حمیده جعفری

Bruce Ellis Benson, in his phenomenological theory, "The Improvisation of Musical Dialogue", points out that in the creation and performance of a musical work, there is always a platform for improvisation that brings the composer, performer, and listener into a kind of discourse which is always open to any subsequent conversions or adjustments. Through hermeneutic phenomenology, he presents his theory in the context of Western classical music and jazz with an overview of musical traditions and applications. The purpose of this study was to explain the concepts proposed by Benson's concept of improvisation, including the ontology of the musical work, the originality, and the identity of the musical work. The improvisational theory of musical discourse is a poststructuralist theory and introduces the basis of music as improvisation, which always has an interpretive nature. Musical tradition and practice as a world are important for a dialogue in music. Instead of playing the composer as the sole creator of music, Benson considers the piece to have a fluid identity that always continues to exist with the performances and interpretations of an experienced performer familiar with the tradition and practice of that music. In this research, which is in the category of qualitative research, the research method has been applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. All material is obtained through the library method.

Bruce Ellis Benson, in his phenomenological theory The Improvisation of Musical Dialogue, points out that in the creation and performance of a musical work, there is always a platform for improvisation that brings the composer, performer, and listener into a kind of discourse. Through hermeneutic phenomenology, he presents his theory in the context of Western classical music and jazz with an overview of musical traditions and applications. Improvisation has always had a special place in Iranian classical music. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concepts of Benson's design on improvisation, including the ontology of the musical work, the originality and identity of the musical work, the limitations of creative performance and how to convey the composer's intention to the audience based on Iranian classical music. In this research, which is in the category of qualitative research, the research method has been applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology with a phenomenological approach. All material is obtained through the library method. The results show that in Iranian instrumental music, "Radif" plays an important role as a musical world for a dialogue. Improvisation has an interpretive nature in Iranian music and Iranian classical music composers, along with ontology in Benson's theory, always enter into an open dialogue on the application of Iranian music in creating a piece of music. In composing their musical works, Iranian instrumental music composers always enter into an open dialogue based on the tradition and application of Iranian music, and contrary to the common notion that improvisation and composition are created out of nothing; Composing in Iranian music is always based on the tradition and works of the past (Radif, ancient works and even the composer himself) and in Iranian music, it is better to use the word "piece" instead of the work, which is part of a coherent whole. This piece of music, which lives in the world of the emergence of Iranian classical music, has a fluid identity that always continues to live with the performance and interpretation of an experienced performer who is familiar with the tradition and application of Iranian music. Also, the need for moral responsibility of Iranian music artists in the face of and in dialogue with the "other" is an important issue in Benson's theory and it is important to expand it in Iranian classical music.

AbstractKurds are one of the most numerous ethnic groups that have migrated to the northern part of Khorasan province in different periods for various reasons. Studying and showing the development of clothing of different ethnic groups in the past and present is a valuable field for identifying, introducing and protecting their values ​​in today’s turbulent and modern society. We will get to know the fabrics and motifs used in them as well as the impact of their lifestyle on their clothes. Based on this, the current research seeks to find the commonalities and differences in the clothing of nomadic and non-nomadic Kurdish women of North Khorasan, and its purpose is to study the clothing of nomadic and non-nomadic Kurdish women of North Khorasan, and to protect this clothing. Therefore, this research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical and comparative method, and its data was a combination of library and electronic information, as well as the author’s objective observations and field information, which were effective in reaching the conclusions of the research. The results showed that the clothing of nomadic and non- nomadic Kurdish women of North Khorasan differ from each other in structure and shape, and the clothing of nomadic women is less decorated with brief decorations, with the use of more variety and breadth of colors, and stronger and more resistant materials; And the clothes of single-seated women are full of patterns and elegant, along with many decorations, they have soft and delicate material. Colors such as yellow and white are used in small areas to enrich the background color. The common role of the clothing of the nomadic and the non-nomadic lady is crinkle, which each of them has used in their clothes in some way.

Mostly cities and communities sometimes live in places Created or built to be exposed to natural hazards Occurrence of all kinds of natural disasters or due to technological advances They are exposed to all kinds of man-made accidents. Take a look at so far There has been accident management and urban management, look more Confrontation and risk reduction. In the meantime, the concept Resilience is a new concept that is more in the face of the unknown And uncertainties are usedToday, mostly cities and settlements are created in places Or are built in terms of natural hazards to occur types Natural disasters have occurred. Hence, one of the tasks of planners Urban strives to transform the city into a peaceful, safe and healthy environment To maintain the health of the citizens living in it. accidents To be. Over the years, the world has witnessed some Unforeseen natural hazards such as the Asian tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and the Sichuan earthquake were China. Although the Some predictive tools are used, however The fact is that future risks can not be based on Evidence is predictable and, also, can not be easily Predict the state, size and location of these hazards. Therefore, increase or improve the capacity of a system for Resisting and recovering from risks is very important. Resilience in Equal to natural hazards. The concept of resilience The evolution of risk management is the present decade. Perspectives and theories of disaster management and sustainable development Seeks to create resilient communities against natural hazards.

In this paper, the performance of the neural network in diagnosing an induction motor situations (safe, bearing outer race, broken rotor bar and stator short circuit faults) has been evaluated using fusion ofthe pre-processed-current-and-voltage-signals information. Moreover, the robustness of the proposed approach is evaluated against the unbalanced power source and dry running of the electro-pump. Results indicate that the proposed neural data fusion has better reliability in this fault detection application, also provides more robust behavior.

Accidental or intentional entry of pollution into water distribution networks as one of the vital life lines of any country, causes extensive damage in society. Early detection and warning of contaminant injection in the water distribution network is of significant importance. In order to optimize the location of quality sensors, this study presents a new algorithm based on uncertainty in pollution entry location and time and water demands. For the first time, this study presents a bi-objective algorithm using the results of single-objective PSO optimization simultaneously for one of the NSGA-Ⅱ constraints based on water requirement uncertainty by the Minimax method and robust approach. The two goals are to minimize the maximum possible damage caused by the contaminated water consumed and to minimize the cost of sensor preparation and installation. In this study, considering three scenarios (S1, S2 and S3), arsenic injection with concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg / l from different nodes and in different time steps are investigated. The results of the developed model on a reference network reveal that in each of the three injection rate scenarios S1, S2 and S3, the installation of only one sensor reduces the damage by 75, 70 and 61%, respectively. Also, the entry of pollution from 19:00 and 20:00 leads to a critical scenario. Although, the location of the sensors depends on the concentration of the injected contaminant, the highest repeated location in the generated responses was found in nodes 5, 17, and 19. The proper formation of the Pareto front in all three scenarios of injection rate showed that for all parameters with uncertainty, the robust approach generates justified responses with a minimum deviation of the objective function from its optimal value.

Using assisted reproductive donation procedures increase hope in infertile couples. However large part of the world population do not accept these procedures because of socio-cultural issues. In this context, identifying different cultural-social dimensions can be decisive. This study therefore aimed to determine socio-cultural dimensions of infertility and donation procedures.

In this review study, the Persian and English articles which were published in databases of PubMed, Scopus Magiran, Google Scholar and SID with keywords of reproductive donation techniques, infertility, socio-cultural were searched without time limitation. The related articles of quantitative and qualitative research have been investigated in this regard.

According to the studies, 16 concepts were extracted related to socio-cultural dimensions and reproductive donation techniques. Concepts Contains 5 items: Childbearing (spouse selection and traditional Methods) (2) social acceptance (isolation, stigma, family acceptance); (3) social identity (maternal or paternal role,Generation survival, and prejudice; (4) religious acceptance ( sharia, reliance, destiny, and volition; and finally (5)social support (legal support, financial support, social support, job support, and media support).

Infertile people face to many cultural and social challenges on the use of donation procedures,So It is necessary to consider in the process of treatment and counseling and to develop supportive programs for this purpose.

Foucault’s first major book , Madness and Civilization, is an examination of the evolving meaning of madness in European culture, law politics, philosophy and medicine from the middle ages to the end of the eighteenth century. It marks a turning point in Foucault’s thought away from phenomenology toward structuralism: though he uses the language of phenomenology to describe an evolving experience of the mad as “the other”, he attributes this evolution to the influence of specific powerful social structures.Foucault’s intellectual indebtedness to Nietzche is apparent in his writing, yet the precise nature, extent and nuances of that debt are seldom explored. Foucault himself seems sometimes to claim that his approach is essentially Nietzchean. It is well known that Nietzche plays a special role in Foucault’s thought, but instead of a lively scholarly interest in the relationship between the two philosophers, one has become accustomed to the somewhat mythical account that reading Nietzche, on a beach under the Italian sun in 1953, liberated Foucault from the influence of the three Hs _ Heggel, Hussrel and Heidegger that dominated French philosophy at the time. Following Nietzche, Michel Foucault, the French philosopher and litetetary critic , puts the foundations of western metaphysics under question and criticism. Accordingly, he endeavors to clarify the various forms of otherness through revelation and inversion of the definite criteria and principles in the structure of power.One of these forms of otherness is madness that, in Focault’s view, is manifested in the artworks of modern era. In Focault’s works, art is centered around three contents. The first one is that artworks can largely disclose the specific intellectual atmosphere of a historical period.Second, artworks can seriously question our mentality about characters. Third, the contents of style and artistic creativity can lead us to a new interpretation of human, who is the subject of experience.For over 350 years,art lovers have been fascinated by Las Meninas.This complex and controversial oil painting is an incredibly nuanced depiction of life in the court of King Philip.The title which translates to Ladies in Waiting, is a turning point in art history for the way in which Velazquez broke from the stiff formal portraits that typically defined royalty.  Perhaps one of the most important paintings in all western art history, this masterpiece continues to influence artists today. This essay tries to give an analysis of Diego Velazquez's masterpiece, Las, which is an evidence for Focault’s first notion. Then, an analysis of one of Rene Magritte’s surrealistic paintings is presented which expresses the specific spiritual ambiance of western culture in 20th century.The artistic madness in Foucault’s opinion and the relationship between art and Nietzche’s Dionysian matter is also clarified by presenting evidences from modern art and specially works of Francisco Goya. Finally, art is considered as a liberating factor from the dominating structures of power.

One of the important steps in identification of problems in infertile couples using assisted reproductive donation procedures, is investigating their attitude about these procedures and factors affecting it, so this study was conducted to investigate the association of socio-demographic characteristics of infertile men and women with their attitude towards donation procedures.

This descriptive- correlational study was carried out on 230 infertile men and women that were selected using convenience sampling from Milad infertility research center in Mashhad, Iran. Data were collected by socio-demographic characteristics and attitudes towards donation procedures questionnaires and were analyzed using SPSS software version 14 and statistical tests including t-test, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, ANOVA and Spearman correlation coefficient test. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean score attitude of infertile women (58.12 ± 3.3) and infertile men (57.12 ± 8.0) was moderate and did not show any significant difference (P> 0.05). Among socio-demographic characteristics studied, the religious variables in women (P = 0.022) and income level (P =0.016) and assurance of quality of care in men (P =0.021) were significantly different with attitude.

Attitudes of men and women towards Donation Procedures are modest and religious variables affect women's attitudes and income levels, also, assurances of quality of care affect men's attitudes.

Electronic learning as one of the new educational methods has the potential to enter the field of medical education and continuing education.Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the level of knowledge and attitude of individuals towards this educational method in order to improve the quality and quantity level of universities. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of students of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences towards e-learning in 2016. In this descriptive-analytic study, 190 students of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences were assessed in 2016.The data collection tools included demographic, access and use of information technology, knowledge assessment and Mishra’s E-Learning Attitude Scale questionnaires. Data analysis was performed by means of SPSS software Version 16 using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation tests. The mean score of knowledge and attitude of the subjects towards e-learning were 8.77 ± 4.35 (0 to 30) and 38.77 ± 6.87, respectively.There was also a significant relationship between gender, educational semester and the experience of passing courses in electronic format with the student's knowledge score. Students of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences had a poor level of knowledge buta positive attitude toward e-learning.Therefore, it is recommended that, after providing e-learning platforms such as improving people's knowledge, this method be used alongside traditional learning methods.

One of the most important aspects of Enlightenment was manifested in Idealism and the idea later known as “German Idealism”, was itself rooted in the thought of Enlightenment. In Germany, unlike England and France, rationalism preceded sense and experience and Idealism was a philosophical approach that overcame the beliefs of the philosophers’ of this country. In the opinion of theinkers, German Idealism includes Kant's philosophy and that of his immediate followers, whereas from the point of view of historians, the literature of Idealism was manifested in the writings of Gothe and Schiller. Kant is the founder of German classical philosophy and a primary thinker who left a deep impact after himself. In fact, the framework and the philosophical foundation of Idealism was instituted according to his thoughts. A epoch maker intellectual who intended to compose empiricism and rationalism in his philosophical system. Nevertheless, his emphasis on the priority of subjectivity over nature, is followed by valuing the appreciation of mentality of the artist and creator. Luck Free considers Kant's philosophy، the first and the most comprehensive presentation of modern philosophy, because it was revealed that the supreme power is created by human's intellect and hard work. This research is an effort to recognize the historical trends of Kant's time, specially Romanticism and Idealism, in addition to extracting Kant's aesthetic ideas through his book, The Critique of Judgement.

Schiller quotes Kant's Transportation of Judgment as a starting point of his philosophical research on art and aesthetic. He criticized Kant’s work while studying them. In the meantime, what most persuaded him to reflect and motivated him to advance his theories was overcoming Kant’s "dualism" of "necessity and freedom" and "sense and reason". He believes this "dualism" forms a part of the difficulties and problems facing modern man. He reckons that the Enlightenment and Modernity have caused these problems, because according to modernity and enlightenment, the power and the human impulses have stood against each other. Thus, modern man has lost his inner forces of harmony and unity and has been alienated from nature and himself. Schiller was not convinced by Kant's description of aesthetic experience to overcome the abyss between nature and man, and believed that Kant’s opinion has not eliminated the problem, but contributed to this separation. Hence, by critical assessment of the Kant’s ideas, Schiller tried to show how freedom can be achieved out of necessity, how the lost integrity of man can be restored and how the opposition between part and whole, duty and desire, and nature and man can be eliminated. Schiller believed that Kant's ideas were dualistic. It was his habit of mind to look for a "third degree", a degree which can serve as a mediator between two opposing categories. A clear example of this third degree is the validity of the incentive for game which is used to reconcile the two mutual motivations of "material" and "form". According to Schiller's aesthetic ideas, the most important and fundamental sense is "game motivation", because his perception and conception of art is art as a serious game where man can fully realize and find himself. Although "game" which Schiller applies is his own particular achievement and different from what was intended by Kant, Schiller gets his concept of "game" by reviewing Kant’s aesthetic rules and his free game of cognitive faculties (Cooper, 1995, p. 382). The coordination of cognitive faculties was important for Kant. Beautiful yet, in his view, is a ……….. which maintains a "general" balance between imagination and understanding. Kant utilizes the term "game" to refer to this indeterminate Oriented balance: the coordination and free functioning of the imagination is related to the power of knowledge (Sheperd, 2006, p. 69). But what Schiller means is that the ultimate form of the game of speculation is about beauty, where the man truly plays, where he neither satisfies his material needs nor ascertains any purpose, but rather where the harmony and solidarity, two opposite aspects of human nature, are realized. Since Schiller is one of the first followers of Kant who welcomed his views, modified them, and tried to bring Kant's unfinished work in linking theoretical and practical reasons to fruition, and to overcome the "dualism" of his thoughts, this study specifically explains the relationship between Schiller's ideas and Kant’s aesthetic ideas and the way Schiller criticized Kant’s.

This study considered artificial neural network (ANN), multi-linear regression (MLR), Genetic Programming (GP) and wavelet analysis and ANN combination (WANN), models for monthly water biological oxygen demand (BOD) in station Karaj Dam outlet and investigates the effects of data preprocessing on model performance using discrete wavelet. For this purpose, In the first proposed model, observed time series of BOD were decomposed into several subtime series at different scales by discrete wavelet transform. Then these subtime series were imposed as inputs to the ANN method. In the second proposed model, observed time series of BOD were decomposed at ten scales by wavelet analysis. Then, total effective time series BOD were imposed as inputs to the neural network model for prediction of BOD in one month ahead. Results showed that the wavelet neural network models performance was better in prediction rather than the neural network and multilinear regression models. The wavelet analysis model produced reasonable predictions for the extreme values. This model dropped the mean absolute percentage error for the MLR, GP, ANN and the first hybrid models from 1.87, 0.91, 0.65 and 0.46 respectively, to 0.44 and increased the Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient from 0.23, 0.53, 0.73 and 0.81 to 0.83.

In this study is predicted the groundwater level of Sharif Abad catchment using some artificial intelligence models. For this purpose used of monthly groundwater levels for modeling in the three observed wells located in the Sharif Abad watershed of Qom. To compare the results of the hybrid model of wavelet analysis-neural network (WNN), genetic programming (GP) multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN), two criteria of root mean squared error (RMSE) and nash-sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (E) is used. The results of the study indicated that the WNN models provide more accurate monthly groundwater level predicted in compared to the ANN, GP and MLR models so the nash-sutcliffe coefficient in WANN model for piezometers 1, 2 and 3 are 0.98, 0.98 and 0.95, respectively.

One of the most important factors of sustainable development of watersheds is qualitative and quantitative availability of suitable water resources. In this study, the artificial neural network (ANN), multi - variable linear regression (MLR), genetic programming (GP) and hybrid wavelet ANN (WANN) models were considered for modeling the monthly sodium absorption ratio (SAR) in Sefidrud River - Roudbar Station, and the effect of data preprocessing on model performance was investigated using the discrete wavelet Transform method. For this purpose, observed time series of river discharge and SAR were decomposed into several sub - time series at different scales by discrete wavelet transform. Then these sub - time series were introduced as inputs to the ANN model. The results showed that the hybrid wavelet - neural network model was more suitable for predicting maximum SAR values than the MLR, ANN, and GP models. Furthermore, the hybrid model could simulate the hysteresis phenomenon for SAR modeling rigorously, while multi linear regression method was incapable of detecting it.

This paper uses data fusion based on fuzzy measure and fuzzy integral theory for stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault diagnosis in induction motors. Data fusion be considered in two level: feature level and decision level. Three-phase current signals of induction motor are used for fault diagnosis. Time-domain features are extracted from current signals, and a technique based on fuzzy density is proposed to choose appropriate features. The fuzzy c-mean analysis method is employed to classify different modes. It is used to choose the membership values of each feature for each fault mode. Finally, different features are fused at feature-level using Sugeno fuzzy integral data fusion and at decision-level using Choquet fuzzy integral data fusion to produce diagnostic results. Results show that fuzzy data fusion method performs very well for fault diagnosis in a 4hp laboratory induction motor.

Investigating the knowledge and attitude towards reproductive donation procedures is one of the important steps in recognition of infertile problems in couples using assisted reproductive donation procedures as the only therapeutic option. Few studies have been carried out regarding this field; therefore, this study aimed to compare the knowledge and attitude towards reproductive donation procedures between recipient and non-recipient infertile couples at Mashhad Infertility Center. This descriptive/analytical study carried out on 115 infertile couples referring to Montaserieh Infertility Center in Mashhad through convenience sampling. Data were collected using questionnaire of measurement of attitude and knowledge towards donation procedures, and analyzed using statistical tests. There was a significant difference between attitude and knowledge of two recipients and non-recipients groups (P=0.000), so that female and male recipients had more positive attitude and knowledge towards donation procedures (P=0.000). Moreover, there was a significant difference between attitudes of two groups in terms of the confidentiality of donation process (P=0.015), using donated oocyte (P=0.002) and embryo (P=0.000), surrogacy (P=0.002), public attitudes (P=0.001), importance of childbearing (P=0.010) and genetic bond (P=0.017). According to the findings despite of have more positive knowledge towards donation procedures but their attitude is not influence of knowledge, against non-recipients groups, that show according to special situation of recipient group, their attitude can be influenced by many factors including Socio-cultural belief .It seems that incorporating of these factors into care plans helps to alter the non-recipients couples’ attitude and also decrease psychological tension due to selection of these procedures by recipients which in turn could provide appropriate bases for the logical decision in both groups.

The present study with a survey and comparison of intellectual capital management in the public and academic libraries of Isfahan in 2012-2013 based on Boentis ' views (human capital, structural capital and relational capital). A survey - descriptive method was used. The statistical community consisted of all staffs at the public libraries of Isfahan (n = 98) and university in 2012-2013. To determine the sample size, 84 librarians were selected based on Cochran formula and random stratified sampling Method ranking was applied. The tool for collecting data was researcher- developed Questionnaire based on Boenits components, the authenticity of which was approved by experts and its reliability was reckoned using Cronbach's alpha (0.95). Average intellectual capital is a good condition in public libraries (3.8) and academic libraries (3.23).Intellectual capital is more in public libraries than university libraries. Structural capital status is more appropriate in the mentioned libraries than relational capital and human capital, and between intellectual capital components there was a significant difference. Also, the level of intellectual capital public and Academic libraries of Isfahan based on demographic characteristics (gender, age, academic degree level of education, and library type) there was no significant difference, but in terms of ranking was applied there was a significant difference. Intellectual capital is organization's inconspicuous assets that it has not received much attention in past ages, but today, without considering of their intellectual capital it is not possible to achieve an organization's goals. Library as an organization whose mission is to render information services to the public, should make the best use of its intellectual capital with a view to promoting its information services.

The prediction and quality control of the Karaj River water, as one of the important needed water supply sources of Tehran, possesses great importance. In this study, performance of artificial neural network (ANN), combined wavelet-neural network (WANN), and multi linear regression (MLR) models were evaluated to predict next month nitrate and dissolved oxygen of “Pole Khab” station located in Karaj River. A statistical period of 11 years was used for the input of the models. In combined WANN model, the real monthly-observed time series of river discharge (Q) and the quality parameters (nitrate and dissolved oxygen) were analyzed using wavelet analyzer. Then, their completely effective time series were used as ANN input. In addition, the ability of all three models were investigated in order to predict the peak points of time-series that have great importance. The capability of the models was evaluated by coefficient of efficiency (E) and the root mean square error (RMSE). The research findings indicated that the accuracy and the ability of hybrid model of wavelet neural network with the attitude of elimniations of time series noise had beeb better than the other two modes; so that hybrid model of Wavelet artificial neural network wase able the improve the rate of RMSE for Nitrate ions in comparison with neural network and multiple linear regression models respectively, amounting to 35.6% and 75.92%, for Dissolved Oxygen ion as much as 40.57% and 60.13%. owing of the high capability wavelet neural network and the elimination of the time series noises in the prediction of quality parameters of river’s water, this model can be convenient and fast way to be proposed for management of water quality resources and assursnce from water quality monitoring results and reduction its costs.

Different varieties of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are being used frequently for producing most pharmaceutical products for many years. Permanent production in these host cells is a major challenge. The aim of this study was to integrate the vector permanently in the genome. In this study, the phiC31 site-specific recombination system was used for prolonged maintenance of the vector in the CHO cells. In this laboratory experimental study, a restriction enzyme cut site (PvuII) was selected as a cloning site in the pSVM vector using CLC software. Cutting with this enzyme led to create two blunt ends into the vector. Two specific primers were designed for isolation and amplification of attB region from pDrBB2 vector, using Oligo®5 software. Gel electrophoresis and PCR analysis were performed on the amplified fragment in order to confirmation of its structure. The attB region was successfully integrated in to pSVM vector and was shown by gel electrophoresis. Colony PCR technique has revealed the correct structure of the reconstructed vectors. In this study, the phiC31 integrate catalyzes recombination between pseudo-attP sites (in CHO chromosomes) and attB site. A new construct has been made in this project containing attB site. This construct has to be introduced into CHO cells accompanied with pCMV-int vector (co-transfection) containing integrase. This integrase facilitates the incorporation of the pSVM vector into the chromosome, in order to get a permanent existence of the new construct into the CHO cells.

Knowledge and critical thinking skills are necessary for improving clinical performance and delivering an acceptable midwifery care and critical thinking skills is an educational standard in midwifery education. The aim of this study was comparing the critical thinking skills between first-year and final-year undergraduate midwifery students in Mashhad Nursing and Midwifery School. This descriptive-comparative and cross sectional study was conducted on 44 first-year and 22 final-year undergraduate midwifery students in Mashhad Nursing and Midwifery School in 2010-2011. Data were collected using a demographic form and California Critical Thinking Skills questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software version 14، t-test، Mann-Whitney، ANOVA، Friedman، Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient tests. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. The mean score of critical thinking skills for first-year and final-year undergraduate midwifery students were 10. 8±2. 5 and 10. 8 ±3. 4، respectively and in the normal range. There was no significant difference between two groups regarding critical thinking skills and its different dimension (p>0. 05). There is no significant difference between critical thinking skills in first-year and final-year undergraduate midwifery students.

Nowadays assisted reproductive donation procedures have raised various inquiries which their acknowledgment necessitates to conduct widespread research in different countries according to their particular socio-cultural and religious beliefs. This study was conducted aimed to investigate the association of religious beliefs with infertile couples’ attitude towards donation procedures and its selection as a therapeutic approach to infertility.

This descriptive- correlational study was carried out on 115 infertile couples that were selected using convenience sampling from Montaserieh infertility research center in Mashhad، Iran، 2010. Infertile couples’ religious beliefs and also their attitudes and practices towards donation procedures were measured using valid and reliable self-structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 14 and statistical tests including t-test، Mann-Whitney، chi-square and Spearman correlation coefficient test. P value less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.

There was no relationship between religious beliefs and infertile women’s attitude towards donation procedures (p>0. 05)، but a direct correlation was seen between religious beliefs and infertile men’s attitude (P=0. 036). Also there was no relationship between women and men’s religious beliefs and their selection of donation procedures (p>0. 05).

Considering the results، it seems that it is needed to get advantage of religious scholars to illuminate the basics of Islamic jurisprudence، in addition to the infertility health care team who provide a holistic care to meet all physical، psychological، social and spiritual needs of infertile couples.