رضا فاضل

The main purpose of this research is how the merchants played a role in Iran's constitutional revolution in order to achieve extra-capital, until the formation of the second parliament. The research method in this research is historical and used to collect information from first-hand sources such as memories and chronicles and second-hand historical sources. Based on the findings of the research, merchants in the constitutional revolution, played a revolutionary role, using their economic-social capitals, and were able to play a major role in the victory of the constitutional revolution, achieving extra capital and forming the first parliament of the National Council. But merchants, after gaining extra capital and participating in the government arena (by winning about 40% of the seats in the first parliament), changed their role from revolutionary to conservative and reactionary, and the result was the closure of the first parliament by Mohammad Ali Shah. A passive role in the second constitution was the presence of 5% of merchants in the second parliament of the National Council and the loss of extra capital.

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) has been one of the most important political and legal treaties in the history of the Islamic Republic of Iran and one of the most influential treaties on the international relations of Iran. Overall, reflections on this agreement in Iran fit into two main competing political discourses of Reformism and Principlism, and it was represented in two different forms. Throughout this research, we have analyzed and discussed two media discourses of Reformism and Principlism, using Discourse theory which has its roots in the theories of Foucault, Laclau and Mouffe. Moreover, the used method in this research is Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis which includes three stages of Description, Interpretation and Explanation. Also, the resource of research data has been JCPOA concerned news headings of the newspapers belonging to the Principlist and the Reformist factions. For this purpose, the news headings that have been of cognitive value, regarding the subject of the research, have been chosen purposefully and have been analyzed. According to the results of the analysis of findings, the Reformist and the Principlist discourses using techniques such as Antagonism and Integration have had different and opposing evaluations of JCPOA. The Principlist discourse considers JCPOA as a danger for “National Security” and holds the Reformist discourse responsible for JCPOA’s negative consequences. On the opposite side, the Reformist discourse considers JCPOA as a step forward towards “Peace” and “Opening up the economy” and attributes JCPOA’s positive achievements to itself.

The purpose of this study is to meta-analyze the political and social participation of women in the last 4 decades. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively combine the results of research conducted in socio-political participation to determine the factors affecting political and social participation and the intensity of the impact of each of them on these variables through the intensity coefficient. The impact should be calculated and the most effective factors on participation should be identified. Therefore, this study has been carried out using the documentary research method, by taking notes from the published study in this field. Findings indicated that the variables of political effectiveness, feeling of legal inequality, political awareness, social and economic status, self-confidence, age, mass media, stereotypes, women's employment, marital status, feeling of gender inequality, sociability, Traditional beliefs and literacy levels are considered as more effective barriers to women's social and political participation, respectively. As a result, these barriers have led to the low presence of women in limited cases, and by removing these barriers and changing misconceptions and the proper education and socialization of women and girls from an early age, they must be promoted to high political positions and Socially prepared.

Legitimacy is the importance that people attach to the law. According to research, its non-acceptance is a social issue in Iran, and considering the cultural diversity in the country, one of the causes of legality can be related to cultural structuring. The research method is descriptive in terms of its purpose, and it is a cross-sectional survey, and to achieve the research objectives, a mixed research method has been used. In the qualitative research method, using the Delphi method, 17 people have been selected as a statistical sample to review sources, documents and interviews. And in the quantitative method, the hypotheses have been examined by developing a questionnaire and the quantitative method of structural equations. The statistical population is all faculty members of Payam Noor University with a sample size of 351 people based on Morgan's table and cluster sampling by covering all ethnicities, the data has been analyzed with Spss and Amos software. The findings of the research show that the level of compliance with legality is the result of the interaction of belief in legality between activists, ethnic groups and the system under the influence of Iranian and local culture. And the non-compliance is the result of the influence of the social system and the strengthening of the law-abiding personality system. The structuring of Islamic culture, the findings show that Islamic action has had an impact on the belief in legality and respect for it, which is related to the theories of Parsons and Piaget. Western action influenced by norms has caused action that is related to the theories of Anderson and Merton. In Iranian structuring, action influenced by resources and belief in legality has an effect on the influence of the system, which is related to the theories of Hirschi and Parsons. and based on local structuring, action influenced by norms and sources and belief in legitimacy is influenced by sources and action is influenced by belief in legitimacy. The effects of the system also cause the creation of law-abiding characters that are related to Briton and Cohen's theories. Be and separate language, in Persian language cultural structure: Iranian and local, in Turkish: local, in Lori and Kurdish: Iranian, Balochi: Islamic, Arabic and Turkmen is also based on the local, Islamic and Western structure of legalization action.

People's tendency to risky behaviors is an important social issue that has affected the quality of life of people, social ties, human capital, and social health of communities. This study was to explain the influence of rural sociological factors on the tendency to high-risk behaviors using Durkheim anomie theories, Sutherland differential linkage, Park and Bridges ecology, Hershey social control, Alexander adaptation, Seaman social alienation, and Cohen subculture. 

The research method is survey type; the data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population is all people over eighteen years old in the villages of Rudsar county based on the 2016 census were six thousand two hundred-five. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of four hundred people. The sampling method is cluster sampling.  

The research findings showed that the average tendency of villagers to high-risk substance abuse behavior is lower than the hypothetical average.

Inferential analysis of the hypotheses confirmed the influence of cultural, social, ecological, and individual factors on people's tendency to risky behaviors. By comparing regression coefficients, the variable of cultural factors has more effect than other variables on the villagers' tendency to high-risk behaviors.

Urban culture Citizenship identities and the foundations of agency are embedded. Considering the cultural diversity in the country, one of the reasons for observing urban culture can be related to cultural structuring. The research method is fundamental and applied in terms of purpose and to achieve the research goals, the combined research method has been used. In the qualitative research method, using the Delphi method to review sources, documents and interviews, 17 people have been selected as a statistical sample. The basis of factor analysis and approval of experts, the concepts were indexed. In the quantitative method, the hypotheses are examined by compiling a questionnaire and the quantitative method of structural equations. The statistical population is all faculty members of Payame Noor University with a sample size of 351 people based on Morgan table and cluster sampling method covering all ethnicities. The data were analyzed with Spss and Amos software.Findings show that in Islamic structuring, the belief system is influenced by the personality system and Islamic norms and Islamic and military actions are affected. Which confirms the theories of Durkheim and Bourdieu in this regard, has influenced Western structure, Western belief and personality system, influenced by Western norms. The personality system has an effect, which is in line with Turner and Arma's theories, and based on local structure, belief influenced by local beliefs and personality system have had an effect on the observance of urban culture. Which indicates the confirmation of Dalgaran's theory in this regard

The purpose of this study is identify the effect of economic and social capital of bazaars in the Qajar period on their role in the process of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, until the issuance of the constitutional decree by Mozaffar al-Din Shah.This Research Method is historical and for collect information have been used Travelogues, memoirs, documents and historical documentd. The results showed that the social capital of the bazaars in the Qajar period along with their economic capital played a major role in the revolutionary role-playing of the bazaars and the victory of the constitutional revolution. The bazaars of the Qajar period, by using their accumulated social capital in the urban society and using money and labor under their cover, were able to play a revolutionary role in the first constitution and gain power in the field of politics.

The tourism industry has a special place in the economy of cities, which plays an active and effective role in promoting the economic structure of cities. Due to the various effects of tourism on communities-including urban areas, in the case of optimal and efficient management-it can provide the grounds for the development and progress of host communities. On the other hand, in case of lack of management and negligence, it can cause many problems and challenges in the host regions, which in this study, economic issues have been considered. Today, given the all-encompassing importance of sustainability as the governing paradigm in development, it is necessary to address sustainable development. Also, tourism has been mentioned as one of the important strategies which can be the most important factors for economic reconstruction and development. Therefore, the purpose of this article was investigated the economic role of tourism in sustainable development of cities. This article was a review and its method was descriptive-explanatory. Also, research information has been collected in the form of documentary-libraries. The results of this study showed that tourism on the sustainable development of cities included positive and negative effects that can be used to improve development, so that with proper planning and management on the negative, it can become a strength. Also, this industry is one of the leading sectors in the economy in terms of establishing links with other economic sectors. Therefore, it can boost other economic sectors through supply, demand and production.

Non-governmental organizations are the hidden system of the advancement of the health of the society. These organizations are not dependent to the government and in spite of being nonprofit they are at the service of people. Because of this, they are known as the voice of people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between membership in NGOs and democratic family behavior in Ilam province. The theoretical framework for the research is based on Talcott Parsons' 'Agile Model' theory, which combines Parsons' functional assignments with Habermas' theory of action and social capital perspectives (empowerment and networks) as theoretical, combinatorial (complementary) support) were used to explain the underlying variables of gender, education, job status, membership duration, age and origin (residence). The main research method is survey (using Likert spectrum closed questionnaire). The statistical population of this study was married members of NGOs with a population of 5250. According to Cochran's formula, 381 members of the organization were selected as sample and answered the questions by random interview. Multi-stage cluster random sampling method was selected based on community characteristics. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to the test Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability. The coefficient was calculated above 80%. To test the hypotheses and to analyze the data in quantitative method using SPSS software, inferential statistics and Spearman, Kruskal Wallis, Chi-square and Friedman correlation coefficients were used. The findings indicate a positive and significant relationship between research variables namely, social trust, social participation, gender, occupational status, membership duration, age, origin (residence) and democratic behavior in the family, and only between education variables and democratic behavior to have a negative meaning of some items (Women cannot be judged, abusive, physically involved, etc.) There is a significant negative relationship. The results of this study confirm the relationship between the effects of the variables on democratic behavior with respect to the theoretical perspectives presented in this study.

Participation is conditional on equality and subject to human freedom. Women's participation in the development process is also their right because the development process and decision-making must be in line with the roles and needs of women, because today the extent and manner of participation of different groups, especially women, determines the position of societies in terms of development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the research conducted in the field of social and political participation of women after the Islamic Revolution and to identify fundamental and strategic gaps. So the question that arises is what is the scope, scope and gaps of research in the field of women's political and social participation? The research method is meta-analysis, which has been analyzed by categorizing the researches by author name, title, research method, hypotheses and results. Findings indicated that the variables of political effectiveness, feeling of legal inequality, political awareness, social and economic status, self-confidence, age, mass media, stereotypes, women's employment, marital status, feeling of gender inequality, sociability, Traditional beliefs and literacy levels are considered as more effective barriers to women's social and political participation, respectively. As a result, these barriers have led to the low presence of women in limited cases, and by removing these barriers and changing misconceptions and educating and socializing women and girls from an early age, they must be promoted to high political positions and Socially prepared.

The aim of this study is to present the model of social harms of earthquake-stricken women in Bam, which has been done in a mixed or combined manner. In the qualitative part, which is done with the Grand Theory strategy, the statistical population of the study includes the earthquake-stricken women of Bam, 12 of whom have been purposefully selected as the statistical population. Interview analysis was performed according to coding method and based on data analysis, 224 meaningful concepts and propositions were extracted from the text of the interviews. Following the coding process, 218 corresponding concepts were extracted from 224 meaningful propositions. The corresponding concepts became 45 subcategories due to the large number of overlaps and duplicates. Also, due to the closeness and semantic overlap of many pivotal subcategories in the coding stage, 45 existing subcategories have become 17 pivotal categories, which include: crisis living environment, disaster experience, environmental disorders, experience of violence, mourning and bereavement, cultural dominance. Masculinity, the traditional view of disasters, the loss of privacy, adaptation to crisis, self-destructive behaviors, social isolation and withdrawal, fake attempts to improve, sexual harassment, remorse, experience of violence, femininity of injuries, degradation of maternal status with more abstraction These categories include selective coding, a nuclear category described as "the social harms of earthquake-stricken women in a crisis-ridden and disastrous life, and in the context of experiences of violence, mourning, and bereavement, with crisis adaptation strategies, self-defeating, isolated, and isolated behaviors." "Sexual harassment, remorse, the experience of violence, and even the degradation of maternal status have led to the appearance that it can cover all other categories." In the quantitative section, the results of modeling have shown that the extraction pattern has been confirmed with high coefficients.

One of the common phenomena in erroneous Socio-economic relations in market is "deception (ghish) in transaction" .The aim of the present research is Access to the causes of the Tendency of Businesspeople to Deception (Ghish) in Transactions Phenomenon in the city of Qom. The present research is an applied one which is conducted using documentary and survey methods. Consumers of necessary goods in the city of Qom were the statistical population. The number of the selected sample was 353 people, that answered to the Research questions by Random method in the Market – Neighborhood. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was obtained by visiting judges. The alpha of all questions was 88. The results showed that 45.6% of businesspeople had high and very high and 54.4% had low and very low tendency towards deception in transactions. The results of regression showed that Variables professional ethics, and religion the direct effect of reducing, And variables and surveillance, institutional environment, Loyalty, trust, technical skills, And socio-economic status indirect effect on variable dimming fainted in the transaction. Research the suggestions to improve religiosity, professional ethics, trust, Market monitoring, technical and communication skills, and institutional environment. The results are applicable for trade unions, monitoring centers, and sellers.

One of the common phenomena in the markets is the phenomenon of "secret trick". The aim of the present research is to achieve a model to explain the tendency of shopkeepers and merchants towards secret tricks. Methodologically and theoretically, this analysis employs qualitative method and the grounded theory. The validity of the concepts and categories was determined through referring to experts and specialists. The research sample includes 45 shopkeepers and artisans and merchants in the city of Qom.
According to the results of this study, a large variety of determinants are responsible for the secret trick. This covers such determinants as lack of religiosity, self-justification, mismanagement in business, greed, lack of professional ethics, lack of appropriate supervision, lack of education, and approaching the goals quickly. In conclusion, the research findings of this analysis tend to sit well with the the fraud triangle theory developed by Donald Cressey (1953).

The chatter phenomenon is a kind of unstable self-excited vibration which occurs in most machining processes including grinding. A 3-D nonlinear model of chatter vibrations in grinding process has been presented in this paper. The workpiece has been modeled as a continuous rotating shaft with transverse vibrations and wheel is regarded as a one degree of freedom damped spring–mass system. The equations of motion have been dimensionless by π-Buckingham theory. Then using assumed modes method, partial differential equations of workpiece changed to ordinary differential equations and then the method of multiple scales is adopted for the approximate solution. Stability regions for workpiece and wheel in various workpiece rotary speeds and various wheel positions drawed and then the effect of various parameters such as rotational speed of the wheel,and the radius of the workpiece have been investigated. Results showed that vibrations in workpiece and in wheel are quite different from each other. When grinding occurs in the middle of the workpiece the possibility of chatter phenomenon is more, while the position of wheel has no effect on the vibration of the wheel.

This research is sociological study about Body management relation and women Erotic Capital among women who were born in Hamedan City in 1980s. This study method is survey and in descriptive-analysis form and data collection was done through questionnaires in form of Likert scale. The research statistic community includes all women who were born in 1980s in Hamedan that lived there in time of research performance (August, 2015). The sample volume evaluated 400 people on the basis of Kukran formula and in multistage clustering sampling. Theoretical frame in this research is the theory of Katrin Hakim’s theory. Cronbach's alpha was used for research sustainability measurement which its coefficient for body management dimensions is (0.9) and (0.92) for Erotic Capital dimensions. The collected data from questionnaires analyzed after coding by SPSS software. The results shows that dealing body management average rate is (3.3 of 5) among the women in case study community which is a considerable point and shows us almost high value and head and face with total rate (3.71 of 5) are higher than the other dimensions in body management. The average of Erotic Capital value is (3.81 of 5) among respondent which is almost high. The results also show that sexual capital independent variable is in meaningful level (sig=0/00) and with beta= 0.623 effected on women body management rate who were born in 1980s.

(Qualitative study of women in Hamedan). Subject of the study includes women who enjoyed the highest indices of body management who resided and settled in Hamedan Province in 2015. Methodology of the study is of “qualitative” type¡ so that open in-depth interview in semi- structured form is used in this study for collecting data. The sampling method in this study is “purposeful” and includes women belonging to 1980s. In this study¡ the following variables [including marital status¡ level of education¡ ethnicity (Fars¡ Lor¡ Kurdish and Azari dialects) and also social class (upper¡ middle and lower)] have been taken into consideration in selecting samples. For this purpose¡ a number of 25 women¡ aged 24- 33 years¡ took part in this study and showed their willingness to be interviewed. According to the results of this study¡ factors affecting body management of women¡ who were born in 1980s¡ were classified into three levels as follows: Micro- level factors (including lack of self confidence¡ fear of being alone and personal satisfaction¡.)¡ Mid- level factors (social acceptance¡ solution to achieve many goals of girls in the future)¡ Macro- level factors (rising Erotic Capital values among women¡ create differences between generations and critical review¡ value shift) .

The present research seeks to investigate the effects of religiousness on the social capital of families residing in Qom. It is an applied kind of research conducted through using documentary and survey methods. The statistical population has been 160565 households living in Qom. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 376 households which finally it was decided to be 400 people, who were chosen from four districts of Qom using cluster sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The Alpha of all questions of the questionnaire was 0.72 (which shows its consistency and reliability). The results showed that the social capital of 65.50 percent of families was high, of 33 percent of them it was average, and it was low for 0.5 percent of them. Independent variables, i.e. religiousness and socioeconomic status, had increasing effect on the social capital of families. The rise and fall of social capital in families was influenced by external and social factors; since social and environmental changes influenced smaller structures like families. The role of religious institutions and organizations, friends, and selected and religious exemplars are highly important in preventing the reduction of the social capital of families.

The present study deals with impact of economic development resulted from industrial growth in Pars Special Economic Zone on material and immaterial native’s lifestyle in Asaluyeh. The method is quantitative and information was collected by distributing questionnaires among natives (including 21 villages and 2 cities) in 195 samples. Research findings showed that the rapid expansion of industry and industrial development in the area have been characterized with double impact. Infrastructure and infrastructure facilities have been improved than before but not caused changes in cultural attitudes and livelihood methods. The disappearance of local agriculture and fishing and natives tendency to service compromised traditional jobs in local community, in this study, the 4 indicators for development of the local economy, 1 for (connection roads), accounted for the greatest impact on the region and lifestyle. At the same time, increased household income, education level is due to higher economic growth but not influenced life quality and traditional values still exist in society.

This paper examines the relationship between the use of internal and external communications and political participation is Ghyrantkhabaty. The survey method was used to collect the required data from the questionnaire used. The population of the study consisted of all participants with 18 years old from Hamadan in June, 1390. The sample size was 400 and the multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. The results show the average non-electoral political participation. This type of partnership with the mean (0/60 of 4) located on the lower level. The non-electoral political participation shows that the highest average (1/9 of 4) to support items of a person, or a political movement dedicated slightly below the average level and the situation is relatively good. Multivariate linear regression variables with independent variables in this study show that political participation in Ghyrantkhabaty has the highest influence on the dependent variable, which is non-electoral political participation (internal media analysis) and This variable could explain about % 18.4 of the dependent variable space concept.

This project investigates the skill need of Managers of KarkhanejatTowlidi Tehran through survey-descriptive method. Statistical community consists of 250 Managers of the complex. As it was difficult to study the total members of this population, a sample of 130 people was taken randomly and the required data was collected through questionnaire. The findings indicate that the Managers awareness about technical skill is at a medium level and the human skills and perceptive skills are lower than medium level. I Data analysis obtained from comparison of Staff and line Managers average need to skill instructions indicates that there is not a significant difference between their instructional needs and both groups need to acquire the total skills. According to the results, the lowest and highest needs to be met include learning the technical and humane skills, respectively.