داریوش یوسفی کبریا

Water quality monitoring through remote sensing involves establishing a reliable relationship between light reflectance (at specific wavelengths of bands) and water parameters collected in situ (Barrett et al, 2016). Estuaries can play an important role in changing the water quality of lakes, and according to studies, satellite images with high spatial resolution (better than 30m) have been used to study water quality. So, in Chalous River estuary has been selected due to its environmental importance in this research, and its qualitative parameters of salinity, temperature and pH have been studied. Also, to achieve these goals Sentinel2 and Landsat8 satellite images are used and the efficiency of these two satellites to determine the relationship between different physical and chemical parameters of water quality evaluated by comparing with the field measurements. Since Sentinel2 multispectral images comprise more bands compared to older multispectral images such as Landsat8, it is worthwhile to evaluate the possibility of evaluating water quality parameters using Sentinel2 multispectral data. In addition, the main mission of Sentinel2 satellite is continuous environmental monitoring, which if the significant relationship between satellite data and seawater quality parameters is proven, many concerns about environmental monitoring will be resolved and the lack of updated imagery data for monitoring changes in seawater quality will be addressed.

The presence of algae in the water treatment process is problematic. The best way to control algae is to remove the algae cell intact without rupturing the cell, as most common methods cause disinfection by-products, which are often very dangerous. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of microstrainer and ozonation systems in combined removal of algae from raw water. For this purpose, Box-Behnken Design was used in the Response Surface Methodology by Design Expert software. Experimental variables included input turbidity (50-150 NTU), microstrainer surface load (10.8-18 m/h) and injectable ozone dose (1-3 mg/L). Based on the experimental conditions, the algae removal efficiency in the integrated microstrainer and ozonation system was 39.64-88.76%. The parameters of inlet water turbidity, injected ozone dose and micro-strainer surface load with effect coefficients of 15.37, 8.98 and 4.01, respectively, had the greatest effect on system efficiency in algae removal. Increasing the turbidity and surface load of the microstrainer decreased the algal removal efficiency and increased the injection ozone dose increased the efficiency. The final model based on the desired parameters was obtained as a quadratic equation with correlation coefficient, modified correlation coefficient and predicted correlation coefficient equal to 0.948, 0.928 and 0.868, respectively.

Electrokinetic remediation is one of the methods for cleaning of soil and sediments (Rozas and Castellote, 2012). In this case, by applying a weak electric field using the external power supply, the pollutants are separated from the soil or sediment by various mechanisms, especially electrical migration. But due to the cost of supplying electricity, it is not affordable(Acar et al., 1995). On the other hand, in the microbial fuel cells, bacteria release electrons by consuming organic matter and producing electric current. Therefore, in this study, microbial fuel cells process with three different electrodes at the anode and combination with granular activated carbon was used to produce green weak electric field. Based on the electrical migration mechanism, the removal rate of hexavalent chromium from marine sediments was evaluated by combining three physical, chemical and biological processes.

Water supply is one of the basic and unavoidable needs in the natural cycle and human activities. The increasing development of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea on the one hand and the production of some strategic products with high water requirements such as rice, has led to attention to the issue of water supply, especially in agriculture, drinking and industry. Due to the limited fresh water resources available, desalination of Caspian Sea water is considered as a potential solution to replace water in this region. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of utilizing desalination technology and identifying suitable locations for the construction of desalination plants in the Caspian Sea by multi-criteria AHP analysis method and considering the capacity and environmental potential of the southern coast of this sea in Mazandaran province. The results of this study, which was carried out with the approach of assessing the environmental effects of desalination in the Caspian Sea, have shown that 30% of the coast of Mazandaran is suitable, 34% unsuitable and 20% relatively suitable for the construction of desalination units. This study emphasizes the issue of desalination sewage management in the location and design criteria of units on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and considers the use of modern saline sewage management methods to increase the capacity and environmental capacity for desalination of Caspian Sea water

Application of chemical fertilizers in agricultural industry is known as one of the methods of crop enhancement. However, chemical fertilizers application can lead to an increased risk of chemical pollutants entering the human food cycle.  The aim of current research was feasibility study and evaluation of nickel from paddy soils in Lorestan province.

Sampling was done from 15 stations and randomly from rice cultivation areas in Silakhor plain of Lorestan province. Then, electrokinetic modification method was carried out in three reactors with lengths of 5, 10 and 15cm. After sample preparation, the initial and final concentration of nickel were measured and calculated using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).

The results showed that electrokinetic modification method was effective in reducing the concentration of heavy metals in agricultural soil samples and reduced the amount of nickel in soil to the permissible limits of the Iranian soil national standards (50 mg/kg). The initial values of nickel in paddy soil of composite samples were 108 mg/kg. Nickel maximum removal efficiency of 90.84% and 93.75% were observed in cathode and anode regions, respectively.

The health and quality of agricultural products depend on the use of safe soil within the limits of environmental standards. The results of this study showed that the EKR process is able to remove nickel from soil. As a result of the present process, nickel concentration has reached the permissible amount and even lower than the soil quality standard set by the Iranian Environmental Protection Agency.

Nowadays, traffic-induced air pollution factors are classified as destructive to the environment. Due to the increase in urbanization and the increasing growth of cars and transportation and movement of passengers and citizens between cities, scientific and practical studies on transportation systems with the intervention of mathematical science and intelligent systems, should move towards sustainable development and having a healthy air and transportation. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of traffic parameters on air pollution of suburban roads in the Sari-Qaemshahr road in Mazandaran province with respect to atmospheric variables and ozone pollution.

In this study, ozone pollutant concentrations were analyzed and modeled the Sari-Qaemshahr road. The study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the concentration of pollutants based on traffic and climate statistics and the relationship between traffic variables, average speed, rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind speed and finally their relationship with air pollution. Then, by using SPSS 16 software and based on the regression method, a model was presented that will be able to estimate the concentration of ozone pollutant on suburban roads with appropriate accuracy for the coming years.

According to the proposed model for ozone pollutants, among the available variables, temperature, traffic volume and wind speed have the greatest impact on ozone pollutants. Also, the results obtained from the validation show the success rate of the model in estimating pollution. In this study, the level of regression significance was above 95%. Also, the 90% data contribution rate for ozone pollutants in the model has been very favorable.

According to the results, modeling by regression method and using Spss software is a suitable method for estimating ozone pollutants. The proposed model can control and manage pollution emissions in road design and construction.

 Due to the presence of oil resources in the seas, the exploration, extraction, and transportation of petroleum products lead to the formation of hydrocarbon spills on the surface waters, resulting in a decrease in the quality of these waters. Oil leakage into the sea has irreparable environmental consequences and disrupts coastal and offshore ecosystems. As a result, identifying the location and time of oil accidents and recognizing the extent and magnitude of contamination is of great importance for monitoring and protecting the health of the environment and is now facilitated and possible by remote sensing data using optical and radar satellites. In this study, to enhance the detection of oil-contaminated areas in Azerbaijan oil facilities in the Caspian Sea, we simultaneously used the optical satellites LANDSAT8, SENTINEL2, and radar satellite SENTINEL1 because of the high spatial resolution and close period.

 In this study, oil contamination caused by Oil Rocks facilities was investigated by satellite images between April and June 2017. After detecting contamination spots on the surface of the water around the facility in radar images, to ensure that the identified spots were caused by oil spills and detecting oil contamination from optical images using band ratio method were utilised. Then, the feature extraction method was applied to band ratio images to distinguish their complications.

 The area of oil spills in April 2017 increased within 12 days and considering the covering percentage of classes of oil and oily water in the results, the increase in the spread of oil spills through currents, and the continuation of leakage from its source was evident. Also, looking at the optical images of Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 on June 5, 2017, showed the same results in oil contamination areas.

 The results of this study showed that the band rationing method is suitable for quick detection of oil leakage. To identify the details of the area of contamination, the feature extraction method was used to classify the band ratio images to the identified classes. Also, from the environmental point of view, the Oil Rocks settlement put the Caspian seawater in the Republic of Azerbaijan in unfavorable conditions. The northwestern coast of Iran is also exposed to contamination because of current directions in that region. Therefore, actions must be taken to collect and clean up oil spills around this oil facility. In order to do so, oil contamination on the water surface must be removed using existing physical and biological methods.

Today, the greenhouse gas emission from industry and transport is the most important factors in the destruction of ecosystems and natural resources. One of the main sources of pollution is industries related to construction, maintenance and improvement of transport infrastructure. The production of cleaner asphalt needs to reduction of temperature in the asphalt mixture, without a reduction in mechanical performance levels. The reuse of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in the production of new asphalt preserves natural resources and reduces environmental pollution. In this study, the use of RAP in producing hot and warm mix asphalt mixtures and effects of two additives (Sasobit and Zycotherm) was evaluated. The amount of RAP in the mixture was 50, and 75% and percentage of Sasobit and Zycotherm were 2 and 0.1% respectively. The addition of Sasobit improves the compressibility and strength of asphalt mixture effectively, so the sample containing 75% of RAP had better compressibility and strength, but Zycotherm caused improvement of compressibility and considerable decrease in air void range and increase stability of mixtures containing 75% RAP. Generally, partial strength values of WMA with 75% RAP is not very different from HMA. Finally, TSR test results have increased along with the increase in the percentage of sub-asphalt materials ratio which shows low sensitivity to moisture in the recycled mix.

The use of unconventional water is very effective in solving dehydration problems. The studies on these sources have shown that concentrations of some pollutants are higher than standard, but by employing different methods the researchers would eliminate the pollutants. The use of photocatalyst is a novel method for removing pollutants from aqueous solutions(Ehrampoosh et al., 2011, Konstantinou and Albanis, 2004).In this research, the photocatalytic process of titanium dioxide stabilized on the surface of plexiglass in the removal of phenol in different pH levels (3, 7 and 11) and different powers of ultraviolet radiation (25, 50, 75 and 100 watts) was comprehensively investigated.

Water resources pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons is one of the most important problems in clean water supply for drinking and sanitary purposes. In this study, the simultaneous reduction of salinity and PAH (benzene and toluene) from the contaminated water has been investigated with membrane process (Forward Osmosis) coupled with photocatalysis. The amount of membrane flux, and the treatment efficiency of toluene and benzene through three various membrane including PES, CTA and CTA/TiO2 have been investigated. Based on the results from three types of membrane, the amount of toluene and benzene removal in combined method has been seen 74% and 41% respectively. Also, membrane surface modification with nano-photo catalyst particles has reduced membrane fouling; moreover, the membrane surface has increased membrane flux, and removed benzene and toluene from feed water.

Introductionand Most of paper and cardboard industries regardless of the exorbitant costs use incineration and disposal methods for their waste production. Hazardous substances contained in these wastes can contaminate the environment and cause a risk for the human health. Many recent studies show that some of the paper and cardboard industry wastes can be used as raw material in the construction industry. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal percent mixing of cardboard waste in production of non-load bearing concrete. In this study, two kinds of recycled paperboard mill wastes (type 1: waste contains cardboard and sand and type 2: waste containing nylon, cardboard and Yonolit) that have the most volume of the wastes were used. Physical and microbial characteristic of wastes were measured according to ASTM. As well as the chemical composition of the waste consists of various elements were measured by using an electron microscope. After preparation of the samples, the required tests were carried out to determine the optimal mixture of waste in concrete at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days respectively. Since the pH of fresh concrete containing waste is greater than 12, can be sure that there will not be any microbiological problem. In general, the use of waste in concrete production reduces the compressive strength of the samples. Comparing the compressive strength of concrete containing waste type 1 and concrete samples containing both waste types shows that reducing the amount of waste type 2 in compare with waste type 1 improves concrete strength. The results of dry density test show the density decrease of concrete samples containing waste by increasing the percentage of waste replacing in the sand. Also using of waste type 2 causes lighter concrete samples in compare with using waste type 1. Optimal amounts of waste replacement instead of sand for samples containing waste type 1 and type 2, 70% and 75%, respectively, as well as for samples containing both waste types, 49% of waste type 1 and 21% waste type 2. According to the results, in terms of economic and environmental benefits, the use of waste type 1 in the production of concrete for the lower use of cement is more satisfactory. The use of paperboard mill wastes in the production of concrete due to environmental and economical efficiency (profitability and employment, reducing the cost of transferring waste to landfills, reducing structural weight, using waste instead of buying sand and reduce the environmental pollution caused by incineration and landfilling) is noticable.

Electrokinetic (EK) technology is advanced methods for the degradation and extraction of heavy metals and organic contaminants from saturated and unsaturated soil and groundwater. In this method, with the application of an electric field, pollutants will be migrated towards anode or cathode by electrolysis, electro-osmosis, electromigration, and electrophoresis. In this study, the behavior of perchloroethylene contaminated soils in an electrokinetic (EK) system enhanced by Triton X-100 on laboratory scale for 10 days was investigated. Electrical current and cumulative electro-osmosis and pH in anode and cathode reservoirs were measured every 24 hours during the run and perchloroethylene content was measured at the end of the experiments. According to the results, perchloroethylene is not influenced by electro-osmosis and ion migration due to low solubility, non-polar, and high adsorption to soil. However, by using the TX-100 in EK process, pollutant removal efficiency is significantly increased and perchloroethylene content of the soil is decreased by 51%.

In this research the contamination and concentration of various elements were studied by measuring chemical and biological parameters such as chloride and bicarbonate, BOD5, COD, pH, EC, TDS and metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) in the leachate samples and also moisture, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate and pH in the various depth of landfill soil samples.The value of BOD5/COD was 0.35, this result shows that this site is old landfill and leachate is biodegradable. Due to composition of organic compounds of leachate in soil and production of organic acids and carbon dioxide, pH of soil initially reduces and liquid limit increases but plastic limit will not change much. As a result plastic range increases but in the depth of the soil more increase occurred.