فهرست مطالب رحمان امیری

Accurate assessment of cardiorespiratory function, muscular strength and endurance seems necessary for awareness and for providing exercise interventions and prevention of subsequent diseases. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to develop a comprehensive tool for assessing cardiorespiratory, muscular strength and endurance function in people with intellectual disabilities.

The current research is fundamental and has practical implications in terms of its purpose. In this study, the psychometrics of 51 specific tests of intellectual disability people were used to develop a tool for measuring cardiorespiratory function, muscular strength and endurance. The face validity of the instrument was examined through a 51-test questionnaire by 15 experts and 15 intellectually disabled educators, the content validity by a 51-test questionnaire by 15 experts, and the construct validity through a 19-test questionnaire by 243 intellectually disabled educators. The reliability of the tool was checked through internal, intra-rater and inter-rater consistency. Internal consistency was estimated with Cronbach's alpha. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were also checked through the implementation of the tests by 18 people with intellectual disability in three times and with three raters through the internal correlation index (ICC), confidence interval (CI) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Data analysis was done through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with AMOS26 and SPSS22 software.

Based on the results of estimating the content validity ratio (CVR), 19 out of 51 tests had a content validity ratio higher than 0.49 and the rest of the tests were excluded. In terms of construct validity, 10 out of 19 tests were removed and the final 9 tests were approved for evaluating cardiorespiratory function, muscular strength and endurance. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three latent factors that explained 46.21% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the final construct model. From the results of factor analysis, KMO=0.829, BT=4706.93 and p<0.0001.

The current study provided a special set of tests for people with intellectual disability in the fields of cardiorespiratory assessment (one test), strength (four tests) and muscular endurance (four tests). after psychometry, 51 specific tests were presented in this field. By using this set of tests, it is possible to make an accurate assessment of the physical fitness related to the health of people with intellectual disability.

Individuals with Down syndrome often exhibit low levels of physical activity and physical fitness, as well as a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a sports rehabilitation program based on the systems review of the body function and structure of individuals with Down syndrome.

Articles were searched with an emphasis on "systems review" as a basis and with an overview of "effects" that affect physical activities for people with Down syndrome. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases with a combination of keywords related to Down syndrome, body function and structure, the prevalence of disorders, and physical fitness factors. Studies were selected using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. After reviewing and studying the articles, recommendations for the content and presentation of an exercise program were extracted based on the literature review.

Based on the results and reviews, the rehabilitation exercise program was developed for these people. The sports rehabilitation program requires minimal equipment and can be implemented independently. It also effectively leads to the improvement of gait patterns, strength, stability, balance, coordination, endurance, and participation in purposeful activities with increased independence. This exercise program can be performed three times a week for about an hour per session.

According to the content analysis of the unique body function and structure of physiological, neuromuscular, and learning styles of individuals with Down syndrome, the presented comprehensive sports rehabilitation program can improve movement disorders, functional activities, and participation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected strength training at an unstable level and hydrotherapy on lower limb muscle strength, balance and fear of falling in the elderly. All subjects included 36 elderly men aged 60 to 70 years who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of 12: strength, hydrotherapy and control. To assess static balance, dynamic balance, lower limb muscle strength and fear of falling, the Sharpened Romberg test, the time of getting up and going, getting up from the chair and the Falls Efficacy Scale International were used, The control group did not have a specific exercise program. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that between the groups of strength training, hydrotherapy and control in the variables of static balance (P= 0.001), dynamic balance (P= 0.001), lower limb strength (P= 0.01) and fear of falling (P= 0.001) there is a significant difference. By using strength training at an unstable level, you can improve the strength of the lower limbs and improve balance and reduce the risk of falls, and it is one of the appropriate solutions. It is effective in improving balance, lower limb strength and reducing the risk of falling in older men. However, strength training was more effective.

Anterior Cruciat Ligament injuries are common among athletes and even non athletics, 70% of ACL injuries created as a result of a non-contact mechanism. So, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of static, dynamic and injury- prevention Warm-Up protocols on knee valgus during drop landing and single-leg hop test score in active 18-25 year’s men.

36 active subjects selected and randomly were assigned to static, dynamic warm up and injury-prevention programs and pre test of performance and knee valgus angle assessment performed via single-leg hopping test and motion analysis system respectively. After executing three warm-up protocols, the performance and kinematic data’s were taken. To check the normal distribution of data’s, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, to between group’s comparison, the analysis of covariance test and to obtaining within groups differences, the paired t-test was used. Also significance value set at 0.05.

The results showed that injury-prevention programs can immediately improve drop-landing technique athletes without creation of malfunction in athletes (P=0/001). But this technique was followed with a negative response after static warm-up protocol (P=0/001) and no change was observed after the dynamic warm-up protocol (P=0/82).

According to the research results the subjects of injury-prevention warm up program than two other groups, benefited from the progression benefits in performance tests and kinematic selected parameters.

Down syndrome is the most common genetic intellectual disability conditions in 1 out of 800 to1000 live births. Adolescents and Youth with Down syndrome are unique population on factors health-related physical activity.

To investigate the factors of physical fitness and physical activity in adolescents and Youth with Down syndrome the used of international and national data bases such as EBSCO، Medline, PubMed،Elsevier، Google scholar, SID from 1996 to 2016. In this research were used, some key words Persian and Engelish like Physical fitness, physical activity, Down syndrome, rehabilitation, intellectual disability, muscular strength, muscular endurance, aerobic fitness, balance, agility and flexibility.

In search exts, were found 130 articles that after removing the articles that a close relation matches the subject, 35 articles were considered for the study. The results indicated Reduce cardio-respiratory capacity and a lower level of physical protrusions and people with intellectual disability than their normal peers in strength, endurance, balance and agility and also an increase in subcutaneous fat and body fat distribution

the research indicates that Adolescents and Youth with DS have low cardiovascular and muscular fitness/exercise capacity; demonstrate a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity,Reduce health-related activities. Future research should focus on strength testing and training protocols,  methodologies to determine PA levels; and  practical interventions to increase PA