حمید برقی

Today, governance passes through the realm of government and faces many problems and has no choice but to get rid of them. Governance must be able to establish partnership and cooperation between all the forces influencing the management of society, namely governments, the private sector and grassroots organizations. The purpose of this study is to rank the model of good governance in rural areas with emphasis on the villages of the two central district of Poldakhtar county and Mosian district of Dehloran county, including 8 components (main) and 43 sub-components (sub). Research method, descriptive and data collection tools in addition to library studies, preparing a questionnaire of experts, and for more detailed analysis of this information, multi-criteria decision-making techniques of hierarchical analysis FAHP and ARAS technique have been ranked. The statistical population of this research is 20 rural experts (sheriff, governor, village governor , council, etc.) of Poldakhtar and Ilam counties. Findings show that the highest weight obtained from the components belonged to the component of responsibility, accountability and participation and the lowest weight obtained belonged to the components of transparency and central justice, respectively. Findings show that the highest weight obtained from the components belonged to the component of responsibility, accountability and participation and the lowest weight obtained belonged to the components of transparency and central justice, respectively. Also, the ranking of governance in the villages of Mosian district with the degree of usefulness (Ki) (0.5119) was better than the villages of the central part with the degree of usefulness (Ki) (0.4591). Out of 7 villages that have good governance status, 6 villages are in Mosian district and 1 village is in the central district.

Good governance, having the most important principles and criteria for public participation, accountability, accountability, centralism, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, justice and equality, consensus and legitimacy is one of the new management approaches and new approaches to development and poverty reduction, especially poverty. This study aimed was to conduct a comparative analysis of the goog governance model in rural areas with an emphasis on the villages of the central part of Poldakhtar and Mosian section of Dehloran. The statistical population of the study, according to Cochran's formula, is 284 heads of households living in the villages of the two central parts and Mosian. Inferential data analysis was performed using t-test, and the sample villages were ranked in terms of rural governance status using The Topsis method. The results obtained from The Topsis method show that the governance situation in Mosian section of Dehloran Township is better than the central part of Poldakhtar Township, and the one sample t-test showed that the average of all components of rural good governance is above average and their significance level is an amount less than 0.05. The results of Levin test also show that there is a significant difference between the two central parts and Mosian regarding governance and its components, apart from responsibility (±1/96). Furthermore, In Mosian section, the average components (participation, accountability, and transparency) were higher than the central part of Poldakhtar Township and in the components (legality, collective agreement, justice, efficiency, and effectiveness) were less than the central part of Poldakhtar Township.

ose of this paper is to investigate the barriers and challenges of home businesses from the perspective of home business experts and owners using the Delphi method and confirmatory factor analysis. The purpose of this study is applied research and descriptive-analytical in nature and has a qualitative approach. The statistical population of the study consists of two groups. The first group included experts from the Bureau of Co-operation, Labor and Social Welfare, and the Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Crafts and Tourism, and the second group consisted of home business owners. The sample size for the first group was 28 people using snowball or chain sampling and the second group is based on the statistics of about 1000 people in rural areas of Isfahan province which was determined 276 people according to Cochran formula. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Delphi technique was used to identify the existing challenges of Isfahan rural communities home businesses. Results in the qualitative part of the study indicated that the most important challenges facing home businesses are structural and managerial factors, policy making, financial and economic, individual-personality, research and information. In the quantitative section, using confirmatory factor analysis, there are 5 factors, namely: financial and economic factors, managerial and structural factors, weaknesses in comprehensive rules and policy, research and information, and personal and personality factors which are 78/73. Explains the percentage of total variance

Introduction :

Due to the vastness of the geographical territory of Iran's nomadic society, there are many rural settlements in this biological space. Despite their many capacities, they face challenges such as poverty, unemployment, immigration, etc. Meanwhile, the development of tourism entrepreneurship can be an important capacity in order to solve the challenges of development in these villages.Purpose of the research: Investigating the impact of tourism entrepreneurship indicators on sustainable rural development in Ardel county is the main goal of this research.

This research was done with a combination of survey and descriptive-analytical methods. The statistical population includes 7574 heads of households and Using Sample Power software, 220 people were considered as a statistical sample. The main tool for collecting field data is a questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. A stratified sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaires. Questionnaires were distributed among 18 villages of Ardal county, which were selected purposefully and the final sampling was done by simple random method. SPSS software was used for experiment and data analysis.Geographical area of research: The geographical territory of this study is Ardel county located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

The findings showed that in the fitted regression model, the independent variables of the research explain 36% of the variable of sustainable rural development. Among the indicators of tourism entrepreneurship, the social-cultural compatibility index with a beta coefficient of 0.556 has had the greatest effect on sustainable rural development.

Considering that tourism entrepreneurship has an effect on sustainable rural development, it seems necessary and logical to develop and promote tourism entrepreneurship through the support of the public and private sectors, taking into account the active participation of villagers in this process. Because by following this process, sustainable rural development can be strengthened.

The comprehensive and forward-looking nature of land use plans on the one hand and the continuous changes in the developmental environment due to the impact of trends, events and key factors that are referred to as drivers made the importance of identifying, controlling and planning on them in order to organize the rare space for development and the realization of the goals and missions of land planning essential. In the meantime, without the effective role of rural areas, the realization of the strategic document of the provinces' land use planning as the highest development document faces many challenges. Based on this, the current research, with emphasis on the first and important phase of prospective studies with the aim of identifying the most important driving forces affecting the empowerment of rural areas in order to play an effective role in realizing the goals, mission and vision of the strategic document of land use planning of Kurdistan province has been completed. In the current applied research with a descriptive-analytical method and with an exploratory approach using the Delphi technique, the main factors were identified and then by using the MicMac software, the relationships and the way of their influence and effectiveness, the effective drivers were determined. Finally, 60 variables with a management, economic, social, physical, natural and spatial nature in local, regional, national and transnational spatial scales were identified in the field of communication with the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and according to the way of influence 29 variables that had the greatest role in the performance of other variables were determined as the main propellants. The distribution of the identified variables and drivers ended with a compilation of all the main influencing dimensions, among which, drivers and variables of economic and managerial nature with the most influence in determining the change process and performance of other variables and drivers were determined. The distribution of more than 69 percent of main variables in the 1st or effective area, the 2nd or bimodal area and in the 4th or regulatory area, shows the complex and intertwined relationships and the sensitivity of control and planning on the drivers in order to achieve the goals and missions of the documents of the province is based on the role of its rural areas.

Problem statement: 

Ensuring sustainable development and measuring the well-being of a society heavily relies on maintaining and enhancing rural stability. This research study adopted a descriptive-survey approach to analyze the structural relationships between rural sustainability and four dimensions, drawing upon the theoretical foundations of W.G. Newman (1999) and the eight dimensions of good governance as defined by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

This study was designed with an applied purpose and utilized a survey methodology for data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of the heads of rural households in Kashan City with a total population of 364,482 individuals. By employing the Karjesi-Morgan table, the sample size for the study was determined to be 379 participants. A multi-stage sampling method was employed to select the participants for this research. The calculated value of Cronbach's alpha for the indicators of good governance and rural sustainability were 0.75 and 0.72, respectively.

Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 24 and AMOS software packages. The findings indicated that both the components of good governance and rural stability in the villages of Kashan City were evaluated as average and below the optimal level with the average scores of 3.120 and 2.773, respectively. Furthermore, favorable causal relationships were observed between the components of good governance and rural stability as indicated by a fitted model (RMSEA=0.022). The research findings suggested that enhancing indicators, such as legality, transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, participation, consensus, justice, and accountability could significantly contribute to the development of rural sustainability components.

Medicinal plants have a special value and significance in providing hygiene, health and food resources. Although the human attitude towards the products of medicinal plants has a long history, the issue of increasing the production of these products at the level of fields and gardens has taken on a new scientific form since the second half of the 20th century. The purpose of this research is to assess and measure economic, social, environmental sustainability of expanding the activities of medicinal plants in the rural development in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province.

It is an applied descriptive research based on field data collection (questionnaire). The statistical population of this research included 13 villages in cold region of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. According to a report by Natural Resources of the Province in 2022, 383 medicinal plant producers were determined and among all of whom the questionnaires were distributed. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and variance) and inferential (one-sample t-test and VIKOR model) were used for data analysis.

The findings showed that the mean score of the social and environmental indicators is over the theoretical average value (3), while the mean score was 2.80 in terms of economic indicators. The results of VIKOR model revealed that Sepidar village with a VIKOR index of (0.157) has the highest rank and Sadat Mahmoudi village with a VIKOR index of (0.993) has the lowest rank in terms of the sustainability of the activities of medicinal plants among the villages in the study area.

This study is promising the activities of rural areas in the production of medicinal plants, which is considered as a strategy for diversification in rural settlements. Therefore, the results of this research can be given special consideration in recognizing the effects of medicinal plants in different geographical areas and have an effective role in the development of rural areas.

Today, the development of the village or any settlement system, compared to the past, has a wide connection with the concept of management, and in fact, management is an influential factor in development that can not only accelerate the development process but can be said to be the only factor to  Achieve development. Effective rural management requires the use of new managerial perspectives, which is one of the new approaches to good governance, in other words, good rural governance. In this regard, the present study aims to; Explanation and investigation of the effective components on the realization of good rural governance in rural settlements, the central district of Poldakhtar county and the Mosian district of Dehloran county have been compiled. Data collection is based on library and survey resources. The statistical population is studied by experts and specialists in the field. Demitel technique was used to analyze the data. The relationship between good governance and sustainable rural development was assessed according to the type of research data using Pearson test. The results of causal relations in Demetel method show that in the central district of  Poldakhtar county; The components of efficiency and effectiveness were identified as the most effective and legality of the most impression indicator, and in the Mosian district of Dehloran county, the component of intercession was identified as the most effective and justice indicator as the most impression indicator of good rural governance. Findings of correlation coefficients of good governance and rural sustainability variables in the central district of Poldakhtar indicate that there is a positive relationship between rural governance and the components of legality, responsibility, collective agreement and justice and sustainability and all its components except social sustainability (p≤0.05). Findings of correlation coefficients of variables of good governance and rural sustainability in Mosian district of Dehloran county indicate that there is not a significant relationship between rural governance and the components of participation, responsibility, collective agreement and efficiency and effectiveness with sustainability and components of social, economic and environmental sustainability(p>0.05).

The objective of this study is to investigate spatial relationships analysis of the concepts of life quality, social capital, and rural entrepreneurship in Dezful County, which was done through the descriptive and analytical methodology and data collection by field and survey methods. To pursue the issue, 147 target villages were selected based on the Cochran formula from 238 in-habited rural areas in Dezful County. The principal research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire containing 250 manifest variables extracted from 23 latent variables in triple concepts. The statistical population consists of 30,032 household heads in the target villages, and questionnaires were randomly distributed among 379 of them based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method. The statistical population consists of 30,032 heads of households in the villages of this county. Ques-tionnaires were randomly distributed based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method among 379 family heads in the target villages in eleven rural districts of this county. In this research, the analysis of pairwise and general relationships between concepts was done through structural equation modeling (SEM) and investigating the situation of the Dezful's villages in relationships between structures utilizing gray relationship analysis (GRA) and fuzzy analysis. The results showed that the paired relationships of the concepts had a significance level lower than the assumed error rate of 0.05 evaluated as direct and positive. The highest and lowest relation-ships of the constructs belong to the relationship between life quality and social capital and the linkage of life quality and rural entrepreneurship with path coefficients of 0.949 and 0.875. Based on the layers combination of GRA and fuzzy analysis, the nearly two-thirds situation of the target villages is inappropriate in the general relationships of research concepts.

Production of affordable products is always one of the concerns of farmers. Cultivation pattern is one of the influential factors in the growth and development of the agricultural sector, which can help improve the economic, social and environmental sectors in villages. The purpose of the research is to investigate and evaluate the effects of changing the cultivation pattern in the development of rural areas based on economic, social and environmental criteria. For this purpose, 390 households in the villages of these three cities that started to change the cultivation pattern from rice to kiwi were selected as samples. The reliability and research tool of the questionnaire was made by the researcher, and the validity of the form and content of the questionnaire was confirmed by the corrective opinion of the professors and experts of the university after making the necessary corrections in several stages. The total reliability of the questionnaire is equal to 0.734, which showed that there is a significant difference in the alpha level of 0.01 in the economic, social and environmental sectors in the period before and after the change of the cultivation pattern. In social indicators, except for the component of participation in sustainability components and farmer awareness about agricultural activity, the averages show the growth of the index, and in the economic indicators of the quality of employment, welfare and economic security, this growth is more noticeable. Based on this, it can be said that the pattern of citrus cultivation has played an effective role in the development of the studied villages.

Quality of life as a multidimensional structure that includes psychological, economic, social and physical aspects; Can be considered as an indicator of the progress and development of a community today; There is general agreement among researchers, policymakers and development planners on the need to study quality of life. Which is important with socio-economic development and improvement of living standards, so it can be used as a powerful tool to monitor community development planning.

The statistical population of the study includes all rural households in Jazinak district of Zahak city, which has 5223 households. After pre-testing the questionnaire and calculating the variance of the main variables through the Cochran relation, by substituting this value in the Cochran's formula, the sample size is estimated at 357 people. Completed. To analyze this part, Shannon and Saw entropy multi-characteristic decision weighting models have been used. Also, in order to analyze the data, using SPSS software, Spearman analysis of variance and correlation tests were used to assess the level of quality of life for analysis.

 The results of leveling using SAW and entropy models showed that the indicators of quality of education and quality of employment and income with a weight of 0.189 and 0.113, respectively, have the highest amount. And the indices of quality of environment and quality of leisure with weights of 0.009 and 0.023, respectively, have the lowest level in terms of quality of life indices among the villages of Jazinak district. also; The villages of Jazinak, Nadam Sharghi and Safdar Mirbik with the final score of 0.586, 0.581, 0.576, respectively, with the highest score and the villages of Qaleh-e No, As Ghazi and Lechvi, respectively, with the final score of 0.494, 0.494, 491, respectively. / 0 are in the last rank in terms of quality of life indicators.

The results of the statistical test of the analysis of variance test show that; There is a significant difference between the dimensions (economic, social, physical and environmental) quality of life in the studied villages. Also, the results of Spearman test show that there is a significant relationship between the level of quality of life indicators of villagers and the development of villages in Jazinak district, and the quality of life of villagers plays an effective role in rural development.

Problem design: 

Exploitation systems form the basis of Iran's agriculture and show the type and form of the relationship between man and nature. The correct and principled use of nature and production inputs and tools by humans is of great importance in agricultural exploitation. Such a use could show itself in the stability and dynamics of exploitation systems.

This research was based on the comparative analysis of small peasant exploitation systems and production cooperatives with regard to sustainable development indicators in Isfahan Province.

The research was based on an applied method in terms of purpose and a descriptive-analytical one in terms of nature. The data collection method was based on a documentary-survey approach.

WASPAS technique showed that the social, economic, and environmental dimensions in Arg Rudasht Company had the highest rank compared to those of other companies. Also, the higher value of Qi (0.0506) in the production cooperative exploitation system in the production cooperative company compared to its value of 0.0787 in the small peasant system in the mentioned company indicated the greater success of the production cooperative exploitation system compared to the small peasant system. Also, Golestan Kanawat, Berzuk, and Teng-e Chayedeh companies were in the lowest rank compared to the other companies. With the help of CODAS technique, the small peasant exploitation and production cooperative systems were measured. The results showed that Arg Rudasht company was higher than the other companies in both the small peasant exploitation and production cooperative systems in Isfahan Province. According to the calculated Euclidean distances, the production cooperative system was more successful than the small peasant exploitation system. Also, according to the CODAS technique, Tang-e Chayedeh and Sardab Sofli companies had the lowest ranks in the small peasant exploitation and production cooperative exploitation systems.

Research innovation: 

The innovation of this study was application of the mentioned indicators that were appropriate for the local conditions, types of the tests, and the studied places.

The issue of participation has become very important in recent decades in relation to such issues as democracy, development, etc. Participation and rural development have been proposed as two related and complementary elements and increasing the level of participation among villagers is considered as a sign and means of rural development. This can be useful for future policies and planning for rural areas.

Social participation is a broad concept that includes dimensions, such as social trust, empowerment, and norms, which are discussed today in socio-economic analyses of rural development. The purpose of this article was to show the role of social participation in rural development.

The statistical population of the study consisted of 4200 rural women aged 15 years and older in Fereydunshahr City and the sample size was determined to be 240 people by using Cochran's formula.

Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In this study, the observed variables for the two components of empowerment and social trust were obtained. Two first-order factor analysis models were developed and validated to measure two subscales of social participation. Finally, the roles and effects of the observed variables and their dual components on social participation as the main latent dependent variable, as well as the relationships between them were analyzed by using a two-factor structural model of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results showed the acceptable fit and validity of both models of measuring social participation and achieving goals, as well as the second-order three-factor model for examining social participation, based on the collected data. Also, social empowerment (0.65) and trust (0.78) had an effect on social participation.Innovation: In the present study, for the first time, the issues of participation and rural development were investigated by performing the structural analyses of the two categories of social trust and social empowerment. Keywords: Social Participation, Social Trust, Social Empowerment, Rural Areas, Fereydunshahr IntroductionEach rural settlement consists of various economic, social, cultural, and political spheres, each of which represents one aspect of social life. Accordingly, rural space has a certain structure with regard to its environmental and ecological characteristics and socio-economic features, which indicate its basic capabilities and actual talents (Saeedi, 1998: 19). Reaching the all-round developments and peaks of growth and excellence has been one of the human aspirations throughout history. To achieve this aspiration, human beings have always tried different ways to test the plants and accelerate achievement of development through this process. The development of a region is not only possible by relying on natural resources, but also one of the necessary and basic items of social participation. Social participation of a city and village expresses a part of the human potential of that city and village. To develop any programs, it is necessary that social participation of the area be thoroughly examined. Social participation can be considered in a broad and macro level based on a set of moral virtues and social relations in line with developments that are influenced by both economic and political performances and the constructions of power and governance commensurate with it at the same time affect these two performances (Dini Turkmani, 2006: 171-147). Development has a concept beyond growth and requires qualitative and structural changes different from the previous routine (Sarafi, 2003: 98-74). Social participation for achieving rural development has been the growing subject of many studies in recent years. The necessary condition for the development of any society, especially rural communities, is reaching a comprehensive development by building warm relations, expanding social cohesion, and developing social empowerment and most importantly mutual trust at the individual, society, and government levels. These structures are components of social participation. Although this research field has been considered for a long time, scientific studies of villages have been of special interest only in recent decades (Saeedi, 2005: 1). Rural development includes a set of national developments. It encompasses a wide range of activities and human mobilization that enable people to stand on their own feet and eliminate structural disabilities. Considering the concept of social participation, development can be regarded as the enrichment of social actions due to the increase in the desire for empowerment and social trust. In this case, the transition to development through the creation of institutions, beliefs, value balances, norms, and productive structures, as well as the structures that encourage social participation, will be possible. According to various definitions, social participation includes concepts, such as trust, empowerment, and interaction between the members of a group. In a way, social participation causes the group to take steps towards values ​​and norms that are positive and admired in the society (Renani et al., 2006: 151-133). In addition to modeling social participation in rural development in the two dimensions of trust and social empowerment, the purpose of this article was to evaluate the levels of social participation of the studied villages. By examining these two dimensions of social participation, we could find out how much the residents of the sample villages cared about the components of social trust and empowerment among themselves and to what extent they participated in their rural development in general. Given the importance of the issue and other issues raised, this study sought to examine two important components of social participation, namely social trust and social empowerment, in the rural areas of Fereydunshahr City.Research MethodsThe present study was an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-analytical research in nature. The study population included all rural households in Fereydunshahr. According to the statistics of 2016, the total number of households in Fereydunshahr was 9275, of which 4383 households were located in rural areas. To determine the sample size, Cochran's general order was used. Due to time and economic constraints and especially the size of the statistical population specified through the corrected order, the sample questionnaires were reduced to 240ones. Villages were selected as a sample in the study area and the numbers of the samples and villages were determined systematically.The sample areas of Milagardo Chogha, Kloseh and Masir, Racheh and Islamabad, Choghiwart and Nehzatabad, and Darreh Sib and Midanak Bozorg from Barf Anbar, Poshtkuh Mogoi, Pishkuh Mogoi, Cheshmeh Negan, and Ashayer villages were selected. FindingsMeasurement models were based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and validation of scales.First, two models of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicating a factor for creating and measuring the two subscales of trust and social empowerment as components of social participation were drawn and analyzed in the AmosGraphic software environment. A measurement model is part of a structural equation model that defines how to measure a latent variable by using two or more observable variables. Here, the variable of social participation was a hidden variable, which had to be drawn in an oval form in the software. A hidden variable is a variable that is not measured directly, but is measured by using two or more observed variables (e.g., empowerment and social trust in this article) as a representative. The obvious variables have the same roles as the questions of the questionnaire shown in a graph with the letter of q. The hidden variable can be measured by using them. The measurement error for the obvious variable is represented by the letter of e (Ghasemi, 2010).The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is indicated by the factor load, which is a value between 0 and 1. If the factor load is less than 0.3, it is ignored for having a weak relationship. A factor load of between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable and larger than 0.6 is highly desirable. According to Table 3, all the observed variables have positive and significant regression coefficients with their scales. As can be seen, the magnitudes of these coefficients are relatively high for all the studied cases (all the factor loads are at the significant level of 0.001). In this table, no significant levels are reported for the factor loads or the standard regression coefficients of the two observed variables. This is because these variables are considered as the reference or representative variables for the two variables of social empowerment and social trust, respectively, so as to eliminate these hidden variables without a scale, i.e, without their root and unit of measurements (Ghasemi, 1389). That is why the initial path diagrams have been considered for the arrows related to the paths between these observed variables with the hidden variable corresponding to the values ​​of 1. The Average Variance Extracted (AVE) criterion represents the average variance shared between each structure and its own indicators. Simply put, AVE is used to validate convergence and shows a high correlation between the indices of one structure compared to the correlation of the indices of other structures.The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1 and the values ​​above 0.5 are accepted (Fornell & Lacker, 1981: 39-50). In this research, the convergent validities or means of AVE for social empowerment and social trust it were 0.60 and 0.71, respectively. The coefficient value of structural reliability or Combined Reliability (CR) ranges from 0 to 1one variable and the values ​​of higher than 0.7 are accepted. These values were obtained to be 0.77 and 0.74 for social empowerment and social trust, respectively, which indicated appropriateness of these subscales (Werts, 1974: 28).

Agriculture plays a key role in empowering the government to achieve and maintain food self-sufficiency. Sustainable agricultural growth depends significantly on its transformation process, which in turn is associated with changes in cultivation patterns. Determining the optimal cultivation pattern is one of the issues that are highly considered in agricultural economics. Various studies of economic development emphasize both the importance of changing the pattern of cultivation in the process of rural development and its role as an important factor in reducing the income gap and poverty of rural households. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of changing the cultivation pattern on the economic structure from the perspective of villagers with a structural equation modeling approach. Library and field studies were conducted in relation to the villages of Astara, Talesh and Rudsar in Guilan province. For this purpose, 390 households in the villages of these three cities, which changed the cultivation pattern from rice to kiwi, were selected as a sample. The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-causal research in nature. The results show that the measured validity of all five measurement models as well as the second-order five-factor model is acceptable to investigate the effects of changing the cultivation pattern. Finally, production boom (0/30), the increase in investment (0/18), improvement of business environment (0/66), reduction of villagers' debt (0/46) and reduction of migration (0/22) are among the factor burdens. Based on this, it can be said that the citrus cultivation pattern has played an effective role on the economic structure of the studied villages.

Development, which is in various dimensions, including economic, social or cultural, can affect the structures of society and vice versa, social structures. This influence and effectiveness is the reason why planners pay attention to it and its dimensions. Study. One of the manifestations of development is the improvement of employment and the issue of unemployment. Home-based businesses have been very effective in reducing unemployment due to their unique benefits, and the countries that have used them to strengthen these jobs have achieved remarkable positive results. Starting a business with the least initial capital, the possibility of working part-time, the existence of short-term training courses, no need for significant space, etc. are undeniable capabilities that home and family businesses have and require attention Jedi reveals this opportunity Social structure refers to structural features that make it possible to distinguish and distinguish similar actions in different temporal and spatial domains and give them a systematic form. The structure consists of rules and resources that play a role in the reproduction of social systems, ie rules that are formulated in social interaction and determine for social actors how to act socially and achieve goals . Many problems of Isfahan province in the employment sector on the one hand and also considering the unemployment rate of 5.5 percent in rural areas of Isfahan province between 1397 and 1398 on the other hand has caused to get out of this situation to look at home jobs in particular. Be. As a result, it is obvious that any kind of activities related to home-based activities cause economic, social, and cultural changes in rural areas. The creation of this type of business is one of the contemplative consequences of the desired developments. . Due to the importance of the subject, the present study aims to investigate and evaluate the effects of this type of domestic work on the social structure of rural areas of Isfahan province. The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and causal research in nature. The statistical population of the study includes all villagers working in home-based businesses in Isfahan province, which according to the Statistics Center of Iran in November 2016 was 296581 people. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the statistical sample size, based on which the sample size is equal to 384 households were estimated. Then, using probabilistic random sampling method, the questionnaires were distributed among 95 villages of Isfahan province that were randomly selected in 1398. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part was related to the personal characteristics of the respondents including gender, age, level of education, occupation, number of households and income. The second part related to the effects of home-based jobs on the social structure of the respondents was used in the form of a five-level Likert scale (very low = 1 to very high = 5). (Hafeznia, 1389: 74) Formal and content validity of the questionnaire And the experts of the University of Isfahan and after making the necessary corrections were approved in several stages. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha method has been used to assess the validity of the measurement tool. Results Findings showed that the statistical population in terms of gender was 16.4% female and 83.6% male. In terms of education, 46.7% of the respondents had literacy, 48.3% had a cycle degree, 4.2% had a diploma and 0.8% had a bachelor's degree. The mean age of the respondents was 47.7 (standard deviation: 9.55) years, the youngest of whom was 20 years old and the oldest of whom was 74 years old. Most of the villagers surveyed in this study are married with a frequency of 91.6% and single at 8.4%. The results of the research show that 32.5% of the respondents stated that they are insured and 67.5% are uninsured. The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is indicated by the factor load. The factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, a weak relationship is considered and ignored. A factor load of between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if greater than 0.6 it is highly desirable. It can be seen that all the observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table no significant level is reported for the factor loads or the standard regression coefficients of the five observed variables. This is because these variables are considered as reference variables for social harms, health system, participation and social communication, demographic structure and migration, respectively, so that these variables are hidden without scale and In other words, they should be eliminated without roots and their unit of measurement (Ghasemi, 2010). That is why the initial path diagrams are considered on the arrows related to the paths between these observed variables with the hidden variable corresponding to the values of 1, the AVE criterion represents the average variance shared between each structure with its own indicators. Simply put, AVE (average variance extracted) is used to validate convergence and shows a high correlation between the indices of one structure compared to the correlation of indices of other structures. The value of this coefficient is from zero to one variable that values higher than 0.5 are accepted (Fornell et al., 1981: 50-39). Convergent validity or extracted mean variance (AVE) for social harm index / 766. The health system index was 0.711, the participation and social relations index was 0.799, the population structure index was 0.526 and the migration reduction index was 0.626. Also, the value of structural reliability coefficient or combined reliability (CR) was from zero to Is a variable that values above 0.7 are accepted, which for the social harm index is / 755. The health system index was 0.737, the participation and communication index was 0.802, the population structure index was 0.514 and the migration reduction index was 0.526, which indicates the appropriateness of these subscales

Employment and unemployment, which are very important issues in rural areas, can be solved in general through home-based businesses and their development. The issue of home-based businesses can be very influential in creating employment in rural areas The main purpose of this study is to provide a paradigmatic model of home business development in rural areas of Isfahan province based on basic theory.

This study was conducted in 2020. The present research is among the basic and qualitative researches that have been done with the approach of the foundation data theory approach. The interview collection tool was structured. The interviews were conducted among experts and experts in the field of home-based jobs, and the opinions of the interviewees were theoretically saturated from the 29th interview.

After the emergence of concepts (139 references) and open, central, and selective coding, led to the design of the conceptual framework of the research model and the presentation of the paradigm model. Based on the results of the Grounded Theory, the pattern of home-based businesses to achieve development in rural areas of Isfahan province has been drawn. This model includes causal conditions (including managerial factors and comprehensive policy system), intervening conditions (educational-promotional factors, motivational factors, and attitudinal factors), contextual conditions (infrastructure factors, marketing, skill factors, and promotion of financial and credit resources). This includes strategies (stakeholder participation, information system, and support factors) and social consequences (increasing the level of participation and sense of responsibility and cooperation among residents, reducing social harms, empowering local people, Reduce the migration of local people to the city, move towards sustainable development) and economic consequences (rural growth and development, reducing the dependence of local people on government credits and facilities and assistance such as subsidies, promoting economic welfare, improving local livelihoods) has it.

The limitations of the present study include the following: Research is time-consuming; some people are not cooperating to collect data, it is difficult to assess the relative importance of the components and factors of the proposed theory.

Livability is a general concept that is associated with a number of other concepts and words, such as sustainability, quality of place and healthy community. Livable settlements define habitat as a suitable place for work and life. Livability theory was based on Abraham Maslow's work on human needs. The increasing importance of livability is due to increased awareness of unsustainable life patterns and unhealthy and unsustainable consumption, which in the long term reduces the capacity of environmental resources for supporting the population. In the field of quality of life this theory has been generally developed by Wienhown who believes that people are happier and are more satisfied in a community that meets their needs better. In general, the livability coin has two faces: livelihoods and ecological stability. Thus, one of the dimensions of livability is stable livelihood. One of the solutions for increasing the sustainability of rural livelihoods is livelihoods diversity. This phenomenon leads to poverty reduction due to the emphasis on better job opportunities for empowerment of rural households. Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One of the examples of livelihood diversity is border exchange in border settlements. The definition of border exchange, its environmental result and its role in the sustainability or instability of rural settlements is discussed here forth.

Kurdistan province is geographically located between northern 34° 44' to 36° 30' latitude and 45° 31' to 48° 16' longitude. Currently, Kurdistan Province has 10 counties, 27 districts, and 29 towns. Kurdistan Province, with an area of 28203 square kilometers, is located adjacent to the eastern part of Iraq. Villages with border license totaling 10817 households have been studied as a statistical society. In the present research, in terms of research methodology we used both quantitative and qualitative methods. For theoretical framework, both livability theory and livelihood diversity theory have been used. In order to investigate the research problem, a deductive strategy was used and for collecting data two conventional methods of library studies (books, theses, journals, the results of censuses, relevant statistics, photographs, pictures, films, documentaries, etc.) and surveying were used. For statistical analysis of quantitative data, SPSS software and related statistical tests such as independent T and Wilcoxon were used. For analysis of qualitative data, researcher's views, opinions of scholars, statements by the officials of the city's and field investigations have been used.

The average of the effects of border exchanges on the stability of villages before and after the temporary border marketplace was 22.77 and 17.62, respectively, which had a mean difference of 5.15 before and after the construction of temporary border markets. Also, the standard deviation of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace is 2.84 and 1.36, respectively. To examine the effect of temporary border marketplace, the Wilcoxon test was used. The results showed that the average rating in the period before the construction of temporary border markets (45.22) was for environmental destruction and the results were higher than the average of the group after the construction of temporary border marketplace (13.5). Therefore, it can be said that with construction of temporary border markets, environmental results, including the destruction of forest areas and its implications were reduced. The value of the Wilcoxon test is (8.05) and its significance level is 0.05 at 0.000. Based on the significance level, the difference between the dependent variable in two periods before the construction of the temporary border marketplace and after the construction of temporary border marketplace, it is meaningful. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research on the existence of a relationship between border exchanges and environmental evolution and the second hypothesis regarding the positive results of border exchanges in the livability of the settlements of the border villages of Kurdistan province after the construction of temporary border marketplaces are confirmed.Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One example of the diversification of rural livelihoods is border exchange; the phenomenon of border exchanges is now in legal ways, including temporary marketplaces, border licenses and electronic border credit cards. This phenomenon is an appropriate alternative for diversifying rural livelihoods, fair distribution of income, population stability, socioeconomic and spatial justice, protection of the environment, especially the preservation of forested areas. Applied studies show that reliance on non-agricultural livelihood diversity strategies are beneficial due to increase in household income. In this framework, border exchange is one of the examples of diversification of rural livelihoods with positive economic results. On the other hand, as it is derived from the questionnaires, the use of pressurized irrigation and reduction of water losses in the fields, the participation of local people in environmental NGOs, for example the Green Chia Association, participation in forest fire extinguishing, along with reduced fertilizer and pesticide use in agricultural fields, reduced animal hunting, reduced overharvesting, reduce of human waste and animal waste in the rural range and out of rural range, reduce in the population's dependence on forests and pastures are quite evident.

It is obvious that with changes in the financial and income resources of the border residents, the desire to improve livelihoods and increase satisfaction has expanded. The development of environmental protection, such as decreasing environmental destruction, reduction of pesticide and fertilizer use, increasing participation in non-governmental environmental institutions, participation in firefighting, reducing the unconventional use of forests and their products and decreasing disposal of human and animal waste in the rural environment and forest arenas are positive environmental impacts of border exchanges. Obviously, if this phenomenon is extended to other parts of the county, with the improvement of livelihoods, the fields of cultural, political, physical and environmental development will accrete and increase. An adverse event caused by rising income is construction of garden houses and villas, mostly with urban residents. With necessary means such as educating people, coherent supervision in the areas of desirability can be managed. Therefore, the diversification strategy of rural livelihoods based on the capability of each region, using the potential of the border is a useful solution. This strategy reduces livability limitations of rural settlements.

Border market place the subject of this research has been topic a lot of research. The end of  This research is describe and explain the environmental effects of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border markets in the region. The aim of this research is to describe and explain the economic, social, physio, cultural and hygienically impacts of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace and the role of this phenomenon on the improve of livability. In the present research and in term of research methodology, we use both qualitative and quantitative methods in the following ways. Deductive strategy for investigating the research problem, two conventional methods of research; library and survey research, preparing and distributing 90 and 360 questionnaires for the evaluating of villages for collecting data, SPSS software, independent T-test and Wilcoxon test for statistical analysis of quantitative data, and the professors' viewpoints, executive directors' opinions, research achievements and field observations of the researcher for qualitative data have been used. Research findings indicate that people's employment in border exchanges has resulted in Temporary border markets have brought about positive changes in the indicators related to the economic, social and physical aspects of the rural settlement of the border areas of the region, especially the increase in income, population consolidation, the increase of renovation housing and, to a certain extent, the strengthening of rural housing, and as one of the activities The main features of residents of border settlements have an effective role in livelihoods diversity, reducing the unsustainability of rural settlements and improving livability of border regions of Kurdistan province, and the continuation of this activity will lead to the well-being of border settlements.

Achieving development in rural areas has always been of interest to researchers in developing countries. The most important pillar of development can be considered the way society is governed to achieve development. The decisions that are made to achieve these goals are called policies and the process of study, planning, decision making and ultimately implementation in the rural environment is called policy making. The place where these decisions are made has certain conditions and characteristics. In this research, we seek to understand the main challenges of rural policy making and management so that this knowledge can lead to more correct decisions for the rural regions management. The most important role for the implementation of decisions in the village is the management of rural communities.It is in drawing the links between the shifts in the social mode of regulation and the form and practices of new governance that rural studies have been shown particular reluctance – especially in terms of any engagement with theory. The researchers believe that rural management should significantly reduce rural migration, eliminate the socio-economic gap between the towns and villages, promote agricultural development and develop a culture of self-belief in rural areas, and reduce rural poverty. And the term is so broad that it loses its meaning.

In this study by thematic analysis method, Policy themes and challenges for managing Iran's rural areas have been identified. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews and study of sources and documents. By coding these interviews, we proceeded to the analysis of each and to the next sample by purposeful sampling. Content analysis is actually a way of identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns in qualitative data. It is also a process for analyzing contextual data and converts scattered and varied data into rich processed and detailed data. In order to document the discovered concepts and themes, quotes from geography and rural planning experts have been used and interviews and open question design have been conducted according to the existing theoretical literature and studies in the field of rural management, good governance, policy-making and planning. Also, the experience of researchers and previous studies has been done.

The results show that 17 out of 122 open source codes were identified, which can be divided into 6 categories of organizing themes. Finally, by identifying and discovering the basic and organizing themes and finding the relationships between the main themes and challenges, a diagram describing the characteristics and factors influencing the identification of policy themes for the management of Iranian rural areas was drawn. From this model it can be assumed that the theme in which these decisions are made must be taken into consideration. These concepts fall into six categories: Rurality, the historical process, the environment as an effective factor and form of policy, the role of culture in rural policy making and management, the role of culture in rural policy making and management, impact and goals. Economic policies and the place of participation in policymaking and management of rural communities were categorized as organizing themes of the research topic. The study also found new results that could be used in rural policy making and management. Another important issue is the effect of the economy and economic policy objectives. Another theme of the research is the role of culture in rural policy making and management, which emphasizes both the cultural context of Iranian villages (customs, customs, religion, etc.) and the need to recognize and influence its culture. Policies and decisions made for the village. Understanding the characteristics of the rural context for policymaking and understanding each one's relationship to decision-making, considering the environment as an effective factor in policymaking as well as the form of decisions and policies, the need to know the historical course of management and the management of rural areas. And past successful and unsuccessful experiences. The most important contributions of the codes have been the themes of organizing Historicity and participation in the policy-making and management of rural communities, each with 24 codes, which shows the greater emphasis of experts on these topics.

The results of the analysis indicate that in policymaking we should pay attention to the culture of the rural community, the independent social, economic and environmental identity of each village and the historical process of management in Iranian villages. Also, in order to better understand the current way of managing the villages, one should know about the historical development of rural management in Iran. He recognized the positive and negative impacts of the policies and decisions that have historically been taken for the management of rural communities and the plans and programs that have been developed to develop these areas as policy themes and challenges. The importance of the environmental context has been emphasized on rural policy-making and management, and attention to the environment has been formed as an influential factor and the basis of policy-making as well as form, and the result of policy implementation is very necessary for experts. If we want rural development and good management of rural communities, we must take into account the culture of rural society in policy making, taking into account the independent social, economic and environmental identity of each village and the environment as an influential factor in the policies and contexts. It was also seen as a form of policy making. Finally, it can be said that the current state of policymaking for the management of Iran's rural areas is irresponsible considering these basic themes. It is necessary to achieve the policy goals and the proper management of the villages to help the people themselves and to participate in all the policy making and implementation processes.

According to villagers' perspective on creative tourism, the common definition is that local residents should be proud of the creative space of the village, accept active participation in tourism development programs, and have an appropriate hospitality with regard to tourism. The purpose of this perspective is not considering local residents as a tourist destination and not assuming that only tourists can achieve a notable evaluation of the local creative space. Instead, residents should be considered as a group having an understanding of the originality of the creative space in their living place which will explain their attitude to the environment and be better hosts for tourists. In other words, tourist destination should not be regarded as a commercial package being sold to the tourist and causing destruction in the space (i.e. the sold out products). Cultural and legal discourse, as well as the attitudes and perceptions of the residents should be considered in this package. Preserving the natural environment of the living place is one of the concerns of residents in the villages of Iran and they expect tourists to pay more attention to creative tourism (cultural tourism, village tourism, etc.) to protect the natural environment and consider other aspects. In addition, the status of host and the areas with better acceptance are of great importance in the villages of Isfahan province, being visited by many tourists. In this regard, the present study pursues two main objectives. The first goal is to cluster tourism villages based on behavioral and environmental factors and the second goal is to investigate the effectiveness of behavioral and environmental factors on hospitality by residents being tested using the structural equation approach.

The present study was survey in terms of method. The main tool was a questionnaire in which the scoring method was adjusted based on five-option Likert scale ranging from very high to very low. Amos software was used for modeling and k-means clustering analysis was used for separating the target villages. The obtained data were displayed in the Scatter plot. The statistical population included the residents of the target villages of Isfahan province. A number of 187 subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method and the questionnaires were distributed randomly.

The items related to "villagers’ attitudes" variables were higher than the average. In variable "participation", the items of participation in environmental preservation, participation in guidance, and interaction with tourists had a good average. In variable "perception ", all items gained a good average. In variable "physical infrastructure", the status of the target villages was acceptable and finally, the villagers were satisfied with hospitality. The results of clustering indicated that the villages of plain region (hot climate) including "Mesr, Garmeh, Bayazeh and Qortan" were placed in cluster 1 (higher average) and the villages of mountainous region including "Abyaneh, Asfarajan, Khafr and Nashlaj, Abyaneh" were placed in cluster 2 (lower average). Scatter plot indicated that environmental factor improved the behavioral factor. The coefficient of determination (R2) revealed that 79% of behavioral factor was explained by environmental factor and there was a good correlation between environmental and behavioral factors.

In summary, the research model suggested that if two factors of behavioral and environmental in the village have creative features, they will affect the hospitality by villagers. In addition, the effect of behavioral factor was reported. In other words, perception, attitude, and participation of villagers are good predictors for the realization of hospitality. However, the role of environmental factor was highlighted. Furthermore, the environmental features of villages such as cultural, physical and environmental space had a serious effect on hosting tourists. The maximum average of creative hospitality variables was reported in the eastern villages of Isfahan province (Plain region with hot climate) and the villages of Mesr, Garmeh, and Bayazeh had the best conditions. Such results can be interesting for researchers in behavioral geography. Considering the behavioral factor and rural originality will significantly improve the hospitality by villagers and the interaction with tourists. The importance of the present study on this point indicated that no negative effect was found on damaging the rural originality and identity in the target villages of Isfahan, being visited by a large number of tourists.

Social capital is a huge conceptual that today in the analysis of social - economic, raised on rural development. The purpose of this paper is to show the role of social capital in rural development. The method is descriptive - analytical and data gathering tool was a questionnaire. The study, in 1762 the head of household, the village of Hasan Abad, which sample surveyed 210 households Review was taken. Data analysis in the software SPSS, and structural equation modeling (SEM), is done. The first two models, factor analysis, two sub-scales for measuring social capital, developed and validated. Finally, the impacts of observed variables, and binary components derived from them, the main hidden social capital and the relationships between them, with the help of a structural model of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), three second order factor was analyzed. The results of the fit, and reliability both measures of social capital, and goals, and the second three-factor model for studying social capital, based on the data gathered. Participation and social trust, respectively, to the 65/0 and 78/0, had an impact on social capital. The results can, in rural planners, to improve social capital and, ultimately, contribute to the development of rural areas.

Nowadays, rural governance as a new process in government with its own indicators can raise new discussions on local governance in rural areas and empower rural residents in different areas of decision making, implementation and evaluation. These are affected by factors such as environmental, economic, social and organizational factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting governance in local management of Zanjan Township. Considering the importance of the subject matter, the type of research is applied and the method is descriptive-analytic. To collect data, two methods of library and field studies were used. The statistical population of this research is 25588 households and local managers of the study area, which was calculated through a sample of rural households of 382 households. Among the local managers, 50 people of the sample village municipality and heads of Islamic councils were selected as samples. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Spearman and Pearson correlation and regression were used. The results of the one sample t-test showed that the governance in the study areas is at a moderate level and a correlation test   showed that there is a significant relationship between all components and governance except for the components of distance from the city, the gender of the dignitary, the fire fighting equipment, the ownership of the land, and the building by asistant. Regarding the impact of the components, social capital has had the greatest impact on governance in the study area, so it can be said that in order to improve governance in the region, social capital should be strengthened as much as possible, along with other factors.