حسین سپاسی

How the use of political behavior in organizations plays a significant role in the behavior and emotions of individuals. The behavior of a natural policy is decided in the behavior of an organization through which conflicts and differences between groups and stakeholders can be examined and resolved. This descriptive-correlational research is a survey and is one of the applied researches that was conducted in the field. The population of this study was employees of sport and youth departments in the northwest of the country (699 people); According to Morgan's table, the questionnaire was given to 248 people. A questionnaire was constructed to assess the content or face validity of 5 professors of sports management and 7 employees of sports organizations with work experience and experts in subject area. Bartlett test was used to determine the correlation between variables. Due to the significance of the questionnaire dimensions (Sig: 0.001); Factor analysis assumptions were validated, the use of factor analysis was unrestricted, and constructed factors were valid; the number of samples was also sufficient for factor analysis. Political behaviors in sports organizations are very complex in diagnosis and judgment, and models such as the present study can help their multidimensional and process perception.

The purpose of research is designing and ranking of human capital development factors in university sport. Research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature. Statistical population is the experts of physical education department of universities which according to Morgan table and relative stratified, sampling, 175 people were selected. The validity of construct was examined. Based on the results of exploratory analysis of the first stage, questions of the human capital development model account for 74 percentage of total variance. Results of the exploratory analysis of the second stage show that all components have an acceptable correlation with pattern of human capital development. Based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis of the first stage, relationship of all questions with the agent is significant. The results of confirmatory factor analysis of the second stage show that relationship of all components with scale of human capital development model is significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of human capital development pattern components is higher than 0.70, so the reliability is desirable. The average rankings shows that rankings of the components of the human capital development include: doctrinal and moral context, competency factors; performance management; compensation; maintenance management; teaching and learning; and breeding and recruiting. Finally, based on the current model, the process of human capital can be analyzed and a new classification can be achieved which is based on the opinions of university sports experts and can be used as a basis for development of university sports.

The purpose of this research is to design a model of causal relationships between political behavior with job performance and the role of ethical leadership and social exchange perceptions as mediators in employees of sport organizations. The present research is correlational with structural equation modeling approach, which has been done in a survey form. The statistical population was employees of sports organizations in the northwest of the country(699). By the Cochran's formula, the statistical sample size with an error rate of 0.05 and by stratified random samplying was 248 people. Four questionnaire were ued for measuring variables.Validity and reliability of instruments reported successful. The results showed political behavior with job performance (t.value= 9.01, effect coefficient= 0.36); Ethical leadership (t. value = 32.78, effect coefficient = 0.71) and perceptions of social exchange (t. value = 29.04, effect coefficient= 0.67) have a positive and significant relationship. Also, the results of Sobel test showed that the variable of political behavior through moral leadership as well as perceptions of social exchange has a significant relationship with job performance and both variables were confirmed as mediators. Due to the importance of political behavior and its undeniable nature in sports organizations, managers should act in a way that by ethical leadership and creating perceptions of social exchange among employees to guide their job performance in a desirable way.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the challenges of sports development in schools in Songor city. In terms of applied purpose, this research was a descriptive-survey strategy that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study includes all employed sports teachers who are in the first secondary school (231 males and 178 females) and the second secondary school (296 males and 189 females) (N=894) who in the 2015-2016 academic year in this city They were busy. Using Morgan table, the sample size was 274 people and sampling was done by random sampling. In order to study the objectives of this research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, which included a 25-item questionnaire that was prepared based on similar research and research literature on a five-point Likert scale. According to 9 experts in the field of physical education to confirm the face validity and content of the questionnaire using the Delphi method and the reliability of the questionnaire was performed experimentally on 40 members of the research community and calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.81). Research data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation test, one-sample t-test and Friedman rank test using SPSS software version 22. The results showed that from the perspective of sports teachers, lack of motivation of sports teachers, lack of budget, lack of sports facilities and equipment, lack of long-term planning and lack of knowledge and expertise of sports teachers are among the factors affecting the challenges of school sports development. Therefore, according to the specific prioritization of barriers affecting the challenges of school sports development, the highest priority is related to "lack of budget" and the lowest priority is related to "lack of knowledge and expertise of sports teachers".

How to use political behavior in organizations plays an important role in the behavior as well as the feelings of employees. Political behavior is a natural process in the organization through which conflicts and differences between groups and stakeholders can be examined and resolved. The purpose of this study was to present a model of political behavior of Iranian sport organizations employees.

In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative method based on foundation data theory was used. Theoretical method and snowball sampling were used. The research instrument was in-depth and exploratory interviews. Then, the data obtained from the interviews were coded and analyzed by field method.

The findings indicated 6 dimensions of paradigm model including 3 categories of causal conditions (power, personality and career promotion), one category of axial phenomenon (influence policies in the organization), 5 categories of contextual conditions (conflict, laws, injustice, job nature and management), 2 categories of intervening conditions (communication outside the organization, political popularity), 5 categories of mechanisms and strategies (information management, perceptions, sensitivities, communication networks, disruption) and 4 categories of consequences (positive and Organizational negative, and individual positive and negative) were identified.

The political behaviors in sports organizations are very complex in diagnosis and judgment, and models such as the presented one in current study can help understanding their multidimensional and process..

Strategic thinking is a process whereby top-level managers view the crises and processes of daily management of the organization and its clients. Chess, which is an intellectual sport, involves strategic thinking, and a chess player moves his or her pieces on the chessboard against his opponent by this skill. The purpose of this study was to design a model of chess management in Iranian sport organizations. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed to 348 chess managers. The content validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts and its internal consistency was also confirmed in a pilot study. To fit the model, path analysis was used at the significant level of (P = 0.05). Results showed that there was a significant relationship between goal setting, decision making and implementation, and control and chess management of the subjects (P <0.05). According to the findings, chess players always use their basic and creative strategic models to solve problems and face crises and win. The basic patterns that chess masters use to manage their chess pieces on a chess board can be a good model for managers to manage their employees in real life and lead them to victory. In this study, the chess management model is extracted, and the findings show that further research and attention to chess management can be very useful.

The purpose of this study was to present a model of sport responsibility in Iranian volleyball super league players. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) with exploratory approach. The statistical population was in the qualitative part of the experts and in the quantitative part of the players of the volleyball super league. Statistical sample in the qualitative section of 24 experts by purposive sampling method and in the quantitative section, considering that between 5 to 10 people were needed for each item, so 360 people were selected by stratified random sampling method. The research tool was in the qualitative part of semi-structured interviews. The results of this interview were designed in the form of a questionnaire with 3 main factors and 11 sub-factors. The construct validity of questionnaire was confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Adequacy of sample size was reported KMO= 0.87 and the indicators of goodness of fit of the model fit the final model to 3 factors of individual, group and organizational responsibility. Sports managers and officials of federations and athletes of the country can use the results of this research to improve, develop and increase the responsibility of athletes and to develop sports, by increasing responsibility and attracting more sports enthusiasts and supporting and positively influencing society is a valuable step to play.

Today, information technology (IT) as the axis of the formation of information societies has been considered by most countries in the world. Knowledge management and leadership role speed up the information exchange process. The purpose of study is to investigate the mediating role of information technology in relationship between leadership styles and employee knowledge management with a structural equation modeling approach. The research method is descriptive-correlational and it is done in field. The statistical population consisted of employees of the Departments of Sports and Youth of Northwestern Iran. In order to perform sampling, due to the existence of 3 provinces, the relative stratified random method was used. Based on number of items and variables, minimum sample size of 365 people was considered.Three questionnaires of leadership style of Bass and Olivo (2003), knowledge management of Filius et al. (2000) and IT of Nickpey et al. (2019) consisted research instruments. To evaluate content validity of the questionnaires, sports management professors and experts and to evaluate reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. SPSS 23 software was used to analyze descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients, and AMOS24 software was used to evaluate data fit and model evaluation, including convergent validity, diagnostic validity and composite reliability. SMART-PLS3 software was used to provide a model.Rresults showed that in relationship between leadership styles and knowledge management, IT acceptance acts as a role of mediator. Therefore, it is suggested that the information technology acceptance process of the employees be based on knowledge management and leadership styles.

It is often observed that our country's researchers, in the absence of valid and reliable internal scales, use foreign-made questionnaires as a measurement tool in studies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to construct a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to measure the attitude of sport organization employees regarding the importance and role of information technology (IT) acceptance today in performing their work at the office or at home. The precision used in constructing this instrument makes it probable to be used by our country’s researchers and makes it unnecessary to use foreign instruments. In the process of constructing this instrument, a qualitative research method has been used to examine the attitude of experts regarding the preparation of preliminary questions and a quantitative method has been used to collect and statistically analyze the data. First, based on the review of literature, the initial questionnaire including 27 items was constructed to measure the factors measuring acceptance of information technology, and the formal and content validity of these questions were judged by experts. Then, during a quantitative study, a sample of 150 people from the statistical population answered the questions of the preliminary questionnaire to calculate the internal reliability.  Then, in exploratory factor analysis, in which data were rotated in an orthogonal manner, the dimensions of IT acceptance were extracted and the final questionnaire including 11 items was made. After confirmatory factor analysis, the final questionnaire was distributed among a sample of 365 employees. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the constructed tool has sufficient reliability and validity to measure employees' attitudes toward the acceptance of information technology. Therefore, this instrument can be used by users who are interested in studying the importance of acceptance and providing the necessary infrastructure and training for the efficient use of information technology by employees.

Studies show that ethical behavior has great importance in the performance of organization members. So, the purpose of this study is to constructing and validating an instrument for measuring employee's ethical behavior.

 This is a field study and has a practical goal. The statistical population included 633 people working in Sports and Youth Offices in Great Khorasan. Proportionate stratified sampling was used to select 450 of the employees as the statistical sample. Steps for making questionnaire were taken by the use of required statistical methods. Besides descriptive statistics for example mean and standard deviation, inferential statistics like exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used.

Based on the results, ethical behavior questionnaire was made. It is a 39-item questionnaire divided into three factors including individual, group and organizational factors. Individual factor includes three sub-factors (locus of control, self-esteem, religious beliefs and conscience); Group factor includes two sub-factors (clients and colleagues); and finally organizational factor includes three sub-factors (organizational culture, organizational commitment, codes of ethics).

This questionnaire is capable of measuring employees’ ethical behavior. Therefore, it is suggested that managers of organizations consider the factors of this questionnaire to improve employee's ethical behavior at work.

According to the review of the proposed models and research background, so far a comprehensive model in the field of factors affecting the development of human capital in academic sports has not been presented and this trend needs to grow. Therefore, the study was conducted with the aim of designing a model for the development of human capital in university sports. In terms of purpose, the study is a content analysis method whose data type is qualitative. Research experts were 19 professors and directors of physical education who were champions and coaches of national teams in various fields and executives of university sports in the country who were selected through non-random sampling in a purposeful way to achieve theoretical saturation. Data were collected using in-depth and semi-organized interviews. Data were analyzed after coding and Maxqda software was used to analyze the research data. The results show that the factors of the human capital development model of university sports can be classified into 8 main categories and 134 sub-categories .Training and learning, performance management, maintenance management, recruitment, service compensation, succession , competency factors and belief and moral context, are the main identified themes of human capital development of university sports. Therefore, in order to implement the development of human capital of university sports, a desirable investment should be made based on scientific-sports talents in the country's universities, and the use of sports heroes should be among the strategies for the development of human capital of universities.

Strategic thinking is a process that the top managers view the daily crises from a wide perspective and offer different solutions in order to solve organization problems. Chess is an intellectual sport that involves higher thinking ability and a chess player strategically moves his or her pieces on the chessboard. Chess management model not only modeling the game, it has also been an integrated part of all the management and leadership styles that have emerged in the world. The purpose of the present study was to construct and validate a tool to measure chess management for Iranian sport organizations. The study was conducted through a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods. First, by studying the theoretical background and consulting with the experts, the qualitative data were prepared and as the result the initial form of questionnaire was constructed. The initial data were analyzed in an exploratory factor analysis to determine the factors through using the principal component method in orthogonal rotation. In order to evaluate the psychometric indices, a sample of 120 participants from the population responded to the questionnaire. After quantitative and qualitative processes were conducted, a final chess management questionnaire with 36 items was constructed and in the final stage a sample of 334 participants from the population responded to the questionnaire. The results of exploratory and confirmatory showed that the constructed instrument has sufficient stability and validity to measure chess management processes in Iranian sport organizations.

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the improvement of working life quality in swimming Coaches. The present study was descriptive survey. The statistical population was 773 people who were swimming Coaches of East Azerbaijan province. The data collection was a 40-item researcher-made questionnaire. The applied statistical method in the present study included the exploratory factor analysis. The results of present study showed supporting for swimming coaches in legal disputes in the workplace, improving the appropriate treatment system in the work environment of swimming coaches, insurance support for swimming coaches, reducing stress and work stress of swimming coaches and improving the technical knowledge of swimming coaches in the field. The work was identified as the most important way to improve working life quality of swimming Coaches.Paying attention to the identified factors can positively affect working-life quality in swimming Coaches.

The purpose of this study was to construct and validate an instrument for assessing the attraction of female customers in Yazd's Province fitness clubs. Exploratory analysis was used to achieve appropriate statistical results. Qualitative data following quantitative data were collected and analyzed, and through a process the main and essential dimensions of attraction customers were selected. In order to internal consistency and structural validity of the instrument, a sample of 150 individuals was selected randomly, after obtaining acceptable validity and reliability, for statistical analysis with cluster and random stratified sampling, questionnaires was distributed among 500 female customers of fitness clubs. In doing so, exploratory factor analysis of the original data was conducted using the main components method through the orthogonal rotation. Having passed through qualitative and quantitative stages, the final questionnaire containing 39 questions for the whole factors and sub-factors was designed. This study resulted in the production of an appropriate instrument for measuring the attraction of customers of fitness clubs. For measuring customers’ attraction in fitness clubs a reliable questionnaire must be used. The questionnaire designed in this study can be an appropriate instrument to measure customers’ attraction in fitness clubs.

There is no doubt that in addition to personal capabilities and team skills for athletes, sport responsibility affects their success and championship. The championships and national and international positions and glories influence not only personal and group responsibilities of the athletes but also professional responsibility of sport organizations in relation to the society. Citizens expect to see their athletes not only on top but on top of the ethical standards and remember them as legends. The aim of the current study was to construct and validate the sport responsibility measurement instrument. The present study used exploratory factor analysis to obtain desirable statistical results. Firstly, qualitative data and then quantitative data were collected and analyzed. The considered instrument was distributed among 360 players of volleyball premier league teams in order to statistically examine the internal stability and construct validity of the instrument which was performed with exploratory factor analysis of main data using major components method by orthogonal rotation. After quantitative and qualitative steps, the final questionnaire with 30 items for all factors and sub-factors was constructed. This study extracted a suitable instrument to evaluate responsibility in athletes.

The aim of this study was to develop a model of barriers to participation of women with physical-movement disabilities in team sports and its relationship with participation motivation. The methodology was correlational (structural equations). The statistical population consisted of female athletes with physical-movement disabilities in Iran who were active in two sport fields: para-volleyball and basketball with wheelchair and 300 subjects were selected by stratified sampling method. In order to collect data, the researcher-made Barriers to Participation Questionnaire and Hong Yong Lin (2010) Participation Motivation Questionnaire were used. The proposed model was presented by a review of related literature and theoretical foundations. After the qualitative steps, the final model factors were identified based on the experts’ viewpoints. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed and the factors were identified. Structural equation modeling was used to develop the model. The results showed that the model fit indices supported the strong desirability of the model, and the final model consisting of individual, physical, psychological, managerial, economic, media support, coaching role, cultural-religious, attitudes of others and social support was introduced. There was a causal relationship between psychological, managerial, media support, economic, attitudes of others and participation motivation, and there was no causal relationship between individual, structural, coaching role, social support, cultural-religious and participation motivation. The findings of this study suggest more effective planning to remove barriers so that the motivation to participate in women with physical-movement disabilities can increase.

When planning for development that is ultimately beneficial to communities, issues of physical education teachers are ignore. The researches has long recognized the importance of teachers to student achievement. But traditional methods of evaluating teacher’s performance have not been able to identify the factors that could enhanced the job performance. The purpose of this study is to construct and validate the job performance instrument of physical education teachers in Zanjan Provience. In order to identify factors affecting job performance in each context, initially a questionnaire was developed on the basis of the existing literature in addition to specialist and academic opinions, and once constructed, the validity and reliability of the test was checked. The main factors were then identified. The modified questionnaire was then given to 300 members of the sample population within Zanjan Provience, whom themselves had been selected through a proportional stratified sampling in order to evaluate its validity and reliability. The finalized instrument consisting of 7 elements and 47 items was developed and finalized. The instrument devised is a suitable and reliable tool to identify the factors job performance in physical education teachers of Zanjan Province. Education practitioners can use this standard tool to measure the job performance of physical education teachers to develop strategies for teaching effectiveness.

Regular physical activity is considered as the first priority in healthy lifestyle. Due to the importance and role of mobility and physical activity in women's lives, the main goal of this research was to design a model for attracting females to fitness clubs by  emphasizing on the health promotion behaviors.

In this research, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was applied. The statistical population included all female clients of fitness clubs, who exercised in these centers for more than six previous months in Yazd. For sampling, a combination of cluster and relative methods was used. The research data were analyzed using the structural equation model through the Amos software version 23.

Based on the findings of the exploratory factor analysis, three effective factors of environmental (design, facilities, and health), social (administrators, family), and services (planning, advertising, cost) were identified in attracting female clients to the fitness clubs in Yazd province. The results of the model's fitness indices showed a good fitness for the proposed model.

The findings suggest the physical fitness clubs to have more effective plans. The club managers are recommended to consider expectations of their clients, especially women and mothers to  attract more customers to their clubs.

Researches show that limited models have been designed to measure the research productivity of higher educationcenters, but so far, no reliable and valid instrument have been provided to measure the research productivity of university faculty members. Identifying effective factors on research productivity is very significant to improve the scientific quality of the faculty and the institution of the interest. The purpose of this study was to construction and validation of an instrument to determine effective factors on research productivity in physical education faculty members. The statistical population of the study consisted of 831 faculty members of physical education and sport sciences of Islamic Azad University. The statistical sample for determining the psychometric indices was 150 people and 300 people were selected by cluster sampling method. Research questionnaire with 29 questions was made based on theoretical bases and gaining expert opinions through a mixed study (qualitative and quantitative)according to structural equation modeling which has consisted of three main factors and nine sub-factors. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factors analysis using Amos software version 23 showed that the instrument are reliable. Therefore, based on the findings of the research, it can be suggested that university administrators can use the questionnaire designed in this research to measure and improving research productivity of their faculty members.

Sport and healthy pastime activities in developed countries as significant and effective factors in the development of societies have been observed. The impressive participation of spectators in sporting events has highlighted the significance of service quality assessment. Service quality assessment in sporting events is of great importance. Good services to customers will ensure their return to the sporting events. This study aims to develop and validate a service quality assessment tool for sporting events. Exploratory analysis was used to achieve appropriate statistical results. Qualitative data following quantitative data were collected and analyzed, and through a process the main and essential dimensions of the service quality were selected. In order to statistically survey the internal consistency and structural validity of the tool, it was distributed to 450 spectators of the sporting event of major basketball league in 1395-1396. In doing so, exploratory factor analysis of the original data was conducted using the main components method through the orthogonal rotation. Having passed through qualitative and quantitative stages, the final questionnaire containing 34 questions for the whole factors and sub-factors was designed. This study resulted in the production of an appropriate tool for service quality assessment in sporting events. To assess service quality in sporting events a reliable questionnaire must be used. The questionnairedesigned in this study can be an appropriate tool to assess service quality in sporting events.

Today, importance of human resources in order to develop and promotion of sport organizations is as a top priority in decision making of sport managers. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of work life with ethical work climate between men and women coaches of Iran Pilates Association.
This is descriptive-correlation study. The population of this research was Iranian coaches of Pilates Association (N=147) who have been selected randomly. Quality of work life questionnaire and ethical work climate was used to measure the research variables. Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics (i.e. mean and standard deviation) as well as inferential statistics (i.e. Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression).
The results showed that there is significant relationship between quality of work life and ethical work climate, and ethical work climate could predict coaches’ quality of work life.
The results showed that by increasing the ethical work climate, quality of work life coaches increases. Therefore, it is suggested that managers work to promote ethical models and transfer expectations of coaches’ pass, because with this organization irrefutable norms are formed and the quality of work life coaches increased.

Nowadays, stadiums filled with hundreds of millions of viewers and spectators have turned sport events into one of the most popular events throughout the world. The purpose of present study is to investigate a comprehensive model of quality of services of sport events. This paper develops a model for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of services provided for spectators in Iran. Research method is of correlative type and the population of study is consisted of the entire spectators who were present at 9 premier league basketball matches (N: 450). Sampling was performed through accessible sampling method. For the purpose of data collection, researcher made questionnaire prepared based on literature, theoretical foundations and qualitative and quantitative studies related to the subject. Investigation of Person’s correlation coefficients and exploratory factor analysis of main data were performed through the application of principal component analysis, orthogonal rotation and confirmatory factor analysis of individual factors within the software of AMOS v.23.0. Results indicated that a significant relation exists between quality of services and game quality, arbitration quality, interaction, quality of environment and overall evaluation of the match. Findings of this research suggest a more effective planning for sport events by which, one’s perception regarding service quality, manner of servicing and having an appropriate behavior with spectators might improve. In addition, findings have shown that quality of services in sport events should continually be improved.