روح الله فرهادی

 Solar collectors and photovoltaic panels are usually exposed to the sun at a fixed angle relative to the horizon. The optimal angle has a significant effect on receiving maximum energy. Since there is not a comprehensive study to determine the optimal angle in Khuzestan province, in this research, the centers of counties in Khuzestan province, including twenty-six cities, were considered. The energy received on an inclined surface was calculated based on the average of 16 years of solar radiation data and the isotropic and non-isotropic models (HDKR model). Different angles from -20 to 90 degrees with a step of 0.1 were examined using Fortran codes, and the angle corresponding to the maximum received energy was determined as an optimal angle. Comparing the obtained results with previous studies showed that the HDKR model has better performance, and the average optimal angle of the cities of Khuzestan province was approximately 26 degrees with a standard deviation of 0.8 degrees.

Contagion in financial markets takes place both because of fundamental or non-fundamental reasons like herd behaviors that can increase market risk levels and even end in inefficient allocation of financial resources. Thus, understanding the contagion and its dynamics will be critical for the participants of financial market. Hence, using network-based epidemic modeling, the study examined the dynamics of contagion in the Iranian stock market from 2011 to 2019 and short-term and long-term scales. To this end, first the correlation network of 46 Iranian stock market groups was developed and then analyzed using short-term and long-term contagion dynamics simulations. The results showed that the extent and speed of contagion is much higher in the short-term than in long-term and in long-term a significant number of groups can be immune to the contagion. However, in long-term the rate of return to pre-contagion status is shorter than in short-term

This article analyzes resistance based on the three theories of normative ethics. Ethics, in combination with politics, forms the basis of the political action of individuals and societies. Their "resistance" to dominating powers can be examined from a moral point of view. Proponents of secular ethics have applied ethics to the extent that it helps to organize the social system and make its citizens more sociable towards it. Advocacy of non-secular ethics in this context raises some cognitive and practical challenges; One of these challenges in applied ethics is defending the right to resist. Although such a right has been considered a normative principle in modern times, its moral exploration, especially from a non-secular point of view, can be an attractive topic in the field of ethics. Therefore, using the method of reflective equilibrium, the authors try to provide appropriate theoretical arrangements for the flow of political resistance in the field of philosophy of ethics and political theory, while explaining the conceptual structure of resistance ethics. Accordingly, in this study, the relationship between the moral right of political resistance and the categories of moral community,public interest and honor has been discussed.

Greenhouse cultivation is the popular intensive kind of crop production with a yield per cultivated unit area more than 10 times higher compared to field crops. Greenhouse production requires the use of large amounts of energy, water, and pesticides and it usually generates huge quantities of wastes to be disposed of it. Investment, labor, and energy costs per unit area are much higher in the greenhouse industry than in any other agricultural sectors. Sustainable greenhouse systems, socially supportive, commercially competitive, and environmentally sound, depend on cultivation techniques, equipment management, and constructive materials that aim to reduce agrochemicals, energy and water consumption as well as waste generation. The management of the greenhouse environment is depending on temperature manipulation. Temperature manipulation is critical to influencing plant growth, quality, and morphology and so is a major strategy in the environmental modification of crops. Heterogeneous indoor microclimate of a greenhouse has long become a matter of concern in many studies. It is believed to be unfavorable for crop growth, which damages crop activity, particularly transpiration and photosynthesis, one of the major causes of non-uniform production and quality. Since early and conventional methods are not sufficient to evaluate microclimate variables inside a greenhouse, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach was applied for better and more accurate results. CFD is an effective numerical analysis technique to predict the distribution of the climatic variables inside cultivation facilities. Numerous studies have focused on the internal temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and airflow inside multiple cultivation facilities. For example, the CFD method was used to simulate natural ventilation for agricultural buildings and improve crop production systems. The CFD simulation and evaluation models could be applied for evaluation of the inside situation and temperature in greenhouses. Thermal and water vapor transfer is influenced by the openings of greenhouses in the CFD simulation. The CFD model was developed to predict the distribution of temperature, water vapor, and CO2 occurring in a Venlo-type semi-closed glass greenhouse equipped with air conditioners. Based on the above literature, this research aims to evaluate the energy flow and modeling of an un-even semi-buried greenhouse using external and internal variables and numerical solutions by the CFD method.

In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) solution was applied to evaluate the inside environment of a semi-double glass greenhouse with an east-west location. This greenhouse has a special structure that is used in very hot or very cold areas due to its depth of more than one meter below the ground. The greenhouse has an area of 38m2 and an air volume of 78.8m3. The temperature and humidity data were collected from inside and outside the greenhouse by temperature sensors (SHT 11 model made by CMOS USA). Irradiation data were collected inside the greenhouse, on level ground, by the TES132 radiometer.

In this study, the CFD method was used for a model solution with ANSYS Fluent version 2020R2 software. To evaluate the predictive capability of the model and its optimization, the comparison between actual (ya) and predicted values (yp) was used. Three criteria of RMSE, MAPE, and R2 were also used to evaluate the accuracy of the final model. The results showed that the dynamic model can accurately estimate the temperature of the air inside the greenhouse at a height of 1 m (R2 = 0.987, MAPE = 2.17%) and 2 m (R2 = 0.987, MAPE = 2.28%) from the floor. The results of energy flow showed that this greenhouse transfers 6779.4.4 kJ of accumulated thermal energy to the ground during the experiment.

In the present study, the computational fluid dynamics method was used to simulate the internal conditions of an un-even semi-buried greenhouse with external and internal variables including temperature and solar radiation. The results showed that this greenhouse structure is able to transfer part of the increase in temperature caused by sunlight to the soil depth (104.214 kJm-2 heat through the floor, 178.443 kJm-2 through the north wall and 113.757 kJm-2 through the south wall). By increasing the thermal conductivity of the inner surface of the greenhouse, the heat flux to the depth of the soil can be increased.

The relationship between ethics and politics is one of the most challenging issues in the history of classical and modern political thought. This challenge has led to the formation of different approaches in explaining this relationship. This research has been written with the aim of applying the thought of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution in explaining moral politics and achieving a conceptual model that expresses their thought. The historical and epistemological features of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the prominence of the "thought of the leaders" and the lack of a moral reading of the construction of power has demanded the importance and necessity of an explanation consistent with the intellectual paradigm of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the issue of the present study is how ethical politics in the thought of the leadership of the Islamic Revolution. This issue was studied using the conceptual implications of politics and ethics and using the "method of thematic analysis" in the thought of Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Khamenei. By explaining the problem and analyzing the data, in this research, four practical strategies were identified that help to moralize politics: a) the need to refer ethical politics to the paradigmatic roots of the Islamic Revolution; Two) Strengthening the link between ethical politics and individual ethics; Three) the need to observe the expediencies in ethical politics; Four) Promoting ethics to the end of the Islamic State.

The authors try to evaluate Israeli army self-claim as “the most moral army in the world” based on Michael Walzer’s “Just War” theory. This claim is the main justification used by Israeli officials to justify IDF activities. Walzer is chosen since he is known as the reviver of “Just War” as well as the main patron of IDF ethical code.

This research uses critical analysis method. In this respect, the conformity of IDF activities and Walzer’s Just War is analyzed from internal and external points of view. To come up with the above-mentioned goal, Walzer’s theory is evaluated in terms of solidarity between Walzer’s communitarian approach and “Just War” factors, as internal criticism. As the external one, IDF activities are analyzed in practice based on Just War theory (without considering its internal problems). 

This paper shows that IDF has widely violated Just War theory which is the cornerstone of its ethical code. This violation has occurred in jus ad bellum as well as jus in Bello. Given the intentions of getting into the war, “Self-Defense” cannot be entitled to the regime, esp. in the West Bank, due to lack of collective life for Israeli settlers, legal authority etc.

The conclusion obtained from examining IDF activities with the glasses of Just War theory is that the major IDF justification (IDF as the most moral army in the world) is nonsense. This immorality undermines IDF self-image as well as antagonism against resistance movements as “unethical actors” from academic approach.

Due to the importance of transmission in financial markets, in the present study, using network-based epidemic modeling, the Iranian stock market in the period from 2011 to 2020 has been analyzed in three scales: daily, seasonal and annual. For this purpose, the correlation network of 46 Iranian stock market groups has been constructed and by creating daily, seasonal and annual graphs and to identify the topological properties and structure of the Iranian stock market network, the minimum spanning tree has been calculated and transmission dynamics have been analyzed using simulations. The results show that in the daily period, the minimum cover tree has 13 groups on the main branch and in the seasonal period has 19 groups and in the annual period 28 groups are on the main branch of the minimum cover tree. Also, network-based epidemic modeling (with a thousand repetitions) showed that in the short term, the market spread is faster and the changes (for example, due to an information shock) spread to more groups. And almost all market groups are affected by the changes

The stock market is a complex financial system with heterogeneous members; it can produce huge amounts of data. It is clear that analyzing this huge data and inferring practical results from that creates a significant competitive advantage for its participants. One method of analyzing financial market data expanded significantly after the global financial crisis is complex network-based analysis that considers the structure of interdependencies of a system's members. Therefore, the current study analyzes the Iranian stock market using the graph theory in mathematics. First, the correlation network of stock market groups is constructed in three time scales of daily, seasonal and annual, and then their topology will be compared. In the next stage, using the centrality indexes in the graph theory, the importance of each market group is calculated and the groups are ranked in the network. The results of this study have significant implications for market participants and regulators for making investment decisions, regulating and controlling risk.

Communication networks are one of the most important pillars of social capital. In the realm of politics, it is the party that plays the role of the communication network and promotes political participation in society. The main question of the article is: what is the desired communication network in the minds of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution and what is the position of the party? In this article, based on the method of "thematic analysis", the thought of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution has been studied and their preferred political communication network has been introduced as "the network of the revolutionary weak". In addition, they have a dual view of the party and support the party against the limitation of government power, while at the same time, deeming the monopoly of power in the hands of the parties undesirable.

In this study, the amount of shadow in different types of flat-plate solar collectors according to the geographical conditions of Iran was estimated by using artificial neural network models (MLP and RBF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). In this study, two types of LM and BR training algorithms with sigmoid tangent transfer function (TanSig) and different number of neurons in a hidden layer with k-fold cross validation method were used to create random datasets at each stage of modeling. The results showed that the MLP model with BR training algorithm and (5-23-1) structure, can create high-precision data similar to real values. The average MAPE and R2 statistics for the above model were estimated to be 0.42 ± 0.10 and 0.99±0.01, respectively. Also, there was no significant difference between the actual data and the predicted values (95% probability) at mean, variance and distribution. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the distance of the absorber plate and the glass cover is the most important factor influencing the formation of shadows.

The Maximum energy loss in flat-plate solar collectors is due to top heat loss. The variables of absorber plate temperature, ambient temperature, wind speed, the distance between the absorber plate and the cover, collector length, and tilt angle are effective. In this research, considering the long-term meteorological data and developed relations for the top loss in flat-plate solar collectors in previous researches, including convection, conduction and radiation losses, calculations were performed in the form of Fortran codes. Results showed that the proper value for the distance between the absorber plate and one-layer cover has the range of 11 to 38 mm for some cities of the country. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of the top loss showed that the order of variables from maximum to minimum is wind speed, the distance between the absorber plate and the cover, collector tilt angle, collector length, absorbent plate temperature and ambient temperature.

Noise traders have an undeniable role in determining market volatility, returns and stock price movements. Therefore, In this paper, the effect of noise traders on the stock returns of companies with the aim of presenting an appropriate picture of how they are affected in extreme situations.The statistical population of this study includes all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2009-2017. The sample of 13717 data from 150 companies listed on the stock exchange monthly. The main hypothesis of this study is to evaluate the Extreme Effects of noise trading on stock returns by quantile regression was used to analyze the data. The findings of the research show that the level of noise activity increases with the level of efficiency Moreover,the positive effect of the noise trading index on returns with a coefficient of 0.0001.Under extreme returns, this effect is greater than the intermediate values and reflects the intensification of noise trading activity in periods of decline and market growth.

 Behavioral Finance is a new paradigm in financial markets that recently and in response to problems, that modern financial paradigm is facing, try to explain anomalies events in financial area. Pricing anomalies in pricing models are reported in asset pricing literature as well as in behavioral finance literature. The purpose of this research is examining some other behavioral factors like herding and momentum returns at the industry-level at Tehran Stock Exchange and Iran Fara bourse. By using portfolio methodology at industry-level, and price data of listed companies at Tehran Stock Exchange and Iran Fara bourse during 12/07/2008 to 11/13/2018, herding and momentum returns are calculated for 24 industries that had at least five companies. At the first stage, preliminary results show the existence herding and momentum returns. At the second stage, pooled regression analysis shows that short-term subsequent return (1 month), medium-term  subsequent return (2 month) and long-term subsequent return (3 month), have a significant relationship with herding and momentum returns. At last, Portfolio Study Methodology is used for making stock portfolio based on herding and then momentum and premium subsequent returns of portfolios is calculated. Again, the findings indicate that portfolio with herding and momentum factors has higher return in comparison with the portfolio without mentioned factors, and herding factor result to higher return or momentum portfolios

Making policy and planning in Iran has formed since the beginning of modern government by following of western thinkers , think paradigms of and theoretical patterns.whereas the development plans heve created in different social ,economical and political grounds they have obeyed the dominant methodology and theory in social system.so in each country the development plans are adopted with it,s thinking, knowledge and ethics bases . considering that 38 years have passed after the victory of islamic revolution,the development resposibles in Iran not only succeded to plan a development plan based on native bases of country ,but also they faced problem to choose “match development”pattern of structural adjustment .considering that most of development views believed the principle of”expansion of the domain of selecting individuals “and based on this view they try to plan”good life” for individuals so all of the development models have special foundation on”the proportion of ethics and politics in their views.this paper by using the method of “combinational”and meantime the theoretical explanation of mentioned proportion in development views ,evalutes its factors in development plans after islamic revolution and gets through the theoretical narrow passes of development plans in relation with the proportion of ethics and politics.narrow passes that are created from unability of policy makers of development plans in “ethic reading” of structural adjustment pattern in one hand and because of adobtability of mentioned model with knoweledge and historical ground of Iran on other hand.

In a perfect capital market where investors make decisions in a rational manner and there is complete information regarding the assets being traded, the information quickly is and fully reflected in stock prices. However, many studies (such as Barry and Brown, 1984; Akins, Ng and Verdi, 2012) indicate a lack of complete information on the markets. Incomplete and vague information affects stock prices at lower speeds and prevent from timely stock prices discovery (Verrecchia, 1980; Callen, Govindaraj and Xu, 2000). From the viewpoint of investors, some stocks that are more attractive than other stocks get the attention of most investors who follow the news and information on those stocks. In this condition, the news and information are reflected in the prices of mentioned stocks more quickly than other stocks. However, there are stocks that are less attractive to investors and the relevant information, thus their prices are adjusted in lower speeds. In accounting and finance literature, this subject is named Stock Price Delay (Hirshleifer, and Teoh, 2006; Callen, Khan, and Lu, 2012).The available information on firms is usually voluminous and the most of investors have limited ability to process the high volume of information. In this condition, in order to make investment decisions, they spend more time and collect further and precise information. This causes the information to be reflected in stock prices with time delay. Also, the low quality of issued information and information asymmetry increase the ambiguity of information and decrease the reflection rate of information on stock prices.
The importance of research in this area arises from the fact that when information is reflected in the stock price with more delay, the informational efficiency of capital market will disappear. In this market the prices do not reflect the intrinsic value of stock and the capital markets cannot allocate their resources among firms optimally (Callen, Khan, and Lu, 2012). Therefore, identification of factors affecting the phenomenon of stock price delay and dealing with them can increase the informational and allocative efficiency of capital market.
Research Hypotheses: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of financial reporting quality and information asymmetry on stock price delay. To this end, based on the research objective, the theoretical framework and previous researches, the research hypotheses are as follows: H-1: The financial reporting quality is negatively associated with stock price delay.
H-2: The information asymmetry is positively associated with stock price delay.
To investigate and compare the effect of financial reporting quality and information asymmetry on stock price delay simultaneously, the third hypothesis is as follows: H-3: The intensity of the relationships between the financial reporting quality and information asymmetry with stock price delay are not significantly different from each other.
This research is an applied, quantitative and retrospective study. The research data are gathered from Rahavard Novin database, the Codal site, the site of Tehran stock exchange organization referring to its data archives. To measure the dependent variable (stock price delay), the approach of Hou, and Moskowitz (2005) is used. To calculate the information asymmetry, the presented measure by Venkatesh and Chiang (1986) is applied and to measure the financial reporting quality, data on disclosure quality scores, are obtained from TSE announcement of “Corporate Rating based on Disclosure Quality and Appropriate information”. This research, investigates the effects of financial reporting quality and information asymmetry on the stock price delay from 2003 to the end of 2013 in a sample including 112 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. To test the research hypotheses, the multivariate regressions with panel data are applied.
The research results show that the increase in financial reporting quality and decrease in information asymmetry among stock traders decreases the stock price delay. On the other hand, financial reporting quality (information asymmetry) is negatively (positively) related to stock price delay.
Discussion and In a capital market with rational investors and existence of complete information, such information is quickly and completely reflected in stock prices. However, the voluminous studies review the information imperfections (such as asymmetric information and low quality of information (e.g., Barry and Brown, 1984; Merton, 1987; Easley, Hvidkjaer, and O’Hara, 2002; Hou and Moskowitz, 2005; Lambert, Leuz, and Verrecchia, 2007; Akins, Ng, and Verdi, 2012). They find that the incomplete and ambiguous information decrease the reflection speed of information in stock prices.
This research shows that the increase in reporting quality increases the reflection speed of information in stock prices and thus decreases the stock price delay. The reason is that an increase in reporting quality decreases the ambiguous aspects of information, thus the investors spend less time on process information and make less mistakes in stock pricing. This leads to the information to be more quickly and more accurately reflected in the stock price. These results are consistent with the findings of Callen, Khan, and Lu (2012), Javanmard, M., & Pourmousa (2013), Pourzamani and Ghamari (2014) and Hassas Yegane and Omidi (2014). Also, this research investigates the relationship between information asymmetry and stock price delay and finds that an increase in information asymmetry decreases the reflection speed of information in stock prices and increases the stock price delay. This is because in information asymmetry environment, to make investment decisions, investors are faced with a high degree of uncertainty and risk. For this reason, to decrease the risk of investment decisions, they spend more time and collect more accurate information causing the information to be reflected in the stock price with more time delay. This finding is comparable to the results of Gordon and Wu (2014). Also, the research results show that the relationship between financial reporting quality and stock price delay is significantly stronger than that of information asymmetry and the mentioned variables cannot be used interchangeably.
Based on the research results and the negative consequences of stock price delay, the managers are advised to provide high quality financial reporting and prevent the mentioned phenomenon. Also, the practitioners of financial market are advised to select and execute the appropriate policies and increase the transparency of information because this leads to informational and allocative efficiency of capital market. Because of the importance of identification of factors affecting the stock price delay and dealing with them, the researchers are advised to study the effect of macroeconomics factors (such as exchange rate fluctuations, oil prices and inflation rate) on stock price delay.

In this research risk-return tradeoff examined in scope of ex post facto studies, using OLS Model and Quantile regression Model. By using of daily returns of six indexes of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE), linear relation between excess return and risk examined that evidence indicates significant (positive) tradeoff between excess return and risk. However, results of Quantile regression model show that risk-return relation is different in returns distribution and vary from negative relation in the lower quantiles to positive relation in the upper quantiles. Linear regression model and Quantile regression model show also that unexpected variance can explain excess return at least similar to expected variance. The results can also be interpreted with both insight of standard finance and insight of behavioral finance. In standard finance area, risk-return positive relation that exists in upper quintiles is consistent with long run growth of economy. Moreover, negative relation between return and risk in lower quintiles implies more uncertainty and as a result causing stock returns to fall. In behavioral finance area, regime-dependent behavior of slope coefficients is consistent with prediction of prospect theory of investor’s behaviors around the reference point.

In this research, return and risk tradeoff examined using standard form of Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) in Tehran Securities Exchange (TSE). Using a methodology related to the field of Ex post facto studies in financial researches, OLS and Quantile regression model was used for test of CAPM. Results of running (linear and Quantile) two stage regression show that beta as systematic risk proxy cannot explain excess returns difference. Results show also unique risk can explain excess returns, although relation of unique risk and excess return is variant in different quartile of returns. As a conclusion, it can be stated that at least using of TSE Index as proxy of market portfolio, CAPM model does not explain stock prices.

In this study, relation between trading gain- loss and price logarithm as measure of utility examined by Prospect theory. With Ex post facto study in Field of behavioral finance and using of observational data of price and trading gain/loss, sample firms classified in two group and relationship between price logarithm and trading gain/loss is estimated. Results show that first, positive relation exists between trading gain and price logarithm, while this relation for trading loss is negative. Second, slope coefficient in loss side relative to gain side in terms of absolute value is larger that show investor have high sensitivity to loss relative to gain. In other words, investors are risk averse in gain side and loss averse in loss side. Thus, estimated models show that in accordance with Prospect Theory, when investors are in gain, they have risk aversion bias and when they are in loss, they have loss aversion bias. This result is not rejected by nonlinear estimation. Nonlinear results show slope coefficient decrease by increasing gain and loss.

According to Prospect Theory, Investors have different behaviors in the profit and loss situations and indeed their trading behavior is different in bull and bear markets. This study uses quantile regression model (in different quartiles) and OLS model to estimate beta of 180 firms. Results showed that first, equity total risk (standard deviation) increase in Upper quartile and second, stocks beta changes in different quartiles and by moving from quartile 0.25 to quartile 0.75, systematic risk (beta) increases significantly. Linear regression model and Quantile regression model show also that unexpected variance can explain excess return at least similar to expected variance. The results can also be interpreted with both Insight of standard finance and insight of behavioral finance. In standard finance area, riskreturn positive relation that exists in upper quintiles is consistent with long run growth of economy. Moreover, negative relation between return and risk in lower quintiles imply more uncertainty and as a result causing stock returns to fall. In behavioral finance area, regime-dependent behavior of slope coefficients is consistent with prediction of Prospect theory of investor’s behaviors around the reference point.

Taking some early steps, this material has sought to deliver a theory on Forgiveness (Afav) in the viewpoint of Holy Quran. Forgiveness is one of the most significant components of coagulation in the interpersonal communication, individual serenity and moral eminence. However, it is so essential to demarcate and rethink the scope and the limits as well as the applications of this moral virtue. Given that, author initially has assessed the meaning and the conception of clemency in Islamic thought and then has elucidated its conceptual and meaning borders by the “content-analysis” and “semantics” methods which in carry out he has recognized the sources and the contexts of the concept as well as its communicational spheres. Casting light on the value and the statues of clemency and its process in Holy Quran, the author has measured the it’s positive effects in the various compasses of life.