection instrument is semi-structured interviews with elites in the water sector of the Kurdistan province, and the data analysis method is thematic analysis.Kurdistan province is currently in a state of underdevelopment in the water sector, as evidenced by the study's findings. The most significant areas, factors, and consequences of underdevelopment in the water sector of Kurdistan province are: climatic changes, lack of integrated water management, lack of credit, inattention of the academic elite and representatives to the water issue of the province, natural barriers to exploitation, and a reduction in the share allocated to fisheries and agriculture and issues caused by the transfer of water from dams to other areas (transfer between basins).The research reveals that the most significant development advantages of the province’s water sector are the relative advantage of exploitable water and its storage, vast rain-fed lands, the development of modern irrigation systems and agricultural activities, water tourism, and the development of fisheries and aquatic activities. In general, water can serve as one of the important drivers of development in Kurdistan province and activate other development capacities, such as agriculture, tourism, mines, and industry

Today, social capital is an indicator of growth and development in societies, without which it is highly challenging to achieve development at different levels. This capital increases investment in the fields of physical capital and human capital and establishes the structures created by public and private sector agents. Housing is one of the most important human needs leading to social conflicts or peace in different ages. The occurrence of each of these conditions is directly related to the amount of social capital among the residents, from the point of view that the social norths and souths in cities have turned into a concept for class distinction. Projects like Mehr Dwellings may have been capable of meeting the housing market needs in terms of quantity and shelter to a large extent, but what is stated in the theoretical literature on social housing at the global level, i.e. the level of satisfaction of residents of social housing projects, concerns the conditions therein in social, cultural, and other terms. It seems that the Mehr Dwellings project was carried out in a hasty manner regardless of basic criteria such as social capital. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate the social capital conditions among the residents of Mehr Dwellings in the city of Sanandaj, Iran and the effective sociological factors. The questions raised on that basis concern the level of social capital among the residents of Mehr Dwellings in Sanandaj based on the above indicators and the extent to which sociological and contextual factors have affected each dimension of social capital.

Theoretical Framework:

The theoretical framework of the current research is based on the theories available in the field of social capital and the studies conducted in Iran and around the world on the research title. The structure of social capital is investigated here based on the socio-cultural dimensions of the Mehr Dwellings project. Following the discussion, the conceptual model of the research, which involves the link between the research literature and the results, is formulated in the concluding section.

The current research is a quantitative survey and therefore involves a method of data collection in which certain groups of people are asked to answer a certain number of specific questions, which are the same for all respondents. The research population includes all the households in the Mehr Dwellings in Sanandaj in 2019. According to the statistics published by Kurdistan Province Directorate-General for Roads and Urban Development, there are 38,000 Mehr Dwellings in the whole province, of which 13,606 have been built and submitted in Sanandaj, where a population of 43,091 people lives (Kurdistan Province Directorate-General for Roads and Urban Development, 2018). The statistical sample includes people over eighteen years of age residing in 7,600 Mehr Dwellings in Baharan Neighborhood in 2019. The sample size was specified through Cochran’s formula, based on which a size of 340 people was estimated; given the possibility of drop in the sample size, 10% was added to this number, and 374 people were finally selected to make up the study sample. The sampling methods included clustering according to Mehr Dwellings blocks and random selection of people over 18 years of age. In the selection of the samples, we tried to observe the age and sex combination as far as possible. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the formal and content validity of which were evaluated by experts in the fields of urban development and sociology. Moreover, the validity of the questions was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.849, which indicates the appropriate reliability and validity. As a research measurement tool, the SPSS version 21 software was used to analyze the data in two sections: descriptive and inferential.

The findings of the research demonstrated that there are significant positive relationships between the social capital of residents of Mehr Dwellings and a number of the variables making up the level of apartment life standards, including the degree of neighborhood relations, the level of acquaintance with the social environment, satisfaction with the place of residence, access to facilities, and the quality of urban services and infrastructures, and the contextual variables of residence background, income, and marital status. The statistical results demonstrated that there is no significant relationship between the residents’ social capital and the variables of social relations and type of residence and contextual variables (age, gender, occupation, and academic degree). Apartment life standards and social capital among the residents of Baharan Mehr Dwellings will not change overnight, because the residents of these blocks are mainly immigrants from villages, unemployed people, female householders, urban subordinates in sociological terms. Corridors of social relations are limited, while there are stable conditions from another point of view. Although the residents’ harmony has undergone major changes during the past two years due to the high costs of housing, fundamental measures need to be taken by the institutions and trustees in the urban area. According to the results of the research, important actions to be taken in the current conditions include the participation of citizens in the affairs of the neighborhood, enhancement of the infrastructure and access networks, formation of civil institutions, and establishment of service and security institutions.

The results of the multivariate regression analysis also indicate that the variables of apartment life standards, neighborhood relations, and level of acquaintance impact the social capital of the residents of Mehr Dwellings and explain 32% of the changes in the dependent variable.

The issue of the present study is the relationship between participation and development, especially social development. One of the most important issues in social development is rural development plans. The success or failure of rural development plans or projects depends on the degree of involvement of local communities in the plans and their evaluation of the projects. In order to find out the relationship between rural participation in general in the development projects of Barakat Foundation (affiliated to the Executive Headquarters of Imam Khomeini), this study has studied the villages of Sarvabad city of Kurdistan province in the years 97-99. The research methodology was quantitative and with survey technique and questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study included all stakeholders in Barakat Foundation projects during the years 97-99 in Oraman, Payglan, Bisaran and Jerizheh districts. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula and the sampling method was done by stratified sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data, which was designed based on the objectives of the research. Then simultaneous regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were performed on the collected data using SPSS Ver23 software. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between social justice, institutional trust, people's satisfaction with development projects, social belonging, socio-economic status and public awareness of Barakat Foundation projects with the level of social participation in Barakat Foundation projects. In other words, these factors can be considered effective factors on people's participation in the projects of the Barakat Village Foundation in Sarvabad city.

This study is based on the analysis of the mechanisms of failure of cooperatives in the border areas of Kurdistan province. To achieve this, using the theoretical saturation obtained from the semi-structured interview data with 41 members of the board The board and CEO of border cooperatives of four border towns of Kurdistan province came to this end. The results show the existence of conditions of border underdevelopment due to weak communication and economic infrastructures. The causal and intervening conditions for the failure of cooperatives in the informal economy of the border showed that the dominance of the contradictory policies of state institutions and the lack of participation and knowledge of members about the cooperatives provided the conditions for this failure. This situation shows the lack of efficiency and weakness of the cooperatives, which is reflected in the consequences and socio-economic damages. The functional failure of the cooperatives has consequences such as the failure of the border resident’ card and the fuel card plan, the neglect of the employment of border residents, cultism and its damage, the reduction of the life expectancy of villagers in border areas, the collapse of the local economy and serious economic problems, and a decline in trust. It has become social in two dimensions: institutional and popular. Therefore, in order to maintain and improve the position and role of cooperatives, it is possible to apply government support and monitoring strategies, strengthen the general participation of the rural community, and improve the financial base of the cooperative.

The basic premise of this study is that border areas are considered as isolated areas - especially in terms of education - due to the nature of underdevelopment, and the border situation has led to the marginalization of education. In this research, considering the approaches to educational inequality, using the theories of O'Walley, Bourdieu and Ilyich, Bowles and Gintis, we have explained the educational issues in the border areas of Nanour and Khao and Mirabad districts. To this end, we are tired of the institutional ethnography method for analyzing documentary and statistical data and interviews. Therefore, it has analyzed statistics and educational documents in the notices, development documents, sites and sections of the educational institution, as well as interviews with teachers, principals and informants about the status of institutional education in the study areas. The results show that education in the studied border areas due to the dominance of the border economy, lack of educational facilities and lack of educational justice, unemployment and Kolberi and subsequent formation of soldier-teacher-Kolber and student-Kolber subjects and The lack of qualified and experienced teacher forces, as well as cultural factors and reasons, has been marginalized. This has ultimately led to students dropping out of school, increasing illiteracy and intensifying underdevelopment, and so on. Therefore, in the policies and programs of the country, especially in the programs of institutions related to formal and public education, including education, it is necessary to make a positive discrimination in the field of improving the level of education, allocation of facilities and forces in these areas.

Adorning the face and clothing is now seen more as a means of establishing identity, and media, advertising, and affinity groups have become promoters of binding norms. Women are judged more than men by these norms and are ashamed of their bodies when they do not conform to societal expectations. Women's clothing is seen both as a means of display and as an important means of concealing or revealing various aspects of personal life, as it links customary formalities and principles to identity. As a social phenomenon, women’s dressing has undergone numerous conflicts, struggles, and changes in recent decades. Every dressing has a meaning, but what matters most is its position within the system of collecting meanings. In today’s Iranian society, where on the one hand traditional components still play a role in lifestyle and on the other hand certain modern social features and global cultural components have been incorporated into the living environment, the style of dressing in girls is of great importance as a group where these changes are manifested to the maximum. The aim of the present study is to investigate dressing among young girls from the city of Shahindej in Iran and to answer the question of what semantic understanding they have of the phenomenon of dressing and the adoption of a type of it, that is, what meaning colors, patterns, sizes, and designs of dressing have for them.

This is a qualitative narrative study in the traditional and analytical sense. A narrative study is a type of qualitative research that collects data from a series of stories. These stories represent a narrative of people’s life experiences, quoted by themselves about themselves or by others about other people. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and participant observation and analyzed using thematic analysis. The research participants include young girls from Shahindej between the ages of 18 and 30. Samples were selected using the purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation, resulting in twenty-four in-depth interviews.

The research results were evaluated and analyzed based on five factors that are the main causes of change in semantic understanding of the phenomenon of dressing among young girls from Shahindej. The extracted factors include the dominance of the media in everyday life, changes in the norms/values of the subjects, the body as a subject, self-presentation, and the body and social class. The findings suggest that actors seek to reproduce and believe in the dressing while embracing different implications of it. Self-representation in the context of dressing seems to be the most important factor in acquiring a position and social acceptance, distinguishing oneself and one’s class from others through the type of dressing, makeup, and jewelry. As Veblen puts it, the provision of clothing causes people to reduce their comfort and necessities of life to a greater extent than other items they use, and to provide what is desired as conspicuous consumption.

The body, deeply affected by the reflexivity of the modern age, can no longer be considered simply as a type of fixed physiological entity. Sociologists have well demonstrated that clothing is a cultural indicator. One way to learn about the culture of a society, therefore, is to become familiar with how people dress. In all cultures and societies, dressing is a personal issue and at the same time a political issue with implications for gender and the status of women.

In the last few decades, along with the wave of structural adjustment and privatization of neoliberal policies of the ninth government in Iran, one of the policies and strategies in the field of agricultural development and its related cooperatives was self-regulation. The purpose of these policies has been announced in the institutional texts, statutes and organizational rules and regulations, reducing the government's role, increasing the participation and decision-making power of the local community, and empowering the production cooperatives. The purpose of this research is to study the consequences of this policy in rural production cooperatives in Kurdistan province. On this issue, the present study deals with theoretical and conceptual support of neoliberalism in the field of economics and management and the methodology of the Institute of Ethnography of Dorothy Smith to discuss the present subject. In this research, a critique of the autonomy of the production cooperatives is discussed in order to identify the policy of self-regulation. Then, using the temporal analysis, the interviewed interviewer's experience (the components of production co-operatives: CEO, board and member farmers) is discussed. The number of interviewees in this study was based on the theoretical saturation technique of 34 people, with all of them having a deep and semi-structured interview. The results of this research indicate that rural production cooperatives in Kurdistan province, in addition to social, cultural and managerial problems and after the implementation of self-regulation policy, have been involved with other problems caused by self-regulation shock, self-governing autonomy and abolition of state support.

Abstract The hypothesis - based on the present study, suggests that border markets and related development have not been a good policy for the development of border areas. The present research method is the Grounded theory in which it deals with the field conditions, causation and intervention, consequences as well as strategies. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview with 45 stakeholders and stakeholders as targeted examples, including village heads, members of district and village councils, market experts, and saturation data. There were deep conversations. Based on the logic of the field theory method, the data were extracted in three levels of open, central, and selective coding. The number of concepts developed in this stage was 134 basic concepts, 15 core categories, 4 main categories, and one nuclear category. The main categories are; Lack of development infrastructure, the collapse of the agricultural and livestock sector, and socio-cultural isolation, inefficiency in restorative policies. An analysis of these categories led us to the core category of institutional and structural rejection of border communities. Based on this, it can be concluded that the logic governing border-based development, by presenting markets as the most important axis of development in these areas, has rejected border communities and destroyed their capacities and potentials. 

In different provinces of Iran, age structure changes have almost similarly led to the emergence of a population that are at the age of economic activity, shape the future demographic phenomena and require a reinforcement of human capital to participate in the development process. This study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, performed a secondary analysis on the data related to 10 different provinces of the country to show the status of human capital indicators. The results showed that in addition to the underdevelopment of some provinces (such as Sistan and Baluchistan, Kurdistan and Lorestan), there is also a significant provincial dispersal in terms of human capital indicators in education, health, workforce and employment, as well as enabling environment, that is, the human capital indicators are more accumulated in some developed provinces (such as Isfahan, Semnan, Eastern Azerbaijan, and Mazandaran). These results highlight the need to strengthen the human capital of potentially active populations in low-income provinces and border areas on the one hand, and to engage them in the development process with the aim of sustaining the young population and promoting the developmental indicators to the extent of the developed provinces, as well as increasing the quality of population to sustain future population processes on the other hand

Instagram is one of the most important social networks that has provided an attractive space for self-representation and virtual interaction. The attractiveness of this social network is somehow due to the diversity and exchangeability of images, photos and signs which are frequently commented by millions of users. This research is about to interpret the Instagram users’ narratives of body images, through relying on three theories: the theory of self-representation (Goffman), cultural representation (Giddens), and somatic society (Turner & Shilling). The main question is how users read and consume body image in Instagram? We have used narrative interview to gain the stories users make about their experiences of being and searching in Instagram. The sample is selected among users in Sanandaj city by way of snowball sampling method (16 case: 11 male, 5 female). The findings show that users’ reading and consumption of body images can be categorized into five main categories or patterns: interactional, symbolic, representational, taste oriented and leisure oriented. The first implies users’ attempts to reflect their social life and manage impressions on others; the second category is about embodiment and imitating the dominant body images; the third means that users usually tend to be seduced and like to be immersed in images; the fourth implies finding the desired followers; and the fifth is about how to spend free time.

Current study seeks to present a narrative of the residents of the suburbs of Sanandaj on the provision of services and urban facilities. This was in contrast to the narratives of the Water and Wastewater Company's experts and statistics, documentation and information were posted on the company's website. The underlying assumption of this study revolves around the fact that suburbs lack adequate facilities and services and have been neglected. To this end, we have used sustainable urban development approaches, urban regeneration and quality of life to explain and change this. With regard to the subject and purpose of the study, we used the institutional ethnographic method by which the researcher seeks to expose the status quo and then provide strategies for changing the status quo. Therefore, data were gathered through theoretical, purposeful sampling with maximum diversity and semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation with 20 subscribers and 7 experts of Kurdistan Water and Wastewater Company, as well as statistics and relevant documents were collected. The information collected was discussed in terms of concepts, primary and secondary categories. Primary categories were conflicting secondary services, quality of technical management, poor technical management, lack of coordination of events, lack of inter-organizational collaboration, inappropriate network infrastructure, and lack of customer-centricity, uncertainties, and overheads. They were drawn and extracted from these categories; the nuclear category of structural and institutional exclusion and the lack of coordination in the implementation and ambiguities of the bill. The results indicate a lack of sustainable urban development in the marginal areas and consequently a decline in the quality of life. This is reflected in the structural and institutional challenges faced by the suburbs in terms of their utilization of urban facilities. The lack of coordination in the implementation and ambiguities of the water and wastewater company has aggravated the process and caused underdevelopment issues. Therefore, what is needed on the outskirts of Sanandaj is the re-creation of a city that is making changes to the development of water and wastewater network infrastructure, maintaining and protecting the network, and transparency in customer billing and promotion, which is the quantity and quality of service provided in these areas.

The present study seeks to identify the conditions and possibilities for intervention in changing customs policies to recognize and highlight the role of the Porters (Koolbars) in Boarder areas.  Customs policies have affected the life-world of the inhabitants of borderline areas. The basic assumption is that the customs policies have marginalized the inhabitants of borderline areas and Porters (Koolbars). The method used in this research is institutional ethnography. In this regard, we have used purposeful and theoretical sampling for selecting the two kind of data based on individuals and customs documents.
The findings suggest that the borderline Koolbars' (porters) role, position, community, culture and actions should be taken into account in customs policies and practices. Although the formal policies sought to eliminate illegal transformation of goods by Koolbars, they acted in many ways, including the formation of a border council, unofficial and local groups, border guards and civil protests to maintain their way of breadwinning. Therefore, inclusion of their role in customs laws and regulations, the formation of special committees, financial investment, and the provision of welfare services for them could be more beneficial and sustainable.

Current study seeks to Phenomonography peddling among street vendors in Sanandaj City, In addition to interpreting their positions in the informal economic system, they should analyze the factors that shape and build peddlers in their social and cultural fields. In this way, we have used the relevant conceptual framework as a guide to work and conceptualization. This research has been done in the tradition of qualitative method, and the phenomenological method has been used to discover and extract categories in which participatory observation tools and in-depth interviews have been used to collect the required data. The current research field, the city of Sanandaj and Ferdowsi Street (between Azadi Square and Enghelab Square) are where we see many vendors offering a variety of goods and services. The sampling method of this research was purposeful, This means Talks have been held with people who, first, have lived experience of the phenomenon of peddling (vendors) and second, have deep knowledge and understanding of the creation of this situation (urban development agents). Based on this, using purposeful sampling and observing the maximum diversity based on age, sex and history of peddling, 21 sales and based on management history and type of device in charge, 6 interviews were conducted with urban development brokers up to data saturation stage. The information from the interviews in the phenomenological method and the principle of observing the consequential distance in this method were formulated in the form of 9 main concepts, so that based on logical communication and hierarchical character, the categories were shown in the form of a conceptual model. The concepts derived from the method studied are; peddling product of underdevelopment, The reality of borderline living (marginalization), Emptying society of social capacities, Tolerating social suffering, Invasion of prefabricated street economy, Impossible worlds of peddling, peddling as a life style, The formation of street policies, Stabilizing the underdevelopment of the informal economy. Historical conditions, geographical location, and the authoritarian and political view of development are among the important and influential factors that have made such a living world meaningful for the actors in this field.

Abstract The present study seeks to address rural women's narratives of gender inequality in field education, This article, while interpreting their subordinate positions, explores women's narratives of the status of education-gender relations and the factors that make up the field of education and gender inequality in education. To this end, we use Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical apparatus as a guide to the formulation of concepts. This research has been used in the tradition of qualitative method and the thematic narrative analysis method has been used to discover and extract categories in which participatory observation tools and in-depth interviews have been used to collect the required data. The field of study is rural areas of Dehgolan with qualitative and purposeful sampling logic in addition to space sampling (large, medium and small villages). It conducted in-depth interviews with 32 women aged 15-35 years in 6 rural settlements. The narrative data was coded and formatted into 78 initial themes, 36 sub-themes, 8 main themes, and one final theme. The main themes of the narratives are: gender socialization, deepening mechanisms of social inequality, material poverty, cultural poverty, inaccessibility of educational centers, early marriage of girls, restriction of women from entering the public sphere and reproduction. Social structure. The final issue is education as a field of production of gender inequality in rural areas, which has shaped and narrated the narrative of the multiple narratives of women around it. Keywords: Rural women, Social inequality, Education field, Content narrative analysis, Social structure reproduction.

Marivan city in Kurdistan province is one of the border areas of the country, the development of which is related to the issue of security in various ways. Investing in the city's tourism and economic potential requires, first and foremost, a sense of security for citizens living in Marivan. Accordingly, the main purpose of the study is to investigate the sense of security of the citizens of the city of Marivan and the difference in the sense of security according to their general characteristics. The sense of security in this study is measured in four dimensions: sense of life, financial security, prestige and sense of public comfort.

Due to the sensitivity of the subject and the characteristics of the statistical population, in this research, quantitative methods (self-implementation questionnaire) and qualitative (semi-structured interview and group discussion) have been used. Together, these two methods provide a more accurate and in-depth understanding of the subject matter.Findings and

The research findings show that citizens' sense of security is at an appropriate level in the four dimensions studied and also the result of these four dimensions is the sense of security. The qualitative findings of the study indicate that citizens have a lower level of security in the city compared to the past and a higher level of security in the city of Marivan compared to other cities. Citizens' sense of security differs significantly in terms of gender, education, and job status, and is inversely related to length of stay in the city. The preparation of various reports from the city of Marivan in the national media and the introduction of tourist attractions and economic capacities of this city along with its security situation have made the citizens of other provinces more familiar with the city of Marivan and improved their views on this. The city helps

The present study aims to identify and analyze the economic and cultural consequences of the petrochemical industry in Mahabad. The main question of the research is, how the industrial development policy in Mahabad influenced the economy and culture of local communities? The research method is qualitative and thematic analysis is used to analyze and interpret the data. Data were collected using semi-structured interview and observation techniques and theoretical sampling method was used to answer the research aims, so that 21 of the key informants directly exposed to the phenomenon were interviewed. All interviews analyzed in two stages of open (primary and focused) and axial coding. In the economic sphere, there are 36 initial concepts in the subcategory of 12 major categories (economic inequality, income reduction, land ownership change, non-use of local workforces, livelihood challenge, unknown and unpredictable of petrochemical for people, disproportionate change in local people’s livelihood, work rent in petrochemicals, Lack of profit for local peoples, Gender discrimination in employing, Increasing incomes, experience and skills of some people). In the cultural sphere, the first 20 concepts were filed in six major categories (cultural heterogeneity, inactivity of petrochemicals in the cultural sphere, the lack of appropriate infrastructures for petrochemical, changes in people's cultural morale, familiarity with new cultures, cultural inspiration). The results show that the effects in the economic sphere have isolated, even in some cases, local people in the field of employment and labor power, rather than helping people livelihoods.

The purpose of the present research is to intervene and change the condition of social exclusion of Hawrami people from Souranis. In doing so we benefited from an approach embedded within the intellectual tradition of France (the relational) using Bourdieu's and Silver’s concepts which are based on three paradigms (integration, specialization and the monopoly) to explain the exclusion. The methodology is critical ethnography which focuses on the current situation in society and supports the emancipation of marginalized people. The experience of Hawramis has been investigated in three contextual situations that result from the emigration of Hawramis to the city, leading to the emergence of three discourses in the urban social context. In the context of the first situation, which is characterized by the slow rate of migration and fall of Master-slave system, the problem of exclusion is not problematized yet. The changes after the Iran-Iraq war, expansion of the urbanization, the excess migration, and importance of market and domination of cultural hegemony resulted from relations with Iraqi Kurdistan is the second situation. This situational context is experienced by middle-aged people. The third situation, which focuses on the experience of young people, is characterized by merging in the cultural identity of the city, participation in associations, increased education. The present situation focuses on the homogenous urban-surani identity. Findings of the research show that Hawramis are excluded in the social and cultural spheres as well (as to maintain their distinctions) which is in the social field of their reaction through distinction from the association and intergroup activities (especially lingual-dialect distinction).