حمیده محمدزاده

Religious activities are considered as an important source for dealing with diseases. Research has shown that religion and religious beliefs are effective in adapting to adversity, and help the patient regain his/her health sooner. Anxiety caused by separation from religious orders has a negative effect on the course of the disease and prolongs hospital stay and causes undesirable psychological complications in individuals. Therefore, the study was designed to investigate the religious care needs of the patients admitted to Allameh Behlool Gonabadi Hospital.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with the participation of 622 patients admitted to Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital in 2018. Data were collected through demographic information questionnaire and religious care questionnaire in general wards of the hospital. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical statistics. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

Based on the obtained results, the mean and standard deviation of age and length of hospitalization of the participants in this study were 46.50±21.21 and 2.76±2.64, respectively. Out of the 60.5% female participants, 78.5% were married and 48.4% were housewives. Also, 60% of them were literate. In addition, the results of chi-square test showed a significant relationship in all dimensions of religious needs (P<0.001).

According to the results of this study, religious care is very important and necessary from the patients’ perspective. Therefore, it is suggested that managers and planners of hospital care departments consider religious care as a part of comprehensive hospital care to keep the patients satisfied with the provision of nursing care.

In Iran, when we look at girls with hijab, we usually think that they are more or less the same and that chador is their most important characteristic. It's as though wearing a chador conjures up more similarities than differences. But over the last few years ،we are gradually witnessing the emergence of a new generation of hijabers. They're trying to make a fashionable hijab. They use elegant accessories ،make-up ،use branded bags ،shoes and glasses. They believe in matching these things. We saw these "stylish hijabers" as a sign of a new generation emerging and named them "3 In 1 generation". Fourteen of those girls were interviewed in this study. The results of the research show that there is a mandatory chador among the hijabers and not all have chosen the chador at their own discretion. Girls who are compelled to wear chadors resist this imposition in a variety of ways ،for instance ،wearing an open front chador is one of those. Also ،some of the "stylish hijabers" try to correct the society's view of "chadors" by connecting fashion and hijab ،and also by wearing branded clothes and accessories. In the 3 in 1 generation there exists a confrontation between "us" against "the other" but not towards misveiled women (based on the official discourse) but towards veiled women ،considered as tasteless and petrified by this group. This study confirms the role of hijab fashion bloggers along with fashion and lifestyle pages on Instagram in the lives of these girls

The capital market in a country is a major source of financing for companies and governments and is recognized as a good place for investors in all countries of the world. One of the things that is attractive to stock market investors is the awareness of the factors affecting stock liquidity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of firm size on stock liquidity with respect to firm life cycle in listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of this study was composed of listed companies of securities exchange. The sampling method was systematic elimination and statistical sampling of 115 companies. The research period is 11 years from 2008 to 2018. The hypotheses were tested using multiple regression models and mixed trials. The results showed that as the size of the stock liquidity company increased, it increased. The size of the company also increases liquidity in three periods of growth, maturity and decline.

The purpose of this article is to review and critique one of the most important books of Max Scheller called Ressentiment. This research has been done by the descriptive-analytical method. In this book, Scheller introduces ressentiment as well as Nietzsche's view of the issue, which he, under the influence of this famous German philosopher, introduced and expanded the ressentiment concept. According to Max Scheller, the modern world and modernity, wherever it expands, creates a kind of emotional structure where he calls this emotional construction ressentiment. According to him, this feeling appears when the social actor wants to change a social situation, but is not able to do so. The results of the critique and review of this book show that this book, despite some strengths such as notes section, index of subjects, and index of persons at the end of the book provides more information to the reader about the content of the book, it has many defects in the field of form and content, unfortunately. Some of these include lack of footnotes of German and English terms, proper nouns, the lack of a glossary at the end of the book, the existence of typographical errors, use of inaccurate equivalents, and inconsistent use of equivalents.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between investors' emotional orientation and earnings forecasts by management. The study period is between the years 1391 to 1398; The statistical population studied in this study includes all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. After imposing restrictions on sample selection, 146 member companies have been selected as a statistical sample and systematically removed. The results of testing the hypotheses with the panel data approach and multivariate regression showed that there is a relationship between investors' emotional orientation and earnings forecasts by management.

 Low quality sleep is one of the most common problems in old age. The present study aims to determine the effect of a sleep hygiene education program using Telephone Follow-Up (TFU) method on the sleep quality of the elderly.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 80 eligible elderly people aged 60-74 years who were selected using a systematic random sampling method and were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received a one-hour face-to-face education session on sleep hygiene. The TFU were carried out two times per week in the first month and once a week in the second month after intervention. The control group received routine care. The data collection tools were a demographic form and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The PSQI was completed for both groups immediately after the second month.

There was no statistically significant difference in the mean PSQI score before intervention in the intervention (8.02) and control (7.47) groups (P=0.32), but after the intervention, the mean PSQI score in the intervention group (5.42) was significantly reduced compared to the control group (7.67) (P<0.001).

Sleep hygiene education program based on TFU improves the sleep quality of the elderly. It is recommended that health care providers use this method to improve the sleep quality of the elderly.

The recognition of childbearing behaviors  and childbearing ideals among ethnic- religious groups in the multi-ethnic societies and its determinants plays an important role in the understanding of specific characteristics of fertility cultures, structure and population composition. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influencing factors on the ideal number of children in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The research method was survey and data collected using questionnaire. Statistical population included men and women aged 18 to 65 years in Sistan and Baluchestan, from among them, 413 people have been selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method. The findings indicate that most people identified two children as the ideal number of children and this number was greater among non- Baluch (41 percent) respondents than Baluch respondents (28 percent). The result of multivariate regression shows that use of broadcasting and newspaper, and modern gender attitude have negative and significant effect of ideal fertility and age, household cost, ethnicity, and ritual dimension of religiosity have positive and significant effect on the ideal number of children. Moreover, the effect of other variables on ideal number of children is influenced by the religiosity (ritual dimension).

Hiding the identity and performing multiple roles within virtual space is one of the several facilities that the Internet provides for its users. Using this feature has made users both the author of the text and the author of their own identity (Turkl, 1996: 26). Two types of factors are commonly known as effective factors: identity attributes of users and environmental features, both virtual and real, that is, all users do not equally hide identity or vice versa (Kalinovsky and Adam Matheti, 2011: 7-8; Jiang et al., 2011: 59-58; Chiu, 2007: 725). The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the relationship between individual and environmental characteristics with anonymity of the actors in the Internet using Dramaturgical perspective of Goffman and Terkel. According to Goffman's perspective, people are involved in interactions and performances. The performances are partly shaped by the social environment and audiences’ interpretations. An important dimension of the implementation of the "front" is that the front consists of all the permanent features that a person intentionally or inadvertently implements during performances, Goffman divided the front into two parts of the environment and personal front. The environment is all of the underlying objects that provide space for action. The personal front includes items that are in close contact with the actor himself, including gender, age, and other personal features. (Goffman, 2012: 35-36). He concludes that there is a relationship between individual's performances and social identity. Virtual space researchers, such as Sherri Terkel (1996), using Goffman's perspective, discus two types of identities: Offline identity and online identity. Offline identity is our objective identity and online identity is an identity that Internet users use in virtual communities. Presence in virtual space allows the user to access the virtual environment due to its specific features, including the possibility of anonymity and the removal of physical signs, which, by and large, play a variety of different roles at different times of their own choosing. Goffman calls these behaviors as "secret consumption": if one wants to make ideal criteria during his performance, he will have to hide or remove actions that do not fit these criteria. Given the limitations, barriers, and traditions in the Iranian social environment for interacting with the opposite sex on the one hand and the increasing use of the Internet, on the other hand, the fundamental question is which of the individual characteristics of users and which of the objective and virtual environmental features can play a greater role in virtual anonymity?

The method of this study was survey and its statistical population was all students of University of Guilan, of whom 372 students were selected by employing stratified and random sampling methods. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for collecting data that includes variables such as user's attributes, Internet usage variables, traditional limitations and Anonymity in online relationships.

According to findings, boys have more than girls and undergraduate students have more than master students tendency towards anonymity in internet relationships and this correlation is statistically significant. Increasing the average hours of Internet usage per week, using dating sites, blogs and chat room and also traditional limitations regarding dating, have significant correlation with the anonymity in internet relationships. Totally, educational status and traditional limitations explained 41.5 percent of the variance of anonymity in online relationships. Educational status had negative effect and the traditional limitations had a positive effect on using anonymous identity in internet relationships. Conforming with Gaffman's ideas on the performance of the role on the scene, the virtual space is like a scene, composed of two environments : the front and back stages,. When individuals play the roles on scene and create another identity for themselves, they remove and conceal some of their actions to shape this ideal identity. According to the findings, Internet users are trying to reproduce an offline self through online self, .what they are looking for in the offline world and cannot fulfillbecause of social constraints in the society, is looked after through secret consumption in virtual space. One of the social activities that young people and students consider to be of great importance is the establishment of friendly relations, especially with the opposite sex. The expansion of such relationships in recent years, both in the online and offline environments, has been reported by various scholars. But what is clearly evident here is the role of social constraints in establishing an offline friendly relationship with the opposite sex and the tendency of actors to engage in such relationships in the online environment by using mask.

The present study aims to examine the differentials and similarities in mate selection criteria among married men and women. The study is based on a survey conducted in Rasht City. It includes a sample of 400 married males and females who were selected on the basis of the method of multistage systematic cluster sampling. The results indicate that physical criteria are more important for men, whereas women give greater importance to socio-economic criteria. However, there are not significant differences between men and women in emotional and personality criteria. Further, factor analysis of mate selection criteria shows that they can be categorized into two major groups: internal and external criteria. While these categories for men accord with the theories and literature, they do not apply to women. Males in Iran still play an active role in the process of mate selection, whereas females hold a passive role that places them to the situation of being selected by males. This also leads to a lower participation of females in the mate selection process. Accordingly, although males and females share the same internal criteria, they differ in terms of external criteria in the mate selection process.

Following the expansion of internet penetration, social interactions between the sexes have taken new dimensions. The objective of the present study is to investigate network connections of students and their attitudes towards these relationships using Zygmunt Bauman's theory of liquid love. The main research question is that in the online relations and friendships of students, which characteristics and consequences are identifiable? This research was conducted using qualitative method of Focus Group Discussions(FGDs) among female students of Guilan University.The results revealed that two characteristics of network connections, namely, simplicity and anonymity, and also the only positive outcome of these connections, freedom, are the main causes of student’s tendency towards these connections. However, they are aware of negative consequences of network connections, mostly have positive attitudes regarding internet relations and friendships.

Health is a reflection of the condition of community members, which is affected by a complex set of biological, psychological, social, cultural, economic, religious and political factors. One of the basic and important themes of health assessment in different communities that plays an important role in dynamism and efficiency of every society is social health of community which is the function of social and cultural factors. Social health returns to personality of individual and it involves individual's assessment of community and the quality and quantity engaging in the community.
Today, many cultural - social factors are affected on the health of individuals which one of these factors is religious (belonging, commitment and religious orientation). With regard to the consequences and functions of religion in personal and social level, it was one of the most decisive factors in shaping and directing the human community and plays an important role in establishing and maintaining social structures and human social life.
Hence, the present study aims to examine the relationship between religiosity and social health from Sociological perspective. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between religiosity and social health among the students of Payam Noor University of Marand and tries to answer these questions: What is the rate of the religiosity and social health of students? And what is the relationship between the rate of religiosity and social health of the students?
Theoretical Framework: Keyes (2004), knows social health as assessment and recognition of how they operate in the community and the quality of relationships with other people, relatives and members of social groups. He enumerates five criteria for social health, including social integration, social contribution, social acceptance, social actualization and social coherence.
Durkheim (1951) believes that the potential benefits of public life is solidarity and social coherence, that is, a sense of belonging and association, understanding the common knowledge and a common destiny. These advantages of social life are a basis for global and overall definition of social health. According to the Durkheim's view, in groups and societies that religion is widespread, probably individuals have more consistency with society they receive more social support from the community and as a result they have better health. Also, functionalist theorists such as Davis, Yyngr, and Eddie (1964) believe that religion has an inevitable and unique role in the development of integration and social coherence. Religion unites society, strengthen social solidarity and maintains the social coherence. Also, it strengthens the unity of members of society and provides the background of group integration. Religion with creating a collective spirit, religious enthusiasm and spreading public feelings from rites and ceremonies can provide the context to provide the link between members and social coherence.
This study was conducted with a sample size consisting of 345 subjects and data were gathered via stochastic sampling among students of Payam-e Noor University of Marand. The instrument used for data collection in this study is religiosity questionnaire of Glark and Stark and social health of Keyes.Validity of questionnaire was evaluated using face validity. Assessment of reliability of questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha revealed that the coefficient for dependent variable (social health) was 0.72 and for independent variable (religiosity) was 0.79. Using SPSS 19 software, the questionnaire data were analyzed.
The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between religiosity and social health of students and also the main aspects of the societal health (Social Integration, Social Contribution, Social Acceptance, Social Actualization, Social Coherence). The highest correlation coefficient related to the social integration and the minimum correlation refer to social actualization. Social health of students is significantly different in terms of their gender, but this difference is not significant with other demographic variables (marital status, social class). There is no significant relationship between age and social health either. Results of two-variable regression analysis showed that religiosity affects social health about 27.3 percent.
Suggestions: In conclusion, the empirical findings confirmed most of the hypotheses of the study. The results of this study indicate that there is a mutual relationship between religiosity and social health, and that increasing the amount of religiosity causes social health. Religiosity has more implications on social integration than other dimensions, which is in line with Durkheim's theory and functionalist theorists, who believe that religion plays an essential and unique role in promoting integration, social cohesion and the preservation of social cohesion. Therefore, despite their differences, rituals and religions led to increased solidarity and social coherence of people, and religiosity, as an important structure in human life, plays a key role in increasing human health, and social health in particular.

This research is to study the relationship between leisure time and happiness among youth of Marand city. Research method was survey and was conducted with a sample size consisting of 381 subjects among the (15-29 year old) youth in Marand. The data was collected using the questionnaires. According to the results, youth happiness was at average level. The results of the research showed that there was a significant positive correlation between Leisure Time, Active Leisure and Passive Leisure and the youth happiness. The youth happiness in terms their socio-economic status is a significant difference, but the difference with other demographic variables were not significant. Also there was no significant relationship between age and happiness. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that Active Leisure had greatest contribution in explaining the distribution of youth happiness. Based on the results of this research, Leisure Time has an effective role on youth happiness.

Internet is causing to transform the profile of the everyday life, especially for the youth. Attractiveness of internet has caused that most youth being appealed to the internet friendships, rather than face to face interactions. The present research aimed to investigate the relation between internet usage and attitude towards internet friendship with opposite sex among students. The survey method and researcher constructed questionnaire is used to gather appropriate information. The statistical universe is all under-graduate and post-graduate students of Guilan University, and from among them, 372 students have been selected through proportionate stratified sampling method. The observed positive relations between attitude towards online friendship and internet usage reveal that quantity and quality of internet usage are important variables creating positive attitudes towards online friendships with opposite sex. In accordance with Giddens it can be said that increasing electronic interactions changed traditional attitudes regarding relations between two sexes. The observed relation between the age of students and attitude towards internet friendship reveals the combined effect of time and space factors on changing attitudes. In overall, expansion of internet usage as a part of the process of globalization has an special role on formation of new social meanings such as online friendship with opposite sex, which itself is an apparent feature of modern world.

Pityriasis versicolor is a common chronic recurrent fungal infection of skin, that several environmental factors are implicated in its creation. The present study was aimed to determine the relative frequency of pityriasis versicolor and its risk factors in girl's high schools of Birjand city in 2009. In this cross-sectional study, 1970 female students were selected with multi-stage cluster sampling method. A self-made questionnaire based on the objectives of the study was completed for all subjects. Diagnosis was made by physical examination and confirmed by laboratory methods. Data were analyzed by means of SPSS (version 11.5) at the significant leve l of P<0.05. The relative frequency of pityriasis versicolor in girl's high schools of Birjand city was 2.7%. The highest infection rate was in the 16-18 year group (86%). The most affected area of the body was neck (43.4%) and the lowest involvement (1.9%) was in arms. Among the studied risk factors, family history (P=0.002) and a history of previous infection (P<0.001) had a significant association with pityriasis versicolor; but not with the age and the number of baths per week. Regarding the frequency of pityriasis versicolor among female students of Birjand's high schools and the effect of some predisposing factors, referring to the dermatologist and training the families about this disease is recommended.