فهرست مطالب دکتر عاطفه قنبری

Today, the concept of "right to the city" is a reaction to the accelerated process of unbalanced urban development and less thought-out plans of urban planning in order to realize and achieve a livable, dynamic and sustainable city. Making the platform of urban life more citizen-oriented, urban justice, justice-oriented urban planning and urban democracy are the basic issues of urban planning today, which the right to the city approach realizes them through the application of socio-spatial changes in the city. The current research with a practical-developmental purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature tries to evaluate the degree of realization of the indicators of the right to the city in each of the five regions of Urmia city by adopting a humanitarian background. The methods used in data collection and analysis are the use of indexing and library methods, field identification and interviews (targeted sample size) and the use of copras and shannon entropy techniques in quantitative analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that regions 2 and 4 of Urmia have the highest and lowest levels of compatibility and desirability, respectively. Finally, in order to achieve suitable conditions in the field of urban planning, coherent and purposeful proposals have been presented.

The emergence and spread of pandemic diseases on a global scale and in the field of health and hygiene has challenged order, balance, adaptability, coordination, flexibility and resilience in various managerial, economic, social, cultural and behavioral dimensions. And it has plunged the cities and countries of the world into crisis. In the current research, five areas of Urmia city have been selected as a study case. The present research tries to compare the status of the components of a healthy city in the face of pandemic diseases by explaining the principles, concepts and perspectives of a healthy city and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of urban spaces and the facilities and facilities available in it (with emphasis on Covid-19) in each of the five areas of Urmia city. Therefore, it seeks to answer the following questions.Which of the proposed components of the healthy city concept is more important and prioritized in terms of quality? Which of the study areas of the current research is in a favorable situation in terms of the realization of the components of a healthy city and the level of sustainability and desirability in dealing with pandemic diseases?

The statistical population and sample size of the research is based on two groups of experts and urban managers and citizens living in the city, which collected the required data by using the questionnaire tool. The resulting data have been implemented for analysis in the quantitative methods and tests of Swara and Cocoso, in order to determine the importance and priority of each of the proposed components and the ranking of research study options.

The findings indicate that the performance components of the institutions and subordinate bodies in the field of health and health and the degree of desirability of job security of the residents have gained the highest and lowest levels of importance and value, respectively. Also, five regions and two cities of Urmia are located in the most favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions, respectively, in relation to the quality levels of the components of the concept of a healthy city.

In this section, based on the findings, some targeted and effective proposals and policies are presented. Emphasis on holding sports and mass gatherings in green and open public spacesImproving the quality levels of domestic sewage and surface water disposal Emphasis on planning based on pedestrians Emphasis on establishing equality and creating justice and balance between settlements Emphasizing and paying attention to strengthening cooperation and coordination between organizations  Improving the efficiency of the waste collection system.Adopting policies and measures in order to improve the social security situation in the unusual neighborhoods of Region Two by creating coherent changes and developments in different social and physical dimensions. Emphasis on improving the quality of drinking water.  Planning, creating and developing recreational and sports functions. Improving the efficiency of the public transportation system.and - and emphasizing on the safety and legal construction of buildings in order to increase the level of safety against various natural and man-made disasters, as well as improving the environmental condition of the city and urban landscape (visual quality of the city)

During the last few decades, the concept of knowledge-based city has been proposed as one of the most important concepts in the field of urban planning. The present research, with a practical and developmental purpose and using descriptive-analytical method, tries to present a policy through evaluating the localization capability of urban planning indicators in Urmia city and determining the level of desirability of knowledge-based city indicators. coherent strategies to realize the dimensions of sustainable development and achieve a knowledge-based city. In order to analyze the research data, one-sample t-test was used in SPSS software to measure the localization capability of urban planning dimensions in Urmia city, and in order to check the correlation and factor load of each of the program indicators. Urban planning has benefited from confirmatory factor analysis by PLS Smart software. Also, by using the Swara technique, it has been evaluated and analyzed the level of desirability and preference of the indicators of the knowledge-based city. The results of the research indicate that each of the economic, social, physical, environmental and management aspects of urban planning can be localized in Urmia city. Also, in some aspects, the situation of Urmia is inconsistent in terms of the degree of realization of knowledge-based city policies, and in order to improve the current situation and the realization of the desired goals, proposals have been made in different dimensions.

A major reason for readmission in patients with heart failure is inadequate transfer of care from hospital to home. The aim of this study was to design a comprehensive model of home care for these patients.

This mixed-method study was performed in Rasht Heshmat Hospital in 2020-21. In qualitative phase, interviews were conducted with 28 people, selected by purposeful sampling. In quantitative phase (descriptive cross-sectional design), 115 patients were selected via convenience sampling. They were studied using a demographic questionnaire, European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale, Heart Failure Knowledge Scale, Medication Adherence Report Scale, and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Qualitative data analysis was performed by conventional content analysis method and quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Then, data of two phases were combined to design a care model using matrix analysis.

The mean scores for patients' self-care, knowledge, medication adherence, and quality-of-life were 24.49±11.82, 27.25±8.36, 82.09±14.69, and 52.46±9.57, respectively, out of 100 scores. The care model designed included eight components: 1-Providing a comprehensive and organized care program to meet the care needs, 2-Establishing appropriate relationship, 3-Enhancing support systems, 4-Improving self-care, 5-Enhancing adaptation to chronic disease, 6-Family-centered care, 7-Management of health-seeking behavior, and 8-Improving quality-of-life.

This model is a comprehensive model for caring patients with heart failure and unlike other models does not have many shortcomings, therefore, it can help in more successful control of the problems associated with heart failure in patient, family, care team, and health care systems.

Split-window algorithm is the effective method for determination of land surface temperature. The results of temperature pattern show that the Gach salt dome has a higher temperature than the Siah Tagh salt dome. From a structural point of veiw, the higher temperature of the Gach salt dome can be related to the rooting of this dome and its relationship with the basement salt column. While the lower temperature of the Siah Tagh salt dome can be due to the lack of connection between the salt dome and the salt source of Hormuz Series. Temperature anomaly maps show the different temperature pattern in these two salt domes. Spatial pattern of temperature anomaly in the Siah Tagh dome show the linear trend in the eastern part of the dome. This temperature linear pattern in the Siah Tagh dome probably is related to the morning sunshine in the eastern slope of this dome. According to the resulting LST map, the highest temperature in the Gach salt dome is 41.87 °C and 36.7 °C in the Siah Tagh salt dome.

Lung nodules are the primary tissue of lung cancer. Designing a computer-aided diagnosis system can be used in order to enhance the accuracy of the radiologist in the detection and description of these tissues. The aim of this study is to provide an approach to detection of lung nodules on CT scan images. This study was conducted in two main stages of nodule segmentation and detection.  In the segmentation stage, combination procedures such as Fuzzy-Tsallis entropy and thresholding were used. In the nodule detection stage, intensity and geometric features are extracted and suspicious areas are determined by support vector machine. Using intensity features causes increasing true positive rate while using geometrical features causes decreasing false positive rate. To evaluate the proposed method, images of LIDC and Taba datasets were used. Classification sensitivity is 92%. The obtained results comparing to those reported by other articles, indicate the usefulness of the research.

The ability of proper communication is the core issue in all nursing care. Effective professional inter-professional communication is necessary for ensuring the coordination of care, improvement of satisfaction, and overall health outcomes of patients. The present study aimed to determine the status of professional and inter-professional communication in the nursing of Iran. In addition, attempts were made to recognize problems in the field and discuss their consequences and coping strategies.

This was a review study, and data were obtained through searching databases of Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID, and PubMed to find published articles regardless of their date of publication and language.

The primary search with keywords of “nurse” or “nursing student”, “physician”, or “doctor” or “resident”, “patient”, “communication”, or “teamwork” or “cooperation” or “interaction, and “professional communication” or “inter-professional communication” or “interpersonal communication” (both in Farsi and English) resulted in detecting a total of 7181 studies. However, 20 related articles were selected for review in the final assessment stage. The data gathered in the field of communication of nurses was discussed in three areas of nurse-physician, nurse-nurse, and nurse-patient and family communications.

Studies emphasized the importance of teamwork and inter-professional competencies more than ever. It is recommended that educational programs include inter-professional and teamwork training so that the triangular process of physician-nurse-patient communication is formed in the educational environment in a way that students can work in teams and have inter-professional cooperation in line with achieving healthcare goals.

 Several studies have reported that cigarette smoking affects sperm parameters, especially semen quality, but their results are contradictory. 

 This retrospective study aims to evaluate the relationship of sperm parameters with smoking in men with idiopathic infertility. 

 This retrospective study was conducted on 1744 infertile men with at least one year of idiopathic infertility. They were divided into two groups of smokers (n=379) and non-smokers (n=1365) according to their smoking habits and based on their inclusion and exclusion criteria. The semen analysis was extracted from subjects’ medical records, and the collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 19 software.

 Smoking significantly reduced semen volume in smokers (2.88±1.50 mL) compared to non-smokers (3.28±1.77 mL) (P=0.002). There was a significant decrease in sperm motility in smokers (36.1±21.9%) compared to non-smokers (34.4±19.6%) (P=0.009). However, the association of smoking with sperm motility between men with normal and abnormal semen volumes was not statistically significant, and there was no significant difference in sperm count and morphology between infertile smokers and non-smokers (P>0.05).

 Smoking causes a significant reduction in semen volume, but has no significant effect on sperm count, morphology, and motility in men with abnormal and normal semen volume.

 This aim of this study was to qualitatively study the obese patients’ experiences of interpersonal relationships after bariatric surgery.

 This is a qualitative research. The study population consisted of all patients who had undergone bariatric surgery at least two years ago referred to the obesity clinic of Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital. Of these, 11 patients were selected using a purposive sampling method and underwent semi structured interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis method in MAXQDA 10 software. 

 The results were classified into one main category and four subcategories. The main category was related to the changes in interpersonal relationships. Bariatric surgery affected family relationships, marital relationships, professional relationships, and relationships with friends. It changed family relationships especially in married patients. In couples who both suffered from obesity, changes in physical appearance after surgery caused conflicts in bilateral relationships. 

 Bariatric surgery causes significant changes in interpersonal relationships. It improves the relationship between family members, especially spouses, although it can create different feelings at the same time. People after bariatric surgery may need the help of specialists such as a psychiatrist to regulate their interpersonal relationships.

The urgent need to use high potentials of higher education students is clearly felt in the medical sciences faculties. It seems that using peer education, which is one of the most widely used methods of constructivism, can somehow alleviate shortage of clinical teachers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using the peer assisted learning system in clinical education from the perspective of nursing students and compare it with the conventional method.

 The present study is a quasi-experimental study in which the research population consisted of 3rd semester students as interns and nursing students in the field of Rasht Nursing and Midwifery Faculty as peer educators. Data collection tool was a questionnaire containing general and specific items. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics (Independent T-test, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test and Pearson correlation coefficient) in SPSS21 at a significant level of P≤0.05.

 The mean score of overall and general dimension in peer education group were higher than traditional group (respectively 149.47±23.91vs.147.19±24.78; 91.5±17.23 vs. 88.66±18.45), but there was no significant difference between two groups (P=0.68; P=0.48). Also, in the specific dimension of questionnaire, there was no significant difference between students' scores in two groups (P=0.81) and the mean scores of students in traditional group were slightly higher than those of peer group (58.54±11.55 vs. 57.97±9.16, respectively).

Considering the importance of the subject and the results of the study based on the higher scores of the case group in the overall and general dimension and the higher scores of the control group in the specific dimension, it can be seen that the peer assisted learning system is effective, in such a way that use the young forces of higher levels, i.e. master's degree, who have more experience and expertise, providing training and continuous evaluation and holding workshops to further enhance their specialized dimension, can be used. It’s also recommended that studies should be conducted to evaluate the level of learning and effectiveness of this system, taking into account the above mentioned issues.

The concept of patient safety is the essential component of health systems; and delivering safe and high quality care is the professional, ethical and legal responsibility for health care professionals. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of patient safety workshop on knowledge and practice of nursing students. This study was a quasi-experimental study that community of the study were all third semester nursing students of Shahid Beheshti Nursing and Midwifery school of Rasht in 2015. Then data were collected by valid researcher-made questionnaire which consisted of 84 questions based on 9 patient safety solution at the World Health Organization. Afterwards, data were analyzed with SPSS and by descriptive and inferential statistics, with regard to the significance level of   P≤0.05. Consequently, the results showed that education through workshop were only able to temporarily increase the level of knowledge (immediately after workshop) (P<0.0001) eventhough in the long term (after internship) had not been able to increase knowledge (P<0.14). Moreover, education through workshop on performance after the internship was not effective (P=0.12). According to the results of the study and considering the importance of safety concept, it is recommended that the safety concept as a training concept to be subjected in the content of nursing Lessons, or this concept to be taught continually in all clinically practical units or to be evaluated in the form of public evaluation, therefore, by being repeated in evaluating students it can implement an effective role.

Aims: The aim of this study was to examining the Factors affecting the duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation based on nurses guide in the intensive care units.
In this sectional -analytic study and single group , 65 intensive care unit patients who required mechanical ventilation for more than 72 hours were selected by convenience sampling. Patients with Burns Wean Assessment Program tools with the nurses guidance in three shifts were investigated. Patient's age, sex, the cause of the connect to mechanical ventilation, The level of awakening based on the Ramsay sedation scale,and duration of mechanical ventilation were recorded. The SPSS22 was used for conducting statistical tests such as the Descriptive statistics and Indipendent T- tests.
The mean duration of mechanical ventilation based on Burns Wean Assessment Program (the nurses guidance) was 111/75±33/46. The test results showed that confounding factors of Sex (p=0/03) and Ramsay sedation scale scor (p=0/0001) had significant effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation but Age (p=0/2) and the cause of the connect to mechanical ventilation (p=0/319) No significant effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation.
To weaning from mechanical ventilation , more attention should be paid to reducing the time of mechanical ventilation and the impact of confounding factors.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic rheumatologic disease, affecting different aspects of patient life. Although several studies have reported a higher rate of depression among patients with RA, there is still controversy over the underlying risk factors and probable covariates of depression in these individuals. The present study investigated the relationship between disease activity, serum levels of vitamin D, and depression in patients with RA.
In this cross sectional study patients with confirmed RA based on the American College of Rheumatology guidelines entered the study. Disease activity was measured using the Disease Activity Score (DAS). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was also administered to determine the subjects’ level of depression. The Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) was applied for evaluating the subjective disability of the patients in their daily activities. Serum levels of vitamin D, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were also measured.
62 patients were enrolled in the study. Depression was present and possibly present in 12 (19.4%) and 15 (24.2%) cases, respectively. According to the results the DAS was inversely associated with vitamin D3 levels (P Higher scores on the HADS were directly associated with lower levels of vitamin D, HAQ score anddisease activity. Nevertheless, no significant association was found with HADS and patients’ sociodemographic characteristics.Targeted approach to psychological aspects and vitamin D levels among patients with RA may have considerable implication for the optimal management of RA.

Background and Trauma scoring systems help physicians and nurses in recognizing the severity of trauma and its management. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the predictive ability of mortality rates of two trauma scoring systems (MGAP and GAP) in multiple trauma patients.
In this cross-sectional study, we used the data available in electronic records for trauma patients admitted to Rasht Poorsina Hospital, Iran. Demographic data, and GAP and MGAP (Mechanism, Glasgow Coma Scale, Age, and Pressure) scores for 1541 patients were extracted. Then, the ability of both scores in short-term (24 hours) and long-term (4-week) mortality prediction rates was analyzed using SPSS V21.
The surface areas under the curve ratio of ROC for predicting short-term mortality rates were 0.947 and 0.938, and for long-term mortality rates were 0.928 and 0.914 for GAP and MGAP, respectively (P Both GAP and MGAP could appropriately predict mortality rate without any significant difference. Therefore, these scores could be used as triage tools, and in predicting the severity of injuries and mortality.

Along with the evolution of nursing perspective, a growing demand for developing critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills is created to solve problems and take care of the patient, in this regards, Clinical instructors can meet these needs through changing the approach of clinical education in proper implementation of the nursing process. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of nursing process education on ability of nursing student's critical thinking.
This educational evaluation study by semi-empirical methods was conducted on 20 nursing students under supervision of 3 Volunteer clinical instructors by available Sampling method in 2015. Students designed nursing process based on patient's health status form and lessons learned previously. Nursing process were taught by clinical instructors from training to evaluation based on materials of " nursing process workshop" during one training session and again asked students to complete nursing process based on education and "new patients health status form" for the same patients. Assessment of critical thinking in students has been done using a standard questionnaire, California Critical Thinking Skills( in Five dimensions of evaluation , analysis , inference, inductive and deductive reasoning) before and after training. At the end, students assignments were collected and evaluated by nursing process checklist. Data were analyzed by using SPSS with Wilcoxon and spearman test.
The comparing of critical thinking dimensions before and after education showed that in all aspects of critical thinking evaluation (P=0.04), inference (p=0.004), inductive reasoning (p=0.04) and deductive reasoning (p=0.005) and total score (p=0.01) except analysis score demonstrated a statistically significant differences in before and after education, also in nursing process, there was a significant differences (P=0.01) in scores of study and knowing fields before and after education
Result show that education of nursing process affect on critical thinking and applying nursing process in clinical atmosphere. One important outcome of the nursing process, changes in analytical thinking of students in clinical training. How to perform and attention of Clinical education team on execution trends have an important role in performing properly .

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. Screening by mammography is the most sensitive and specific test that can be used for early detection of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the state of screening by mammography and its related factors in a population of women in Rasht.
This cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 1,000 women by systematic sampling in Rasht during 2014-2015. Data collection by socio-demographic questionnaire and screening status was done via phone. Then, data were analyzed by SPSS 16 and T-Test, Chi-square test and logistic regression.
The mean of the age of women was 49.43 ±10.18 years. 45% of women had done mammography. In 80% of women, repeat screening intervals was more than 3 years. The average age of the first mammography was 44.1 ± 9.2 years. 68.4% of women noted that screening is because of checking their health status. 65.3% of women have announced that they did not do screening because they had no problem, and 3.4% have said that they did not have enough information about screening.
The findings of this study revealed that most women do not realize the need for screening and doing that on regular basis. Therefore, it is suggested that preventive measures, as a general education, should be considered in order to raise awareness and provide conditions for mammography to reduce disease prevalence, improve health status, reduce costs resulted from breast cancer among female population.

Priorities setting is an important process in conducting the national health research and targeting the respective performance becomes so important when there are limited human and financial resources
The purpose of this study was to determine the research priorities in the health domain in guilan province in 2014.
This study is a descriptive study of the needs assessment, conducted by using essential national health research (ENHR) strategy in collaboration with 21 organizations dealing with health in guilan province
Totally, 665 research priorities as health research priorities and 17 research areas were determined as follows social determinants of health, health care system, accidents, non-communicable diseases, contagious diseases, environmental health, reproductive health, maternal and child health, nutrition and food security, health and geriatrics, dental care, traditional medicine, occupational health, pharmaceutical technology and medical equipment, Pharmaceutical Systems, Professional Ethics and Medical Education.
The plan was structured research priorities in guilan university of medical sciences so that we can organize university research projects in line with the determined research priorities and allocate proper university financial resources.

In the past 2 decades, following the failure of health systems to fulfill new needs and expectations of the community, a strong international motion to health system reform is formed. According to the new plan for this reform, the current study aimed at evaluating the challenges ahead of the health system evolution plan in Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
The current study was conducted based on a content analysis approach. A total of 43 managers of health care systems and hospitals directors completed a researcher-designed open-ended questions questionnaire. The qualitative data were analyzed using the content analysis method.
Based on the obtained results, a total of 672 initial codes were extracted. After the analysis of initial codes, they were categorized into 4 main classes: “the health system: a need for the country”, “prerequisites”, “sustained monitoring” and “challenges”. The health system: a need for the country focused on regional necessities, health-oriented goals of the government, achieving health; a human priority; prerequisites focused on planning, culture-making, and infrastructures; sustained monitoring focused on polls and continuous supervision, and challenges focused on current and future challenges.
The health system evolution plan was implemented emphasizing the accessibility of health care services to everybody. Based on the viewpoint of manager, the plan was aimed to reduce the health care costs for the people, which is of great importance in Guilan province with regard to the problem of tourism industry. Of course, given the prerequisites and sustained monitoring of plan to carry out it better, it can play an effective role.

Early diagnosis is a tenet in oncology and enables early treatment with the expectation of improved outcome. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with personal characteristics and clinical signs in patients with breast cancer.
This research was a descriptive analytic that cross-sectionally assessed 232 patients with definite breast cancer diagnosis that referred to Razi hospital located in Rasht using a researcher designed questionnaire including demographic and clinical signs. Collected data (mammography, tumor size, pathological stage of tumor) were obtained from medical records of patients. Gathered data analysis was accomplished with SPSS V.19 and for description of data from average and standard deviation for inference statics fisher test with a P value of 0.05 were used.
Mean age of subject was (49.80.27). 44 individuals (14%) had a precedent regular mammography before disease. Hundred and four (44.8%) in first appointment were referred to a general surgeon. Hundred and thirty six (58%) women were in stage III of the disease. Hundred and twenty nine (60%) patients had a tumor size more than 5 cm and 106 (46%) had a lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Patients referring with advanced stage of breast cancer had a low education (P=0.04) and income level (P=0.01).
Recognizing associated personal and clinical factors with early diagnosis can provide essential information for planning health education, screening and presenting appropriate solutions to overcome barriers to treatment and care in health system planning in this provinc

One of the challenges that students faced during their education is academic procrastination. It means “delay in performing a task”. Since academic procrastination could effect on various aspects of student's personal and social life, by identifying related factors it may be limited. This study aimed to determined academic procrastination and related factors in Students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2015.
In this cross-sectional study, 459 students of all major programs of Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected by stratified random sampling method. Data collection scales included three parts of demographic information, academic information and Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS) by Solomon and Rothblum. Data was analyzed with T- Test, ANOVA, multiple regressions by SPSS V. 20.
Most of students were female (72.7%), single (86%) and undergraduate (66.6%). Mean score of academic procrastination was 63.3±9.1 and most students (69.5%) had moderate procrastination. Academic procrastination had significant difference with gender (p=0.002) and academic level (p=0.03). Also in multiple regression models, gender, program of study and academic level were main predictors of procrastination. Females, dental students and postgraduate students had higher level of academic procrastination.
There is a moderate academic procrastination in students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences and its relationship with gender, program of study and academic level was observed. Investigation on causes and appropriate strategies to reduce this behavior is recommended.

Decisions and actions which people make about their lifestyle behaviors are effected by their level of health literacy. Low health literacy is associated with limited knowledge about cancer screening and lack of desire to do it. This study aimed to determine the level of health literacy and its relationship with cancer screening behaviors among employees of Guilan university of medical sciences.
In this descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study, 186 office personnel of Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected during the year of 2015. Data were collected by using a questionnaire consisted of three parts; demographic, cancer screening behavior and health literacy (HELIA). Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS 20.0.
The result showed that 116 personnel were female (63.3%) and 148 of them was married (82.2%). Levels of health literacy of 106 participants (57%) were good and 80 of them (43%) had moderate health literacy. Significant statistical relationships between health literacy and education level (p=0.03), insurance coverage (p=0.04) and history of Pap testing (p=0.04) were seen.
According to the results, the health literacy level of office staffs of Guilan University of Medical Sciences was good and moderate and personnel with a higher education level and covered by supplemental insurance had higher health literacy. Moreover, women with good health literacy performed Pap test screening more than others. Informing the personnel with cancer screening tests by efficient workshops and health promotion programs can be effective steps in promoting health literacy of people.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) as the most common sexually transmitted disease, is directly associated with cervical cancer. The survey of knowledge and attitudes is a central point in determining the most appropriate strategies for effective intervention plan. Medical students as future public health workers can promote the community awareness about cervical cancer and how to prevent it.

Hence, researchers decided to survey the HPV knowledge and attitudes of the medical students.

In this cross-sectional study, 201 medical students were randomly selected. A questionnaire consisting of two parts of awareness (36 questions) and attitude (9 questions) was used. Scores higher than the average were defined as good knowledge and attitudes. CVI and CVR were calculated for validity and the values of both were greater than 90%. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha that was more than 80 %. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 19.

In this study, mean age of medical students was 24.8±1.66 years and 56.2% of them were female. The source of information about HPV in 83.1 % of students was medical courses. The mean score obtained from the knowledge questionnaire was 18.9 ± 4.37 and 57.2% of students had poor knowledge about HPV. Knowledge was significantly related with age (P=0.002), taking lessons in virology (P=0.0001) and source of information (P=0.038). The mean score obtained from attitude questionnaires was 23.57±3.29 and 57.2% of students had good attitudes. Attitude about human papilloma virus was significantly related with taking lessons in virology (P=0.01) and source of information (P=0.007).A positive correlation between the scores of knowledge and attitude among medical students was seen (P>0.0001).

This study showed that the knowledge in more than half of the students was poor, however, the attitude in more than half of students was good. Plan for training programs to increase student awareness about HPV during their educational course is suggested.

Conflict of interest: None declared.

Nowadays health literacy is a challenge for health care providers so must be considered in all aspects of health .This study aimed to determine association between health literacy and health status among staffs of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2014.
In this cross-sectional study, staff was selected with census method. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire with 3 sections: Demographic Information, Health Status and Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and data were analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistics test by SPSS v20.
Findings: Health literacy of all staffs (n = 186) were good and moderate. 81 staffs (44.8%) were reported their health status as moderate. Significant statistical relationships between health status with marriage (P = 0.03) and economic situation (P ]n attention to results, health literacy of all staffs was good and moderate and the most important factor in health literacy was education and insurance coverage. Therefore, considering these variables may have an important role in promoting health literacy of staffs. It is suggested that the health care system pay special attention to maintain and improve health literacy in staffs with educational planning, to ultimately improve public health and the quality of their services.

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are brief principles in health care providing and Implementation of CPGs which can improve patient safety and patient outcomes. According to effective role of nurses in caring patients, this study aims to design and validate the evidence based on the nursing care guideline among the patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) based on Stetler model in 2015.
This study was a methodological study based on Stetler Evidence based Model. Studies for 5years with related keywords in Pub Med, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, SID, Magiran were selected. According to nursing diagnosis and evidence levels were designed as a guideline, related evidences about nursing care in DFU were extracted as well. Quality appraisal of guideline was done by AGREEII instrument in 6 domains of Scope and Purpose, Stakeholder Involvement, Rigor of Development, Clarity of Presentation, Applicability and Editorial Independence by an expert panel. Furthermore, applicability of the guideline in clinical state was assessed with a checklist by nursing group.
From 114 studies in this field, 19 studies were chosen. In the AGREEII domains, Scope and Purpose (92%) and Applicability (76%) were the highest and the lowest scores respectively. 92.9% of nurses reported that implementation of guideline recommended on caring of DFU were effective and lack of needed equipment for its implementation was a barrier.
According to nurse’s opinion, implementation of recommended guideline has effective role in prevention and reduction of complication in DFU.

Coronary artery disease (CAD), is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world and more focused among the researchers. For this reason, novel risk factors for CAD, such as serum iron in the form of serum ferritin levels have been emphasized. Excessive serum iron can increase risk of CAD by the production of free radicals and incorporation into lipid peroxidation.
To investigate the relationship between serum ferritin level and severity of obstructive CAD.
This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 patients with CAD, referred to Rasht Heshmat Heart Hospital from September of 2014 to March of 2015. Demographic information, serum ferritin level with other blood markers was collected before angiography and the severity of vessel involvement was evaluated afterwards. Data analysis was done using Mann-Whitney, Kendall tau and Spearman correlation coefficient tests.
The median age of patients was 58 years and 56% were male. The median of serum ferritin level in women and men was 74 and 95 µg/dl, respectively (p.05 for all)
In this study, no significant relationship was observed between serum ferritin level and severity of obstructive CAD. Further investigations are needed to consolidate the finding.