داوود شجاعی زاده

HIV is one of the human sufferings with its global prevalence and the lack of effective treatment methods. Therefore, education can be considered an effective solution to prevent new cases. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of two educational methods on the knowledge and attitude of third year high school students.

This research is a semi-experimental study in the form of a census of the survey and selection of all possible examples (400) students of third year high school Chalderan city has done. To collect questionnaire data from triploid including demographic information, knowledge and attitude by the research units in the two pre-test and post-test completed, has been used. People under consideration to three lectures, group discussions have been divided. Data collected by the Software spss16 descriptive and inferential statistical tests and analysis have been.

The results showed that knowledge of students before and after training in three groups, lectures and group discussion and control of statistically significant differences existed. (p<0.001) as the group average speech awareness of 17.46 to 20.54 in group lecture, 17.85 to 22.38 in group discussions from 17.31 in the control group has improved to 18.26. Also, significant difference between the level of student attitudes before and after training among the three groups were observed (p<0.05). Comparing the two methods in education and the level of awareness improved of attitudes were significantly different (p<0.05).

The results suggest that despite the impact of two educational methods on knowledge and attitudes of students (the control group), the effectiveness of group discussion has more than lecture and as a more effective way than this study was accepted.

Considering the importance of improving the health of the mother and fetus during pregnancy, the role of training programs is undeniable. This study was performed aiming to examine the effect of education based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on promoting urinary tract infection preventive behaviors in pregnant women.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 94 pregnant women referring to comprehensive health centers in the city of Dezful, Iran, in 2019-2020. The sample was randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. The data collection tool was a questionnaire based on the HMB which was completed in two stages of before and two months after the training by pregnant women. The study hypotheses were tested using chi-square and independent t-tests at a significance level of 0.05.

There was no significant difference in terms of demographic variables and different dimensions of the HBM in the two study groups in the pre-intervention stage. But after receiving training by the experimental group, a significant difference was observed in the mean and standard deviation (SD) of education knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, cues to action, efficacy, and behavior in the intervention group (P < 0.001).

Designing educational programs based on health belief model can be effective on preventive behaviors of gestational urinary tract infections. Because by increasing awareness, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy have a positive effect on their behavior and reduce perceived barriers to adopting behaviors that prevent urinary tract infections during pregnancy.

Multiple issues in middle age make this stage of life critical and endanger womenchr('39')s mental health and increase the number of people with mental disorders. Women are more likely than men to have mental disorders, and middle-aged people are more likely to have these disorders than other age groups. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model on mental health of middle-aged women referred to municipal health centers in Tehran.

A semi-experimental study was conducted using random sampling method among72 middle-aged women of selected comprehensive health houses in the city. Data gathering tools were; the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and a questionnaire designed based on PRECEDE Model, the validity and reliability of which had been approved prior to the study and before and after educational intervention was completed by intervention and control groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19 and using the statistical, Chi-square, T-test, etc.

The results showed that the mean age of women was 47.9. After the educational intervention, the mean score of the PRECEDE Model (Predisposing factors, enabling factors, reinforcing factors), and behavior Increased in the intervention group significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001). The findings showed a significant improvement in the mean mental health score from 26.3 to 16.1 among women in the intervention group compared to the control group after imposing educational intervention (P<0.05).

The results of the present study showed that the health education program designed based on the PRECEDE PROCEED Model is effective on the mental health of the middle-aged women.

Cardiovascular diseases are a main reason of disability and death around the world. Evidence suggests that many social and individual-based health-related factors are changeable and modifiable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a theory-based intervention based on the health belief model on health-promoting lifestyle behaviors in individuals susceptible to cardiovascular diseases.

In this quasi-experiment, we recruited 180 individuals having at least two risk factors out of five cardiovascular risk factors, including smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and obesity. Data were gathered in three phases (before, immediately after, and five months after implementing the intervention) using the health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire (HPLQ), general health questionnaire (GHQ), and a designed questionnaire to measure the health belief model constructs. The intervention included five training sessions based on the health belief model. Data were analyzed using the statistical tests in the SPSS.

Findings showed that the theory-based educational intervention was effective in improving some domains of lifestyle, including nutrition, physical activity, interpersonal relationships, stress management and health accountability. Also, the mean blood pressure and the mean tobacco use showed a significant decrease in the intervention group after the intervention. Educational intervention also led to improvements in health belief model constructs including perceived susceptibility, perceived severity and perceived benefits (P<0.001).

Intervention based on an individual-based health behavior change model resulted in improving some lifestyle dimensions, model’s constructs and clinical outcomes. In order to provide wider and sustained changes, using ecologic models of behavior change including inter-personal, organizational and community-based models are suggested.

Several studies indicate low knowledge and poor performance of girls in puberty and menstruation. Puberty complications are easily preventable. Consequently, present study mainly aims to determine the effect of educational interventions based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on puberty health behaviors in Tehran’s female elementary students, 2019.

This study was quasi-experimental using random sampling methods for selecting among female elementary students in Tehran, District 14, 2019. Data collection was performed through a designed questionnaire based on HBM. The questionnaire’s reliability and validity were verified. Students filled out the questionnaire prior to the intervention. Educational interventions were performed for intervention group in three 45-minute sessions. Two groups filled out questionnaires a month after intervention. The data was analyzed through SPSS v.24 using k-square, Independent t, paired t, Anova variance and Ancova covariance.

Findings showed demographic variables were not significantly different in two groups (p > 0.05) except in their father’s occupation, menstruation beginning’s awareness and age. In the case group after intervention, mean knowledge, average of perceived susceptibility, average of perceived severity, average of self-efficacy, average of perceived benefits and average behavior increased and average of perceived barriers decreased. They were significantly different in the intervention group (p<0.05), except in perceived benefits and self-efficacy, but not in the control group (p>0.05). The results of Ancova covariance test showed that educational intervention based on HBM had a significant effect on students' health during puberty (P <0.05).

The educational intervention based on HBM could change the puberty health awareness and behavior.

Today, we face increasing number of caesarean section as an unnecessary medical technology. In fact, performing caesarean section without medical reason has many harmful consequences for mother and her baby. The current study was aimed to determine the effect of planned behavior-based educational intervention on the selection of childbirth method among primipara women who visit health centers of Tehran during 2016-2017. This was a semi empirical study, with pre-test, post-test design and control group. 120 primiparas who visited health centers were randomly categorized into intervention and control groups. Data was collected by researcher-made questionnaire based on the construct of the theory of planned behavior, and after confirming its validity and reliability, was distributed between the statistical samples. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS16. The descriptive findings showed that intervention and control groups were demographically homogenous. The inferential findings showed that between the average of both groups in all construct, except for the behavioral ones, there was no meaningful difference before the educational intervention (P>0.001) while after that, the difference of average were meaningful (P<0.001). The results indicated that the program has a positive effect on improving the selection of childbirth method among primiparas as they are more tended to natural childbirth than caesarean section. Therefore, the construct of the theory of planned behavior can be used to encourage such women to choose natural childbirth instead of caesarean section.

Observance of the principles of infection control in dentistry is the basis of preventing the transmission of dangerous diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis and preventing the spread of diseases in the community. In view of the importance of dentistry education in the field of observance of the principles of infection control, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention on infection control among dental students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
The present study is a pre and post interventional study that the number of samples is 75 dental students referred to Endodontics Department of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for endodontic treatment and radiotherapy of teeth during treatment in the academic year of 95-96 that were selected by available sampling method and after determining the sample size, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared based on the Health Belief Model and verified in terms of validity and reliability, and completed in two stages before and after training with a 3 month interval. Three training sessions were conducted in this study for 15-30 minutes during the course of one month as group training and question and answer. During these meetings, students were given useful materials about infection control in dentistry, pathogenic microorganisms, transmission methods, and infection control guidelines in dentistry radiology. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire based on Health Belief Model. after data collection, spss21 software was used to analyze them. Non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, paired t-test and non-parametric Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis of the 05/0 significance level before and after the knowledge and structures of the health belief model.
The results of statistical analysis showed that 62.7% of the participants were female students and 89.3% of single students, and the participants in the study were from 8,9,11 terms. The results of this study showed that the mean and standard deviation of knowledge and performance scores of students toward infection control before training were 11.48 ± 2.23 and 5.48 ± 0. 93, respectively, and after the training were increased to 14.75±0.57 and 9.36 ± 0.91. This difference was statistically significant by doing paired t-test (p the comparison of the mean and standard deviation of the scores of other aspects of the health belief model regarding infection control among dentistry students also showed a significant increase.
According to the results, it can be concluded that education based on the health belief model has been effective in controlling infection in dentistry students.

Traffic and transport, as a political and social phenomenon, play an important role in the quality and socio-economic structure of a society. This phenomenon is one of the foundations for modern urban life and the social needs of populations. The aim of this study was to identify the viewpoints of urban residents and key informants in Sanandaj on the impacts of urban traffic and transport on the social determinates of health (SDH). It was a qualitative study with conventional content analysis approach. The method of sampling was purposeful. Data collection were conducted through 4 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) (including 22 residents) and 8 In-depth Interviews. MAXQDA10 was applied for the purpose of data management. The SDHs that we found to be negatively impacted by Sanandaj urban traffic and transport included socio-cultural factors (recreation and free times, daily work trends, the safety of within-city commuting, tobacco use, and education) and environmental factors (vegetation, antiquities, soil, food and water status, noise pollution, urban aesthetic status, and total environment). Urban traffic/transport stakeholders and health policy-makers as well as health professionals in Iran should pay much more attention to the impacts of urban traffic/transport plans on health and its determinants. Comprehensive health impact assessment of the urban traffic/transport in Iran seems to be necessary.

Osteoporosis is one of the disasters of the recent century. Given the greater involvement of women in all age groups, prevention of osteoporosis is essential in women. Individual empowerment is one of the strategies to prevent the growth of osteoporosis. In this research, the role of empowerment model-based education, was investigated in the prevention of osteoporosis in female students.
In this controlled trial, the target community (before and after) included female students of Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch. The sampling method was two-stage stratified random sampling and the sample size was determined (75 people for each) in intervention and control group. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire on individual empowerment for the prevention of osteoporosis (before the intervention and 3 months after intervention). Statistical analysis was carried out by independent t-test, paired t-test and Chi-square.
In this study, there was a significant increase in the scores of the constructs of knowledge (p The results of this study showed the educational intervention based on self-empowerment model can be effective in the improvement of female students in the prevention of osteoporosis.

Intentions: In this study were investigated the similarities and differences between elements of the curriculum of the world's top universities and Iran in health education and health promotion. This study aims to evaluate Health education and Health promotion curriculum in Iran and several countries worldwide.
The research method was descriptive, comparative, and cross- sectional, it was conducted using Brady pattern in 2015. Data were collected using information available on the website of the world's top universities in the field of public health.
The Health education and Health promotion Ph.D. were taught at seven universities among the top hundred universities that were studied: Birmingham, Cincinnati, Emory, Ohio, Florida, Utah, and Arizona. Survey show that course such as basics of epidemiology, behavioral science, statistical methods in health sciences, theoretical and scientific education and health promotion, health problems emerging, proposal writing, promoting health through behavioral sciences, basic determinants of population health, health beliefs in different cultures, qualitative research methods taught in the world's top universities specially. As well as community-based health promotion courses, and internships only taught in Iran.
It seems that subjects such as statistical methods in health sciences and epidemiology principles that are taught in all universities surveyed, should be included in the curriculum of the PhD. In Iran.

Traffic jams and transportation are an important part of the spectrum socioeconomic and environmental factors outside the health system with impacts on health. The aim of this study was to explain the residents’ viewpoints about the impacts of urban traffic on their physical health in Sanandaj.
The study was carried out qualitatively with content analysis method in 2014. Twenty-two residents of the city were selected as participants who were interviewed in a Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) (4 sessions) and in-depth individual interviews (8 sessions), respectively. A purpose-based sampling method was used in this study. The MAXQDA10 software was applied to facilitate the coding and categorizing the data.
Based on the viewpoints of the participants, urban traffic jams has two direct and indirect negative impacts on physical health. The direct effects cause premature aging, excessive fatigue, and mental illness and make some problems in the musculoskeletal system, digestive system, nervous system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system. The indirect influences include pure reliance on the car, accidents, traffic congestion and air pollution.
Healthcare researchers and urban traffic policymakers should design comprehensive studies to assess the impacts of urban traffic jams and transportation on community health. Therefore, they would be able to investigate the impacts on the health of individuals after the enactment of each law and planning and to implement community-based health promoting strategies in the society.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common public health problems worldwide. Diabetic foot as a late complication of DM imposes high physical and emotional costs to the patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an educational program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on diabetic foot care in type-2 DM patients.
Ninety seven (female=57, male=40) type-2 diabetes patients, randomly divided into two groups and intervention (n = 47) and a control group (n = 50) participated in this study. Using questionnaires data were collected, initially and 3 months after the educational intervention, on demographic characteristics, awareness and the HBM constructs. The intervention group participated in 3 educational sessions during the3-month period. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20, the statistical test being Shapiro-Wilk, Chi-Square, Wilcoxon, McNemar tests and paired T-Test.
There were no statistically significant differences before the intervention between the experimental and control groups with respect to the mean scores of knowledge and HBM’s components (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, as well as self-efficacy and self-care). The intervention improved the scores significantly in the experimental groups (p0.05).
This study shows that type-2 diabetic patients need to learn how to take care of their feet and that implementing educational programs based on the Health Belief Model can be effective in this regard.

One of the key factors behind the recovery of patients following heart surgery is the level of self-efficacy, which empowers patients to self-care. This study aimed to examine the effect of an educational intervention based on the health promotion model (HPM) on patients’ self-efficacy following heart surgery.
In this quasi-experimental study, 220 patients were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (each group, n = 110) one month after the heart surgery. Data were collected using a researcher-made self-care questionnaire developed from the Pender’s model. This instrument included 97 questions and the average content validity index and content validity ratio for the entire questionnaire were 0.90 and 0.84, respectively. Also, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire was 0.77. Before implementing the educational intervention, the self-care questionnaire was filled out for both groups. The educational program was designed according to the steps used for the HPM. The experimental group and the control group received intervention and usual care, respectively. Patients in both groups were followed up at 3 and 6 months after the educational intervention and the related questionnaire was filled out for them once more. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 22 software, Chi-square tests and repeated-measures ANOVA at the significance level (P The results showed that the perceived self-efficacy was changed significantly over time (P According to the results of this study, it is highly recommended that the Pender’s HPM be used as a model for the improvement of self-efficacy in patients following heart surgery.

Dysmenorrhea implies to the unusual feeling of pain in the lower abdomen during menstruation which can cause the person to stop her daily activities. This study aimed to determine the impact of nutritional style modification on reducing the severity of menstrual pain in female health personnel of Imam Khomeini hospital.
In this interventional study, after interviewing 120 employed people, 50 individuals with an average age of 31.48±5.08 (22-45 years) entered the study.
Test information was gathered through a questionnaire, multidimensional scale to determine the degree of menstrual pain, visual form and registration checklist that registered pain severity of dysmenorrheal. The nutritional education program, along with visual form was given to the participants to complete each month and the registration checklist of dysmenorrhea to complete at the end of the intervention.After 3 months, data was collected and analyzed using spss software version 19, descriptive test, paired T-test and anova repeated measure test. P Nutritional education intervention, made a significant reduction in the average severity of menstrual pain in participants (p Nutritional education intervention makes the promotion of nutritional behaviors and reduces dysmenorrhea in women. Therefore, with regard to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency, you can use it to reduce dysmenorrhea.

In cardiovascular studies, self-care is defined as the extent of one’s adherence to treatment recommendations, response to disease symptoms and adoption of healthy lifestyles. The current study seeks to design an appropriate tool to measure self-care behaviors of those patients with heart surgery experience.
This was a descriptive- analytical study conducted over 420 patients who had undergone heart surgery in cardiovascular center of Mazandaran Hospital in 2015. Having studied the related literature, an initial questionnaire was developed and edited. To measure validity, reliability and fitness of the model with the data obtained, content validity, internal consistency, test-retest analysis and confirmatory factor analysis through AMOS-22 were respectively used.
To qualitatively measure the content validity, suggestions offered in the questionnaire by the experts were applied. To quantitatively measure the content validity of the study, 15 items were omitted from the initial 112 ones. The CVI and CVR of the remaining 97 items of the questionnaire were 0.90 and 0.84 respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was .77 and its average correlation was 0.88. The confirmatory factor analysis proved all indices to be appropriate.
The developed questionnaire possesses appropriate psychometric features for measuring self-care behaviors of the patients with heart surgery experience. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were proved as ideal and the overall structure of the questions was confirmed.

Dysmenorrhea or painful menstruation can impair person's life. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of educational intervention based on health belief model (HBM) on eating style and to reduce the severity of the menstrual pain among clinical personnel in the Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex.
In this intervention study, before and after the intervention, a random sampling and interviews were conducted, and finally 50 qualified female, with an average age of 31.48±5.08 (22-45 years), were selected to participate in the research. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire based on the health belief model (HBM) and the validity was controlled by specialists and the reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha test (α = 0.957). Data was analyzed using SPSS 19 through descriptive and statistical paired t-test and ANOVA repeated measure test with a significant level of less than 0.05.
Educational intervention increases the average rating in health belief structures among participants (p To maintain and promote women’s health is an educational priority. Nutritional education intervention promoted the nutritional behaviors and reduced dysmenorrhea among women examined. Therefore, with respect to efficacy and cost-effectiveness using it to reduce the initial dysmenorrhea is recommended.

Lack of physical activity is the fourth common cause of human death. Given the increased rate of sedentary life style among employees, the aim of this study was to evaluate physical activity status of governmental employees in changing stage based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) in Hamadan, Iran, in 2014.
This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 1200 government employees. The study subjects were selected using proportional stratified random sampling. Data collection was performed using a three-section questionnaire containing demographic characteristics, Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-Enhancing Physical Activity (SQUASH), and the five-part algorithm of Marcus et al. Data were analyzed using logistic and linear regression, chi-square, t-test, and ANOVA in SPSS software.
Findings: The mean age of the participants was 38.12 ± 8.04. About half of the employees were in the preparatory stage of TTM. Moreover, 49.2% and 50.8% of the subjects were classified as active and inactive, respectively. There was significant association between physical activity status and change stages of exercise. The associations between physical activity status and age, gender, work experience, education, and marital status were also significant (P Since half of the employees were inactive and their physical activity status was not favorable, the results of this study can be utilized by health promotion planners to design and implement appropriate intervention strategies to improve the physical activity status of employees, specifically in the workplace.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an intervention based on modern communication technologies and the social cognitive theory on the lifestyle of the government employees in the City of Hamadan, Iran in 2014.
A randomized control trial [IRCT2014083118989N1] was conducted including a total 435 employees with overweight or obesity. They were divided into a control group receiving no education and two intervention (experimental) groups (IG1 and IG2) receiving a 6-month education under the title of “lifestyle program”. The educational intervention was “telephone-assisted” in IG1 and “web-assisted” in IG2. Six and nine months after the intervention the lifestyle and changes in in the constructs of the social-cognitive theory were determined and compared between the experimental and control groups. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS-20.
In both intervention groups, the lifestyle program resulted in promoting lifestyle status from “Good” to “Very good” (p=0.001). The intervention in the telephone-assisted group led to increases in the mean scores of the constructs of self-efficacy, environment, outcome expectations, and outcome expectancies, while in the web-assisted intervention group increases were observed only in the mean scores of the constructs of self-efficacy and outcome expectancies (p The results of the present study confirm the effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention based on modern communication technologies and the social-cognitive theory.

Iron deficiency anemia is a serious health issue affecting physical and psychological growth, behavior, and work performance. Teenage girls are among the groups who are at the risk of Iron deficiency anemia.þ The aim of this research was to determine the effect of health education program based on PRECEDE Model in controlling iron-deficiency anemia.
This quasi-experimental study was done on 120 students (60 case and 60 control groups) who were selected using stratified random sampling method in 2013-2014.Intervention was done in three sessions of 60 minute and the questionnaires were distributed and completed three months later. Data gathering tool was a self-administered questionnaire base on the PRECEDE model constructs. Data were analyzed by independent and paired t-test, MaCNemar test using SPSS software version 18.
Comparing to the control group, the mean scores of knowledge and attitude (predisposing factors), using educational resources, organizing educational course, participating in educational programs (Enabling factors), encouraging family , teachers and peers (reinforcing factors), and the practice significantly increased in the case group after educational intervention.
The present study indicates that an educational intervention based on PRECEDE model and its main components (predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors) has a positive effect on improving preventive behaviors of iron deficiency anemia in study population.

Lack of information on how to protect and prevent cutaneos leishmaniasis plays an important role in the susceptibility to the disease. Therefore, preventive measures will be effective if the parents have awareness about the disease. This study was aimed to invetigate the effects of educational interventions on mother’s knowledge and attitude towards cutaneous leishmaniasis.
In this quasi-experimental study, 120 married women who were 15 years of age or older and were referred to Ab-o-Bargh Health Center in Mashhad were recruited. The participants were divided into three groups: participation in an educational lecture, participation in an educational group discussion session, and a control, non-intervention group. A researcher-developed questionnaire including questions on demographic data, and developed knowledge and attitude towards cutaneous leishmaniasis were used for data gathering. The evaluation of educational intervention effects were assessed before, immediately after the interventions, and one month after the educational interventions.
Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean of awareness scores between the three groups (P=0.71). However, there was a significant difference in awareness scores between the three groups immediately after the intervention. The observed scores did not change significantly after one month (P=0.001). Also, there was there was a significant difference in the rate of attitude score towards cutaneous leishmaniasis after the intervention between three groups (P=0.001).
Individual and group educational interventions regarding cutaneous leishmaniasis were effective to increase the knowledge and improve the attitude of the participants towards the disease. We recommend to apply effective educational interventions like group discussions to improve the mother's knowledge and their insights about cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems in females. “Theory of Planned Behavior” is one of the important theories that explains the main process of adopting health behaviors. The present study assessed applying “the Theory of Planned Behavior in relaxation training regarding the severity and duration of painful dysmenorrhea in Mashhad girl students. In this Semi-experimental study, 160 first year intermediate students of Mashhad city who suffered from dysmenorrhea were assessed.They had been randomly selected from 5 girl high- schools in the 6th educational district. They were divided into equal groups “case” and “control”. Intervention was made in four sessions. The requisite data was gathered by means of a researcher designed questionnaire before and 3 months after the education of the students. Finally, the obtained data was fed into SPSS software (v:16); using statistical tests including Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Independent T-test, Paired T and X2. After educational intervention, mean level of knowledge, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and willed performance of relaxation techniques significantly increased in the case group (P<0.05). These changes were not significant in the control group. Besides, no statistically significant difference in subjective norms was observed between the two groups after intervention. Meditation education group was increased significantly (P<0.05). Education of relaxation base on the Theory of Planned Behavior is effective in reduced pain intensity and its duration.

Health care workers play a major role in regard with the training of healthy life style to different groups in the society, who are considered as a suitable model of observing a healthy life style. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the healthy lifestyle of health care workers in Andimeshk. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all the health care workers (n=170) were selected through census sampling method. The standard questionnaire of Health promotion lifestyle profile II (HPLPII) was used in order to gather the study data, which then were analyzed by SPSS software (ver,19) using descriptive statistical tests, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, as well as Pearson correlations coefficient. The mean age of participants was 36.25±7.06 years. 73.2% 0f the health care workers in this study were married and 26.8% were males. The total mean HPLP was 130 ±15.34. In addition, health responsibility obtained the highest score, whereas the physical activity received the lowest score. A statistically significant correlation was detected between HPLP aspects and demographic factors (p>0.05). However, there was a statistically significant relationship between gender and nutrition(p=0.005), marital status and interpersonal relations (p=0.005), BMI and interpersonal relations(p=0.005), work background and spiritual growth (p=0.016). The findings of the present study revealed that health-promoting behaviors were reported at an average level within health care workers. As a result, planning seems to be necessitated in regard with improving and promoting lifestyle of this important group of workers, who play a very significant role in the health promotion of the society.

As much as the women`s behavior for the premature diagnosis of the breast cancer is affected by the cultural and social factors, the purpose of this study is to investigate factors associated with screening accordance with the model PEN-3. The present study was cross-sectional. The samples studied were women above 20 years and the sample size was 1416 people. The method of sampling was a random cluster. The tools of data collection questionnaire with 70 questions which approved its content validity and reliability. Data were analyzed by using software of SPSS Ver. 20. The average age of samples was 35.71±6.1. Only 14.3% of samples are regularly conducted to the self-examination. Also, 38.5% of women had a history of the clinical examination. The difference of observed in performance the breast self-examination and clinical breast examination were the statistical significant by variables of rural or urban (P= 0.005), the marital status (P = 0.013) and a background of having breast cancer (P <0.001). The results of the study based on PEN-3 model were showed that there were a statistical significant relationship between the structure of perceptual factors and reinforcing factors (P=0.002) and between the perceptual factors and enabling factors (P=0.006). According to the results of presented, the women`s performance in using the screening was low. Also, the components status of the PEN-3 Model (factors of perceptual, enabling, and reinforcing) for the breast cancer screening in women studied were not suitable.