روح الله صدیق

Considering the importance of controlling and reducing high-risk behaviors (social harm) in general and social health, as well as attachment styles in all stages and dimensions of life, a prospective study aimed at investigating the relationship between attachment styles and high-risk behaviors with the mediation role of spirituality.

The research method was a correlation. The statistical population was all the students of Tehran universities (from bachelor's degree to doctorate), who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method with a volume of 420 participants. Measures included: Revised Adult Attachment Scale (AAI-15), Spirituality Questionnaire (SQ-29), and Youth High-risk Behavior Short Scale (YHBSS-14) were used to collect data. Finally, 393 participants were included in the analysis (final sample).

The results showed that the model for explaining attachment styles and high-risk behaviors with the mediating role of spirituality has a good fit. Based on the results, the direct effect of secure attachment style on spirituality and high-risk behaviors is positive and significant (P<0.01). Also, the direct effect of avoidance and anxiety styles on spirituality and high-risk behaviors is negative and significant (P<0.01). The direct effect of spirituality on high-risk behaviors is also negative and significant (P<0.01).

According to the obtained results, it can be stated that increasing spirituality can lead to reducing high-risk behaviors (social harms). Basically, spirituality acts as a buffer for high-risk behaviors, which can ultimately lead to general and social health.

The purpose of this study is based on a Structural Equation Model of Emotion Regulation and Addiction Preparedness in Social Injuries with the Mediating Role of Spirituality dimentions.  

The leading research method is regression and in particular the structural equation model. The statistical population was students of Tehran universities from which a sample of 384 was selected. For data collection, Spirituality Questionnaire (2009), Addiction Readiness Scale (1992), Scale of Difficulty in Regulating Emotion (2004), and Risk Behavior Short Scale (2022) were used.

The results showed that the model of explaining social harms based on the difficulty of emotion regulation and readiness for addiction with the mediating role of spirituality has a good fit and also the relationship between emotion difficulty and high risk behaviors, and readiness for addiction and high risk behaviors through spirituality. It is significant because the significance level of the Sobel test in both is less than 0.05 (P <0.01).

According to the results of the research, it is suggested that group therapy and group training in the field of spirituality and psychology of religion be done to promote the spiritual dimensions of a protective and preventive factor for social harm or high-risk behaviors.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a heterogeneous group of substances with a high affinity for cannabinoid receptors. Unlike Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), synthetic cannabinoids are incredibly potent, highly productive, have more affinity for the Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), and Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), and are designed to accelerate the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol. Also, there is experimental evidence that SCs acts on non-cannabinoid receptors, such as the 5-HT2B receptor or dopaminergic receptors. (1, 2).

Cultural psychiatry is one of the relatively new trends in psychiatry that has received much attention today. During the last century, many Iranian psychiatrists have taken steps to introduce various aspects of cultural psychiatry from the field of epidemiology to the cultural conceptualization of psychiatric disorders. This narrative review article tries to refer to the history of contemporary cultural psychiatry and the efforts have been made in this field by Iranian psychiatrists between 1936 and 2019. It seems that the introduction of these efforts as educational resources to residents and students can help to further explain and develop this area and a deeper understanding of psychiatric disorders. However, there are still shortcomings in documenting, compiling, and integrating these services, which require special attention from researchers in this field.

 This aim of this study was to qualitatively study the obese patients’ experiences of interpersonal relationships after bariatric surgery.

 This is a qualitative research. The study population consisted of all patients who had undergone bariatric surgery at least two years ago referred to the obesity clinic of Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital. Of these, 11 patients were selected using a purposive sampling method and underwent semi structured interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis method in MAXQDA 10 software. 

 The results were classified into one main category and four subcategories. The main category was related to the changes in interpersonal relationships. Bariatric surgery affected family relationships, marital relationships, professional relationships, and relationships with friends. It changed family relationships especially in married patients. In couples who both suffered from obesity, changes in physical appearance after surgery caused conflicts in bilateral relationships. 

 Bariatric surgery causes significant changes in interpersonal relationships. It improves the relationship between family members, especially spouses, although it can create different feelings at the same time. People after bariatric surgery may need the help of specialists such as a psychiatrist to regulate their interpersonal relationships.

 Dementia is a common disease in the elderly and imposes a heavy care burden on family members. Many factors can be associated with care burden. One of these factors can be the caregivers’ Spiritual Well-Being (SWB). This study aimed to examine the relationship between SWB and care burden in caregivers of dementia patients.

 This correlational study was conducted on 60 caregivers (75% female and 25% male with a mean age of 47 years) of patients with dementia referred to Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital and Brain & Cognitive Clinics in Tehran, Iran in 2019. Samples were selected using purposive and convenience sampling methods. The caregivers were evaluated by using the Caregiver Burden Questionnaire and SWB Scale and a socio-demographic checklist. Data were analyzed by using Pearsonchr('39')s correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS software at the significance level of P<0.05. 

 About 16.7% of caregivers had little care burden, 35% had moderate to severe burden, 25% moderate burden and 23.3% severe burden. Moreover, 1.7% had poor SWB, 66.7% moderate SWB and 31.7% high SWB. The care burden had a negative and non-significant relationship with religious dimension of SWB (r=-0.089, P=0.505), and a negative and significant relationship with existential dimension of SWB (r=-0.283, P=0.032). Linear regression model revealed that existential dimension had a relationship with care burden (β=-0.298, P=0.023) and explained 9% of variation in care burden. 

 SWB plays an important role in improving the overall health of caregivers. in addition to being one of determinant of care burden, it acts as a factor in enhancing other aspects of health. Overall, caregiving is a stressful job; being aware of positive topics such as spirituality helps therapists provide strategies for caregivers to reduce their stress and care burden.

Many psychiatric studies increasingly have focused on the spirituality and the concepts related to it are educated by many universities around the world. In spite of the activities for removing the available defects in this field in Iran, but there is not any clear picture about what subjects of spirituality should be read by medical residents. The aim of the present study is responding to this question in the field of psychiatriy.
In this study, the Educational resources of psychiatry residency were analyzed by using of the analyzing the inductive qualitative content method. The considered resources were final board exam psychiatric reference textbooks in 2014, the published articles in the Iranian journals in the field of education over the past 10 years as well as the articles from the foreign journals which have been used in the this field over the past 20 years.
A total of 153 paragraphs and 9 tables in the reference textbooks and 37 articles in the journals were available for spirituality and its related issues. In the qualitative analysis of the texts, results were classified into the 5 groups and 20 subgroups. The themes were: fundamental perspective to spirituality, to need spirituality in the difficulties, spirituality in the treatment, spirituality as mediator, and negative spirituality.
The subject of spirituality in psychiatric has been considered in the relatively high volume of the resources of the psychiatric board exam in Iran. Therefore, it shows the importance of this issue; however, the volume is small in comparison with the total volume of the references. In addition, due to its dispersal and concealment among the other learning subjects, its education and functionality faces to difficulties.

Our purpose in this research was to evaluate the correlation between skill in chess (international chess rating scale) and severity of depression and anxiety and ten cognitive errors in members of Iranian Chess Federation that have international chess rating scale as well as to study the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the sample. 96 persons that had an international chess rating scale were sampled with convenient method and took part in this cross sectional study. All samples completed the second version of Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Cognitive Error Test. Data were analyzed with SPSS software. There was a significant reverse correlation between chess rating scale and four cognitive errors including over generalization, magnification, jumping to conclusion and must statement. The depression severity decreased by increasing the numbers of hours of game playing in the day. Also there was a reverse significant correlation between chess skill and depression severity, but chess skill had no significant correlation with severity of anxiety. The prevalence of mild moderate depression was 16.7%. There was no case with severe depression. The prevalence of mild and moderate anxiety was 27.1% and severe anxiety was 5.2%. We conclude that this significant reverse correlation between chess rating scales and depression severity is mediated by decrease of cognitive errors and the number of the hours of game playing in the day, which is in accordance with Beck's Cognitive Theory and Behavioral Activation Theory.