رضا شباهنگ

 The power of narratives is such that they can immerse readers in their world and transform them. Narratives can transport readers to various places and times. With this in mind, the current study sought to compare the ability to maintain effort and interest over the long term, as well as resilience, across different levels of engagement with a success narrative.

 This comparative study involved the selection of 200 middle school students (2019) from both girls' and boys' schools in the first district of Rasht, utilizing a convenience sampling method. Initially, they were provided with five short stories on success for study. Following their reading of the stories, students completed the Transportation Scale - Short Form (Appel et al., 2015), the Short Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003). The Transportation Scale - Short Form (Appell et al., 2015) was employed to measure students' levels of engagement with the narrative on success. Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance with the SPSS24 software.

 The findings revealed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their ability to maintain effort and interest in long-term goals as well as resilience (P < 0.01). Participants in the high-level narrative transportation group demonstrated greater capacity for sustaining effort and interest in long-term goals (29.52) and resilience (67.05) (P<0.01).

 Drawing from the obtained results, one could posit that storytelling serves as a distinct form of motivation and catalyst for success, prompting students to engage deeply with narratives and be impacted by their substance, consequently fostering heightened motivation and emotional enrichment.

Grit is the driver of success; without grit, talent couldn’t flourish. Grit is an essential ingredient of success in school, and its improvement can lead to academic achievement; hence the present study tries to strengthen the sustaining effort and interest for long-term purposes, mental toughness, and self-efficacy of students by using the grit program as an interventional study.

In this semi-experimental study (pretest-posttest with the control group), the study's statistical population included the middle school students of district one of Rasht City in the academic year of 2018-19. Using the convenience sampling method, 82 students (41 female students and 41 male students) aged between 13 and 15 years were selected and they were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 41) and waiting for control (n = 41) groups. The program for developing and strengthening grit and mindset including stories, choice maps, peer tutoring, self-evaluation, and verbal self-instruction (Polirstok, 2017) was provided for the experimental group in 9 90-minute sessions (three days a week). The program was group-based and focused on increasing the capacity to sustain effort and interest in long-term goals. The research instruments included the Short Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009), Mental Toughness Questionnaire-18 items (Clough et al., 2002), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995). Data were analyzed by SPSS24 using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA).

Based on the findings, the grit program enhanced the persistence of effort (ηp2 = 0.46), consistency of interest (ηp2 = 0.61), mental toughness (ηp2 = 0.46), and self-efficacy (ηp2 = 0.50) in students. The program on the consistency of interest (ηp2 = 0.61) was the most effective.

Given the facilitating role of grit in students' academic performance and success in school, it is necessary to provide interventions to develop grit in students. Our results confirm the effectiveness of the grit program on the sustaining effort and interest for long-term purposes, mental toughness, and self-efficacy of students, which are recognized as critical factors in academic success.

Nurses have an undeniable role in the health system and the improvement of health services in the country has always been done by strengthening aspects related to nursing. In this regard, the present research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of nurses' empathy-based intervention on empathy, managing pro-social behavioral tendencies, and violent acts of patients.

The current study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research consisted of nurses in the 6th district hospitals of Tehran city in 2019. Among these, 40 nurses were selected using the available sampling method and randomly placed in experimental and control groups. The research tools consisted of the scale of empathy benefit (Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004), the prosocial behavior tendency scale (Baumsteiger & Siegel, 2019), and the scale of attitude toward the management of aggression and violence (Duxbury, 2013). Intervention based on empathy was provided in 10 sessions for participants in the experimental group. Data analysis was done using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS24 software.

The results showed that the empathy-based intervention on empathy significantly increases empathy, prosocial behavioral tendencies, mutual perspective, external perspective, biological perspective, and understanding of clinical management in nurses (P<0.001). Also, 72% of the total variances of the intervention and control groups are caused by the effect of the independent variable.

Based on the findings of the present research, it can be stated that empathy is an effective structure in the efficiency of nurses. In this regard, intervention based on empathy can lead to an increase in empathy, an increase in the desire to perform pro-social behaviors, and an improvement in the attitude towards the management of patients' aggression and violence in nurses, which can ultimately lead to positive results for health systems. brought nurses and patients at different psychological, social, economic, and even physical levels.

Working mothers try to maximize their correlation time with their children and experience different situations compared to housewives. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the role of perceived social support, job stress, and perceived discrimination in predicting parenting energy of working mothers.

The present descriptive and correlational study was conducted on all mothers working in private offices in District 3 of Tehran in 2020. Convenience sampling method was used to select 110 working mothers. Data collection tools included the Perceived Parenting Energy Scale (PEFPS), the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (PSS), the Health and Safety Management Standards Index (HSE), and the Revised Personal Related Discrimination Scale (PRDS). Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 24 using Pearson correlation and multiple regression, simultaneously.

The results showed that the components of perceived support and job stress have a positive and significant correlation with perceived parenting energy (p<0.05). In contrast, personal-related discrimination had a significant negative correlation with perceived parenting energy (p<0.05). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that perceived social support, job stress, and perceived discrimination predict 78% of the parenting energy of working mothers.

Perceived social support, job stress, and perceived discrimination have a significant impact on the parenting energy of working women. Due to the significant role of mothers in raising their children, it is necessary to identify factors affecting women's employment relationships in their work environment to take measures to increase their parenting energy.

Parasocial interaction is a concept used to explain how fans interact with celebrities. Meanwhile, source credibility and parasocial breakup can be different in distinct levels of parasocial interaction. In this causal-comparative study, the statistical population of the study consisted of high school students in district one of Rasht city during the academic year 2019-2020. Among them, 200 male and female students were selected by convenience sampling method. In order to collect data, the Celebrity Parasocial Interaction Scale (Bocarnea & Brown, 2007), Source Credibility Scale (Ohanian, 1990), and Parasocial Breakup Scale (Cohen, 2003) were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS24 software using multivariate analysis of variance. The results indicate adolescents with high level of parasocial interaction with their favorite celebrities got higher scores in source credibility and parasocial breakup compared to adolescents with low level of parasocial interaction with their favorite celebrities (p < 0/01). According to the results, at high levels of parasocial interaction, adolescents place a high value on their favorite celebrities and adolescents also experience more post breakup feelings and behaviors such as seeking information and discomfort in response to breakup. The present study highlights the importance of source credibility and parasocial breakup in development and maintain of parasocial interaction with favorite celebrity.

The aim of this study was to determine the dark triad personality and mental toughness in predicting doping attitudes in male bodybuilders.

The present study is a descriptive correlational study. The study population consisted of male bodybuilders in Rasht in 2019 among whom 230 were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected using Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale Petróczi & Aidman’s, Dark Triad Scale Jonason & Webster’s, and Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire Sheard et all. Data were analyzed using correlation test and multiple regression using SPSS software version 24.

The results showed that Machiavellianism (r=0.625), psychopathy (r=0.468) and narcissism (r=0.420) had a positive and significant correlation with doping attitude. On the other, confidence (r=0.478), constancy (r=-0.480) and control (r= -0.570) were negatively and significantly correlated with doping attitude. Also, the variables of dark triad personality and mental toughness predicted 52.6% of the changes in attitudes toward doping in male bodybuilders (P<0.01).

The findings showed that bodybuilders with dark veins showed a positive attitude towards the use of illicit drugs and doping. Athletes who reduce the length of their professional exercise from adequate mental strength were drawn due to doping drugs.

Coronavirus 2019 is becoming pandemic and has caused varying levels of anxiety in the healthy population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the online cognitive-behavioral intervention on health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification in healthy participants with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety. The present study was a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all students of Guilan University with high levels of Covid-19 anxiety in the academic year 2020-2021, which were included in accordance to principles of diagnosis of health anxiety in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition. 60 participants were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to either experimental (n = 30) and Waiting for treatment (n = 30) groups. 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral intervention were provided for the experimental group. Research instruments were Short Health Anxiety Inventory Salkovskis et al, Anxiety Sensitivity Taylor et al, and Somatosensory Amplification Scale Barsky et al. The results showed that cognitive-behavioral intervention led to a decrease in health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification in the experimental group (p<0.01). According to the findings of the study, cognitive-behavioral intervention with emphasis on reducing negative appraisal, catastrophic beliefs, and exaggeration can be an effective way to reduce COVID-19 anxiety in a healthy population.

Cognitive-behavioral interventions are known as first-line treatments for anxiety disorders. However, complexities such as quarantine have made it difficult to provide face-to-face intervention. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of video-based cognitive-behavioral intervention on health anxiety and anxiety sensitivity of individuals with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety.

The present study was semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. According to the principles of diagnosis of health anxiety in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition and COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, 138 participants with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups of experimental (n = 69) and control (n = 69). The experimental group received 10-session video-based cognitive-behavioral intervention compared to the control group. The research instruments included the COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, the Short Health Anxiety Inventory, and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. At the end, the data were analyzed by using statistical method of MANCOVA.

The results of this study showed that cognitive-behavioral intervention led to a reduction in health anxiety and anxiety sensitivity of experimental group participants (p < 0.001). In the meantime, the present intervention has been more effective for the components of health anxiety.

Due to the widespread public anxiety about COVID-19 as well as the complexities of face-to-face cognitive-behavioral therapy, the use of video-based cognitive-behavioral intervention can be an immediate, concise, and inexpensive way to improve mental health of the community.

 Resilience and life expectancy of patients are among the most crucial psychological concepts that have been mentioned in previous research for their importance in effectively dealing with cancer-related problems. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on resilience and life expectancy of gastrointestinal cancers patients.

 The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included patients with various gastrointestinal cancers in Rasht who referred to medical centers (Razi hospital and Beasat clinic) in the period from September to January 2019-2020; 60 participants were selected by random sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention compared to the control group. Research tools included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (Connor & Davidson, 2002) and the Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991). Data were analyzed by SPSS24 by using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

 Based on the findings, mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention improved resilience and life expectancy of the experimental group participants (p<0.01).

 Improving resilience and life expectancy is recognized as a critical part of the cancer treatment process. The present study shows that mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention with emphasis on relaxation techniques such as meditation can be an effective way to improve resilience and life expectancy in patients with gastrointestinal cancers which ultimately lead to increased patient adaptation. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention to enhance coping capability of the cancer patients.

Previous studies indicate the importance of the perceived energy for parenting and mindfulness in the optimal upbringing of children with special needs. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of nurturing program for parents and children with special needs and their health challenges on the perceived energy for parenting and mindfulness.

The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest- posttest control group design. The population of the study consisted of parents of children with special needs in the exceptional schools of the first district of Rasht city in the first semester of academic year 2019-2020. The sample consisted of 60 parents (mother/father) who were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The applied instruments were Perceived Energy for Parenting Scale (Janisse, Barnett, & Nies, 2009) and Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory-Short Form (Walach et al., 2006). The experimental group, including children with special needs and their parents received twelve sessions of nurturing program for parents and children with special needs and their health challenges (Burton et al., 2018), but the control group did not receive any intervention. Eventually, the data were analyzed by one-way analysis of covariance.

The findings indicated that the nurturing program for parents and their children with special needs and their health challenges had a significant effect on increasing perceived energy for parenting (F=80.94) and mindfulness (F=9.10) (P<0.01).

Considering the importance of perceived energy for parenting and mindfulness in optimal child rearing, the current nurturing program with a focus on attitudes, needs, independence, empathy, and parent-child relationship can be an effective intervention for enhancing perceived energy for parenting and mindfulness in the parents of children with special needs.

People experience different levels of anxiety associated with the 2019 Coronavirus 19, which may affect their lives. The present study aimed to investigate the role of health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification in predicting of students' COVID-19 anxiety. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study included students of Guilan University in 2020. By using available sampling method, through online calling, 200 students participated in the study. Data were collected from the Covid-19 Anxiety Scale (Wheaton et al), Short-term health Anxiety Measurement (Salkovskis et al), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Taylor et al), and somatosensory amplification Scale (Barsky et al). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification were positively and significantly correlated with COVID-19 anxiety. Regression results showed that these variables significantly predicted 55% of the new coronavirus anxiety. It seems that the high anxiety level of COVID-19 in students, can enhance their anxiety and sensitivity about health state and they would exaggerate physical and emotional symptoms. Thus, the University's psychological and Counseling Services must take steps to reduce the anxiety of COVID-19 and increase students' awareness.

Students' academic achievement at universities has always been a very prominent issue so that it has attracted the focus of many studies. Meanwhile, the learning approach and course experience could affect and determine academic achievement. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of learning approach and course experience in prediction of academic achievement among university students. The design of the present study is the descriptive with the correlational method. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of faculty of Literature and Humanities of Guilan University (Iran) in the academic year of 2017-2018. From this population, 230 students were selected by convenience sampling method and responded to the Revised Approaches to Studying Inventory (Waugh, 1999), the Course Experience Questionnaire (Ramsden, 1991), and the Academic Achievement Inventory. In the end, the data were analyzed by 24 version of SPSS software, using Pearson correlation and enter multiple regression. According to the results, learning approaches and course experience are correlated with students' academic achievement (P < 0.001) and can predict 57.6% of variances of academic achievement (P < 0.001). Given the importance of learning approach and course experience in relation to academic achievement of university students, it is recommended to provide interventions to employ more effective learning approaches in university students and also to improve the quality of educational courses in educational settings.

Celebrity worship as a parasocial relationship with celebrities can affect psychological wellbeing, but meanwhile, cognitive abilities and especially cognitive flexibility can play effective roles due to the effect on interpersonal communication. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between the celebrity worship and psychological wellbeing with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility.

The research design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of students of Guilan University in 2018. Among them, 300 female and female students were selected through convenient sampling method. After selecting the sample, celebrity worship attitude (McCutcheon, Lange & Houran, 2002), Ryff’s scale of psychological wellbeing (Ryff, 1989), and cognitive flexibility inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) were given to participants. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural analysis were used to analyze data.

According to the results, celebrity worship was correlated to psychological wellbeing and cognitive flexibility significantly. In fact, celebrity worship directly had negative and significant effect on psychological wellbeing and cognitive flexibility. Moreover, the indirect effect of celebrity worship on psychological wellbeing through the cognitive flexibility was negative and significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that the cognitive flexibility has a mediating role in the relationship between the celebrity worship and psychological well-being. In other words, by increasing cognitive flexibility, psychological well-being problems caused by extreme involvement with celebrities would be reduced.

Considering the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between celebrity worship and psychological wellbeing, it can be argued that by increasing cognitive flexibility, psychological well-being problems caused by celebrity worship decreases as well.

While marital relationship can be a source of many pleasurable experiences, it can also bring about the most painful experiences. In this regard, marital infidelity is one of the negative experiences related to married life. This is a topic that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades and is known as the most harmful experience related to married life. Studies indicate the need to pay attention to the extent of the phenomenon of marital infidelity. In fact, marital infidelity can have far-reaching negative consequences, such as anger towards oneself and onechr('39')s spouse, feelings of embarrassment, loss of trust, loss of identity and sense of specialness, decreased purposefulness, interpersonal problems, decreased self-esteem, mental health problems, guilt and depression for the betrayed person. These injuries can be more prominent in women. This issue indicates the need to examine the dimensions related to marital infidelity and provide interventions to deal with its negative consequences in women affected by infidelity. In this regard, there is evidence of a prominent relationship between cognitive and metacognitive beliefs as well as cognitive flexibility with the experience of marital infidelity. Given the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility to marital infidelity, interventions to improve these abilities in women damaged by marital infidelity are essential. In this regard, cognitive interventions, and specifically treatment based on acceptance and commitment, are very useful for women affected by marital infidelity. In fact, acceptance and commitment interventions emphasize cognitive components and aim to change dysfunctional cognitions. In this regard, acceptance and commitment therapy can be considered as an effective intervention to improve the metacognitive beliefs and psychological resilience of women affected by infidelity. A subject that has received few specific studies. Overall, given the relatively high prevalence of marital infidelity, the negative consequences of infidelity, the need for psychological interventions, the ineffectiveness of many intervention programs, and limited interventional studies, providing an effective intervention for victims of infidelity, especially women as the more vulnerable group is very much needed. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility of women damaged by marital infidelity.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all women damaged by marital infidelity who referred to the Islamic Revolutionary Tribunal of Sangar in 2018. Among them, 30 women were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The data collection tools included demographic questionnaire, Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30; Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011). Acceptance and commitment group therapy was administered to the experimental groups in 8 sessions of 2 hours weekly. Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results indicated that the acceptance and commitment group therapy significantly affect metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility (p<0.01).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility of women damaged by marital infidelity. According to the findings of the study, group therapy based on acceptance and commitment was able to affect the metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility of women damaged by marital infidelity and improve their metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility. In explaining this issue, it can be acknowledged that the acceptance and commitment intervention in the present study, by emphasizing cognitive processes such as connection with the present, committed actions and acceptance, could bring about positive changes in the metacognitive structure of women damaged by marital infidelity. Through learning the acceptance process, participants learned to accept events and thoughts completely and without defense, as they are. In other words, they were taught that although their situation is sensitive and distressing, they should not prevent negative thoughts from entering their minds, but should be able to show the best performance by accepting these thoughts. The other component was self-observation. Participants found that they should perceive thoughts as they are and in a pure form and look at thoughts as a phrase or an image or a form, not as a consistent concept. That is, thoughts should not be described based on analysis, judgment, evaluation, and belief, so that it is possible to separate thoughts. The intervention also improved metacognitive beliefs through its effects on uncontrollability, the risk of negative thoughts, cognitive conflict, and positive beliefs about worry. In addition, the intervention program improved psychological flexibility, that is, staying connected to the present moment despite unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and physical conditions, so that behaviors are selected based on personal situation and values. Based on the results of the present study, acceptance and commitment group therapy can reduce negative consequence of marital infidelity and increase adjustment in women damaged by marital infidelity by enhancing their metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility. Therefore, it is recommended to increase adjustment in women damaged by marital infidelity.

Considering the increasing prevalence and incidence of disasters in today's world, the competency of nurses in the management of disasters is a remarkable issue. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of self-efficacy and disaster-related experiences on nursing competency in the prediction of disasters.

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on the nurses employed in the hospitals in Rasht, Iran in 2017. In total, 200 nurses were selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected using the scale for disaster nursing core competencies, self-efficacy scale, and nurses' experiences of disaster scale. Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation-coefficient and multiple regressions.

Self-efficacy and disaster-related experiences could significantly predict the disaster nursing competency of the nurses (P<0.01).

According to the results, self-efficacy and disaster-related experiences were important influential factors in disaster nursing competency. Therefore, increasing the self-efficacy and disaster-related experiences of nurses could enhance their competency in the management of disasters.

Physical illnesses such as cancer, in addition to negative consequences, can also have positive outcomes that are known as positive consequence of illness. The aim of this study was to compare hope and prosocial behavior intentions in different levels of positive consequences of cancer illness.

In this causal-comparative study, the population of the study consisted of cancer patients in hospitals in Rasht city (District 1) in 2019, of which 200 patients were selected by convenience sampling. For collecting data, Silver Lining Questionnaire (Sodergren & Hyland, 2000), Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991), and Prosocial Behavioral Intention Scale (Baumsteiger & Siegel, 2019) were used. Finally, the data were analyzed by multiple analysis of variance method.

The group of cancer patients with high level of positive consequences of illness got higher scores in hope and prosocial behavior intentions in comparison to group of cancer patients with low level of positive consequences of illness.

According to the findings, the group of cancer patients with high level of positive consequences of illness have higher hope and intentions for prosocial behaviors. Hence, providing interventions to increase the positive consequences of cancer can lead to increased hope and prosocial behavior intentions.

During the COVID-19 epidemic, different individuals experience different levels of anxiety associated with COVID-19, and many of them cite the Internet and online health information. The aim of the present study was to compare the online health information utilization, online shared identity, and online shared information usage in different levels of COVID-19 anxiety. In this causal-comparative study, the statistical population of the study consisted of college students of Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Guilan University during COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Among them, 387 students were selected by convenience sampling method and responded to COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, Online Health Information Utilization Questionnaire, and Identity Bubble Reinforcement Scale. Considering the high and low total scores of the COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, participants were divided into high-level COVID-19 anxiety (n=100) and low-level COVID-19 anxiety (n=100) groups. The results indicated individuals with high level of COVID-19 anxiety got higher scores in online health information utilization and online shared identity compared to individuals in low-level COVID-19 anxiety group (p <0/01). Admittedly, online shared identity is more prominent in individuals in high-level COVID-19 anxiety group and they rely more on health information available on the Internet.

Computer games have made a profound change in teenagers' leisure time and have become the most popular form of entertainment. Attitudes toward violence, empathy, and moral development are important variables associated with a variety of computer games. The purpose of this study was to compare attitude toward violence, empathy and moral development in adolescent users of computer games in a descriptive and correlational study.144 students were selected through cluster random sampling from male and female students in the first grade of high school in district 15 of Tehran's education district. O, the Attitude toward Violence-Adolescents Scale, Social Moral Reflection Questionnaire-Short Form, and Emotional Empathy Questionnaire.Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test. According to the results, the use of computer games was positively correlated with attitude toward violence and negatively correlated with empathy and moral development. There was also a significant difference between users of different types of computer games in empathy, attitude toward violence and the amount of use of computer games, while there was no significant difference in moral development. Accordingly, attitudes toward violence and empathy are relevant and important variables in relation to the types of computer games that can affect different types of computer games that, according to them, may be relevant. By designing and implementing programs and interventions, one can reduce positive attitudes toward violence and increase empathy.

The purpose of the present study was to compare addiction memory intensity and self-control in successful and unsuccessful addiction withdrawal.

In this causal-comparative study, the population of the study consisted of male addicts who referred to Rasht addiction treatment clinics (District one) in 2018. Among them, 45 individuals with successful addiction withdrawal (more than 2 years) and 45 individuals with unsuccessful addiction withdrawal were selected using convenience sampling method. For data collection, Addiction Memory Intensity Scale (Chen et al., 2018) and Self-Control Scale-short version (Tangny et al., 2004) were used. Finally, the data were analyzed using multi-variate variance analysis.

According to the results, levels of addiction memory intensity and self-control were different in successful and unsuccessful individuals in addiction quit (p <0/01). In other words, successful individuals in addiction withdrawal received lower scores in addiction memory intensity and higher scores in self-control in comparison to unsuccessful individuals in addiction withdrawal (p <0/01).

Considering the results, addiction memory intensity and self-control are important factors that can be influential in successful addiction withdrawal. Hence, it is possible to increase success in addiction withdrawal by designing interventions that reduce addiction memory intensity and increase self-control.

Nowadays, thanks to the advancement and expansion of health science, the number of elderly people is growing worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the psychological wellbeing of this population by increasing the levels of spirituality, social support, and optimism. In this regard, the present study aimed to predict the psychological wellbeing of elderly people based on spirituality, social support, and optimism.

This study was conducted based on a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population of this study included all elderly residents living in District-1 in Rasht, Iran, during 2018. In total, 300 individuals were selected by the convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the 18-item Ryff's psychological well-being scale (Ryff, 1989), Persian and Dunning’s spirituality questionnaire (Persian and Dunning, 2009), Social Support Survey (Sherburne and Stewart, 1991), and revised version of the Life Orientation Test (Scheier and Carver, 1985). Moreover, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) through the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.

According to the results, the psychological wellbeing of the elderly people correlated significantly with spirituality, social support, and optimism (P<0.001). Moreover, the results of multiple regression analysis revealed that spirituality, social support, and optimism predicted 54% of the psychological wellbeing of the elderly people.

In this regard, it is probable to improve the psychological wellbeing of the elderly people through achieving spirituality, providing social support, and increasing the level of optimism in life.

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between hoarding and interpersonal problems with mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation. This research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of men and women aged 35-65 years old (100 women and 100 men) in district one of Rasht. Of these, 200 were selected by convenience sampling method. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. The results indicated an indirect effect of hoarding on interpersonal problems through the difficulties in their emotional regulation that was positive and significant (p< 0/01). The results of this study indicated that hoarding behaviors leads to problems in interpersonal communication and also the defect in interpersonal communication leads to the intensification of hoarding symptoms. In the meantime, emotional regulation is an important factor in which excessive deficits exacerbate and maintain hoarding behaviors and interpersonal problems. Therefore, using emotion regulation strategies can play an important role in reducing and improving the symptoms of hoarding and interpersonal communication problems.

Motivational processes underlie students' learning behaviors that can be influenced by various psychological factors. One of these variables is called mental toughness which different levels of it can affect students' academic performance. On the other hand, the capacity to sustain effort and interest for long-term goals is an effective factor related to academic success. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the role of psychological strength and the capacity to maintain effort and interest for long-term goals (stability) in predicting students' academic achievement.

This study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all high school students in the first district of Rasht city in the academic year of 2018-19. The sample included 300 students from this papulation (150 female students and 150 male students) who were selected using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Educational Motivation Scale (Harter, 1981), Mental Toughness Questionnaire (Sheard, Golby, & Van Wersch, 2009), and Short Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009). Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson correlation and multiple regression.

The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of confidence (0.17), constancy (0.23), control (0.21) and grit (0.18) on students' academic motivation was positive and significant. Also, mental toughness and the capacity of sustaining effort and interest for long-term purposes (grit) significantly predict students' academic motivation (p <0.01). The results also showed that mental toughness, capacity of sustaining effort, and interest for long-term goals (grit) predict 17% of students' academic motivation.

According to the research findings, it was found that students who have long-term goals and have a clear plan for their academic future have a higher academic motivation. Also, students who achieve high scores in mental toughness show greater consistency and stability in their studies and will continue to study with a more sustainable motivation. It is therefore essential for teachers and families to focus more on these topics to strengthen students' mental toughness and grit.

Body image as an attitude towards the body, consisting of thoughts, emotions and body-related behaviors, is one of the phenomena that can be affected by celebrity worship and parasocial interaction with celebrities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to predict body image concerns based on celebrity worship and parasocial interaction with celebrities in Guilan University students. The statistical population of this study was all students of Guilan University in the academic year 2018-2019, of which 300 students were selected by convenience sampling. For collecting data, body image concern inventory (Littleton et al, 2005), celebrity worship attitude (McCutcheon & et al, 2002), and celebrity parasocial interaction scale (Bocarnea & Brown, 2007) were utilized. Finally, data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. The results of the study indicated that celebrity worship and parasocial interaction with celebrities have significant correlations with body image concern (p< 0/001). Also, the results of present study showed that celebrity worship and parasocial interaction with celebrities can predict body image concern. The results of the research indicate that increasing the level of celebrity worship and parasocial interaction with celebrities’ prompt to the significant increase in body image concerns.

Penetration of celebrities' culture and worshipping them is a critical issue that can have many consequences at different levels, in which the credibility of stars and parasocial relationship with them can play a vital role. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of source credibility and parasocial breakup in the prediction of celebrity worship. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of students of the faculty of literature and humanity sciences of the University of Guilan in 2018. In this study, 240 female and male students (120 female students and 120 male students) selected by convenience sampling method. Celebrity worship attitude scale (McCutcheon et al., 2002), source credibility scale (Ohanian, 1990) and parasocial breakup scale (Cohen, 2003) used for collecting data. Finally, the data analyzed by Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regressions. The results indicated that the source credibility and parasocial breakup correlated with the different level of celebrity worship and the source credibility and parasocial break-up could predict celebrity worship significantly (p<0.01). The credibility of celebrities and parasocial breakup with them are essential factors in celebrity worship. Therefore, designing and applying interventions to reduce the irrational perceived credibility of celebrities, as well as applying interventions to reduce post-breakup behaviours and emotions after the parasocial breakup, can play an essential role in lowering celebrity worship and consequently reducing its problems.

Bullying is an important and prevalent issue that can have many psychological, behavioral, cognitive, physical, economic, social, and cultural implications. In the meantime, the ability to regulate the emotions and alexithymia are among the factors influencing bullying behaviors. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the role of difficulties in emotional regulation and alexithymia in predicting bullying.

The research design was descriptive and correlational. The study population consisted of all first cycle secondary school students of district 2 of Rasht city in the academic year 2017-2018. The study sample included 250 students selected by convenience sampling method. Illinois Bullying Scale (Espelage &Holt, 2001), Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) and the twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al., 1994) were used to gather of data.

The results showed that non-acceptance of emotional responses (β= 0.21), difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior (β= 0.43), impulse control difficulties (β= 0.70), lack of emotional awareness (β=0.33), lack of emotional clarity (β= 0.32) at the significance level of 0.01, limited access to emotion regulation strategies (β= 0.21), difficulty in identifying the feelings (β= 0.16), difficulty in describing the feelings (β= 0.23), and externally-oriented thinking (β= 0.24) at the significance level of 0.05 are able to predict bullying.

In sum, the results showed the relationship between bullying, difficulties in emotional regulation and alexithymia. According to findings, applying programs and methods to increase the ability to regulate emotions and reduce the mood of adolescents' alexithymia may reduce bullying behaviors which are associated with many physical and psychological disorders.