رجبعلی وثوقی مطلق

The relations between China and Iran as two ancient and influential civilizations in the region are very old and important. After the Mongol attacks and the formation of the Mongol Empire, Iran and China became a part of their territory and with the establishment of the Mongol Ilkhani dynasties in Iran, and Yuan in China, extensive political, commercial and cultural relations between them began, among which the cultural relations of the government are much wider and more impressive. The expansion of cultural relations between Iran and China under the shadow of the support and open policies of the rulers, rulers and encouragement of the ministers on the one hand, the movement of people, the migration of industrialists, artists and the presence of Muslims in the territory of the Mongols on the other hand, had an impact in the Ilkhanid era. had These effects are very important in the decorative arts and its developments. This article is based on the historical research method which is based on two descriptive and analytical characteristics and by relying on library sources and also by posing this question; How did the cultural relations between Iran and China take shape during the Ilkhanate era? What changes were made in the role of the decorative arts of the Ilkhanate era? To examine the evolution of the decorative arts of the Ilkhanate era with the influence of the cultural relations between Iran and China in the form of artistic roles and styles.

Astarabad, known today as Gorgan, emerged as a military fortress in northern Iran during the Sasanian era and has always been recognized as one of the important cities and centers in northern Iran. The settlement of various ethnic groups, including Persian, Turkmen, Turk, Kurd, Baluch, Sistani, Kazakh, Khorasani, etc., who gradually migrated to this region, created a mosaic of ethnicities, leading to mutual influence of different cultures and traditions on one another, turning this region into a microcosm of Iran. In the late Qajar period, the Constitutional Revolution had a profound and rapid impact on this region as a fundamental movement. The general discontent of the local population with the behavior of the Qajar Khans in Astarabad, given the settlement of some of the nobility of this dynasty in this area, as well as the presence and influence of scholars and intellectuals in society, were among the main reasons for intensifying the effectiveness of the aforementioned movement. In these circumstances, the modernist policies and reformist tendencies of the First Pahlavi, and consequently the implementation of the Baladiyeh law in Astarabad, like other cities, led to not only an alteration in the urban landscape and the establishment of infrastructural developments but also deep social and cultural changes and transformations in the behavior of people, especially the middle class in Astarabad.

Politics has always had a great impact on the evolution and diversity of the arts of a civilization. Timurid historical period is one of the glorious cultural periods. Knowing the place of art and getting help from artists, the Timurid rulers, in addition to consolidating and showing greatness of their political power, also provided the causes of artistic splendor. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the influence and role of political factors in the evolution of decorative arts of the Timurid era. The research has been done in a descriptive and analytical way and gathering information through library art historical sources. And by posing the question that; Which political factors played an important role in the transformation of the decorative arts of the Timurid era and the transformation occurred in which decorative arts was it more? It examines the role of political factors in the evolution of the decorative arts of the Timurid era. Among the results obtained are the grandeur and splendor of the court, confronting rivals, through political propaganda, the formation of scientific and artistic workshops by the ministers of relations with neighboring governments (China), the presence of artists in art centers and pointed out that on the one hand, it brings the rulers to their political goals, and on the other hand, it has caused the creativity of artists to evolve and transform the artistic style in motifs, through the formation of art schools in the decorative arts of book design and architecture.

Knowledge and awareness of the changes and transformations that occurred in the old Astarabad (currently Gorgan) is necessary for any planning for the changes that have occurred, because all the economic, social and cultural aspects of a society are linked with its population and structural features. Iran's nomadic community, which played a decisive role in the social and political situation of the country until the beginning of the current century (A.H.), has lost its former importance and has gradually been marginalized following some political events, including the nomad settlement policy by Reza Shah. . In the upcoming research, after examining the information obtained from oral sources and supplementing it with other available sources, we will comprehensively understand the effects of Pahlavi's first measures with descriptive-analytical method. Based on the results of this research, the effects of the first Pahlavi's actions on the course of social developments and changes in the municipality system in the old Estrabad, including the cities of Gorgan and Bandar Turkmen. In written documents and sources, less attention has been paid to the mentality of people about the events around them. Therefore, oral sources play an important role in reaching the conclusion of this research. Therefore, one of the important measures in the first Pahlavi period was the construction of streets in small and large cities of Iran.

One of the constant problems of societies is the mixing of facts and beliefs with superstitions and misunderstandings. Maybe beliefs that do not have a clear and correct support, but the passage of time has pushed it to the limit of a holy belief. These superstitions and false beliefs existed in the previous period as well, one of these periods is the Qajar period. In such a way that, along with the weakness of the health system and care facilities, some popular beliefs about health and hygiene were considered to be an inhibiting factor in people's health. Folk medicine is a mixture of superstitions and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine. The arrival of modern medicine in Iran in the Qajar era can be considered the beginning of a new phase in the country's medical history. The findings of the research indicate that, in addition to the inhibition of popular beliefs on people's health, these beliefs became the general culture of the people in this period, which led to disorders such as the spread of infectious and dangerous diseases, lack of attention to health orders due to fatalism, The prevalence of determinism has led to the wastage of people's money due to the deception of charm sellers. It seems that the poverty and misery, the miserable life that most of the people of the Qajar era faced, the ignorance, the limitations and the neglect of women in the society and family life, etc., caused a deterioration in the beliefs and opinions of the people. enter and the tendency towards superstitions to get rid of the problems that plagued them will increase.

Among the events that happened at the end of the Qajar period in Astarabad province, the uprising of the Turkmens along with other residents of Astarabad province against the Russians in 1916. Was. During the World War, the Russians tried to hire Iranian youths on this side of the border by occupying the northern areas of Iran to send them to the war fronts. This caused the Turkmens to rise against the Russians. This article aims to investigate the reasons for the presence of Russians in the territory of Iran by using the historical research method, after the conclusion of the Akhal Agreement and the stabilization of the borders, and to analyze the reasons for the uprising of the Turkmens and the people of Astarabad against the Russians. The general purpose of this research is to investigate the causes and phenomena of this problem and how it happened and the goals of the Russian government on this side of the borders. The findings of the research indicate that the rebellion against the Russians had its roots in the colonial policies of that government based on the recruitment of Turkmen and other residents of Astarabad to be sent to the fronts of World War I, which was met with resistance by the Turkmen of Astarabad state. In the meantime, the central government of Iran was also passive and did not provide special support to its citizens against the Russians.

The proposal to change the system of Royal Rule to the Republic in , which wassuggested from British, was proposed by Sardar Sepah and his supporters tocompensate for the benefits of the canceled agreement of , despite all the cost andeffort did not succeed. Mirzadeh Eshghi's reflected opinion, Malek al-Sho'ara Bahar,Seyyed Ashrafidin Gilani and Aref Ghazvini about this subject are a view of thethoughts of open-minded people and the public. By analyzing the poems of these four,Eshghi and Bahar were strongly opposed to the Republic, and Seyyed AshrafodinGilani accompanied them with a humorous sound, but Aref recognized the occurrenceof this idea beneficial for the country and advertised it. The accuracy of the way therepublic reflect on the poems of these poets, in addition to the historical and logicaloverview, helps us to better understanding the reasons, the causes of the plan, the manyactions to make it successful, and the reasons for the failure of republicanism. In thisarticle, by analytic-descriptive method, the poems of these four poets concerning RezaKhan Republic are carefully considered, and also comparing them with each other, aswell as with related historical sources, the reasons for their opposition or agreement areexpressed. It also has been shown that the great political events if does not take theirproper time, do not be succeed and the mention of the influential components on animportant historical event without reference to the simultaneous literary works can’t befully valid. These poems are considered as historical documentary poetry, whosehistorical value is very much debatable.

Shia ismaili sect,which is a branch of its activities officially began in the late second century . There are many reasons for the rapid spread of ismaili doctrines and their thinking involved ,but especially when dealing malfunction states bani abbas outrageous than the shias undoubtedly had influece over all history shows evidence that Salmiye ismailis in Syrias political and military activities has been the first base. This activity ,which first revealed his secret to his shadow gradually spread through out the moslim word. Insome places like Egypt and Bahrain ,they were able to form government . Considering the importance of this study is to position the centers salmiye of different dimensions obeyed and review.

Titles and positions of the auction, the sale of the doorman and the Court is ¬ gift of the Qajar government. Honorary titles and administrative positions in the course of the auction, but the correct interpretation of the "auction" put. Everyone should pay the greatest gift was his own denomination. Long positions and the grant was limited. Someone had to pay for continuing to offer it again. King and his courtiers were deprived of this passage was significant. Not only men but women also get honorary titles were competing with each other. The nature of the problem of the origin of the Qajar despotism, the treasury empty, aristocratic luxury casting and seeking returns. The outcome of the administrative chaos, undermining the central government was the most incompetent people on Karamdn. To study different aspects of historical research methods to examine the issue.

During his coronation cermoney and political life in different occasions such as advice on affairs of the country, war strategies and foreign diplomacy, in various communities and circles among commons or nobeles on for his army. Nader Shah gave lots of speeches and lectures considerable part of these lectures can be found among historical writings in this period, such as Tarikh-e Jehangoshay Naderi and Alam Aray Naderi. These lectures from historical the point of view has valuable political and social information to evaluate domestic and foreign policy of Nader in particular, his psychiatrist character. By citing part of those speechs and using historical methodology to examine the content of those speechs.

During his coronation cermoney and political life in different occasions such as advice on affairs of the country, war strategies and foreign diplomacy, in various communities and circles among commons or nobeles on for his army. Nader Shah gave lots of speeches and lectures considerable part of these lectures can be found among historical writings in this period, such as Tarikh-e Jehangoshay Naderi and Alam Aray Naderi. These lectures from historical the point of view has valuable political and social information to evaluate domestic and foreign policy of Nader in particular, his psychiatrist character. By citing part of those speechs and using historical methodology to examine the content of those speechs.

Relations between Ale Buye and Egypt started from when the tatemcyan’s domination oues Egypt was established. Although in religious associations with each other, these two Shiite states were expected to have ties of fuendship and interacting with each other. Political materials and interests as well, prevent at form happening. It seems the two sides policies or impe realism and the religion divinities, from the basic point of view had had the major role we creating enmity and hostility towards each other.
During these days, one could see the political intrigues and the military front preparations by these two against each other. But, it is noteworthy to mention that each of the two governments pretessed it, opposite side to every other country having had differing views in religion. This is why in spite of political enmity; one would observe peace, friendlyness, dispatching embassies and tetters to each other between them. This is the reason that they had never involved directly or seriously in military conflicts.
Taking refuge by some princes of Afe Buyer in Egypt in order to fee from the damage from their competitors in a good recuon tor this claim.

During the rein of Moaz o Dolla in Iraq which lasted from 334 to 356, for sure one of his worries concerning foreign policy was suppressing the Hamdany’s government. The reason was that The Hamdanys always were a threat for his government as a separatist and dangerous power. As a result, their relations were usually accompanied by hostility and enmity. Moaz o Dolla’s military moves to the Hamdanys’ territory centered in Musel in 334, 337, 347, 353 AH can be a proof for this. All this was despite their claims to be Shiite, following the same value systems. Studying the relations of the two, the researcher will find that political ambitions are favored over religion and religion as a constructive element could not creat strong ties. Since one of important section of the relations between Al Buye and Hamdanys was during the rein of Moaz o Dolla, the present study investigates the main causes and consequences of their relations.