زلیخا مرسلی ارزنق

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of investment in renewable energy on Iran's macroeconomic variables. In this regard, statistical information related to the period 1991-2022 was used. For this purpose, the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium method was used. The information used in this article was collected from the Central Bank of Iran and the Ministry of Energy. The theoretical framework of the present study will be based on investment models, optimization and inter-sectoral balance. In this study, the effects of investment in the field of renewable energy through public and private companies are included in the model. The results obtained from the investment shock in the field of renewable energy indicated that investment in this sector had the greatest impact on the growth of economic added value in the industry, services, agriculture, and oil and gas sectors. Also, the obtained results indicate that in order to increase social welfare and achieve economic development, a 4-year investment period with a 50% growth in the field of renewable energy infrastructure in the country is necessary.

The current research aims to investigate the impact of tax uncertainty on the financial and strategic policies of companies. For this purpose, the impact of tax uncertainty on policies (including: financing policy, dividend policy, and investment policy) and strategic policies (strategic deviation) were investigated under four hypotheses. The library method was used to collect information related to the theoretical basis. To test the research hypotheses, the data from the financial statements of the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange based on the information of 145 companies during the period 2015 – 2021 were used. The results showed that tax uncertainty has a significant positive effect on the financing policies of companies. Conversely, the results showed a significant negative impact of tax uncertainty on both dividend and investment policies.  Additionally, the findings indicated a significantly negative effect of tax uncertainty on strategic deviation within companies. In fact, companies facing tax uncertainty also have a greater incentive to provide cash resources through debt financing. However, due to the liquidity risk caused by tax uncertainty, such companies are more conservative in distributing cash dividends and investing in projects. Furthermore, managers in companies with higher tax uncertainty are more cautious and less prone to adopting strategies that deviate from those of their competitors.

Financial stability for various reasons, including financial freedom, which is the basis of the interaction between the perception of value and risk, which leads to different effects on policy makers' goals on economic variables. One of the parts of influencing financial stability is the monetary policy, which affects the market of financial assets through the price mechanism. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of the financial stability on monetary policy based on the non-linear model in developing countries. In this study, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) model and statistical data for the period 2000-2023 for developing countries including Iran were used. In order to investigate the effect of financial stability on monetary policy, a non-linear model was used. The results obtained from this study indicated that the variable of inflation rate had a positive effect on monetary policy in the short and long term, but the exchange rate, production and financial stability have a negative effect on the monetary policy. In addition to this model, it was observed in the estimated nonlinear model that the positive and negative values caused by the financial stability shock had asymmetric effects on monetary policy in developing countries.

The purpose of this article was to investigate the relationship between the diversification of banking resources and expenses with systemic risk in the country's banking system. In this regard, the accepted banks in the Tehran Stock Exchange were evaluated. In order to estimate the systemic risk, the criterion of conditional value at risk was used. Also, in order to estimate the impact of diversification of banking resources and expenses on systemic risk, panel data and quantile regression were used for a selection of banks in the country in the period of 2010-2022. The results obtained from this study indicated that the diversification of banking resources and expenses, because it leads to more dependence between financial institutions, as well as a different combination of financial assets, leads to an increase in systemic risk and contagion. It goes to other financial institutions. In the estimated model, the coefficient of influence of bank diversification index on systemic risk in panel data regression model is equal to 1.45 and in quantile regression it is equal to 1.33. In addition, according to the results of the quantile regression, it can be stated that the effect of diversification index of sources and expenses in different banking groups has been different according to the level of systemic risk. The high level of systemic risk in Iran shows that despite the existence of supervision of some financial institutions, the systemic risk of financial activities is excessive, and this perhaps suggests the need for an effective supervisory authority.

One of the most important factors that can affect the investor's behavior in buying life insurance is the level of risk aversion of people. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of financial risk acceptance on the purchase of life insurance policies. The current research is based on the classification of the objective in the category of applied research and based on the nature and method of descriptive research, it is correlational. The statistical population of this research consists of people working in small and medium-sized industrial enterprises (industrial workshops in Tehran), whose number was 796. In order to select the sample from simple random sampling and using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the research sample. The required data was collected with the help of a questionnaire. Using the structural equation modeling technique with the partial least squares approach, the effect of financial risk on the use of term life insurance and life and savings insurance was investigated. Composite reliability values and Cronbach's alpha of the model variables were above 0.7. In addition, the root AVE of financial risk 0.861, term life insurance 0.789 and savings life insurance 0.86 was greater than the correlation between all three variables. Based on this, diagnostic validity was confirmed for all three constructs of the model. The fitting of the structural model was done by R2 and Q2 indices. The R2 value of term life insurance and savings life insurance was equal to 0.280 and 0.215, respectively, and the Q2 index for term life insurance and savings life insurance was equal to 0.154 and 0.144, respectively. GoF criterion was used to check the fit of the overall model, which controls both measurement and structural model parts. Obtaining the GoF value equal to 0.417 shows the strong overall fit of the model. The research results showed that the impact of financial risk on term life insurance and savings life insurance is significant at the 95% confidence level. The impact of financial risk on the use of life insurance was found to be 0.529. Considering that the significance level can be expressed with 95% confidence, financial risk has a positive and significant effect on the use of term life insurance. Also, the impact of financial risk on the use of savings life insurance was found to be 0.464. It can be said with 95% certainty that financial risk has a positive and significant effect on the use of savings life insurance.

According to economic views, money can have nominal and real effects on economic variables. Meanwhile, changes in the monetary base in the economy can be considered a function of the changes in the central bank's financial assets. Central banks in countries are responsible for issuing banknotes. This bank uses foreign exchange reserves, gold reserves, claims from the government and claims from banks as a basis for issuing banknotes. The debt of the central bank is also the bills and securities in the hands of the people, the legal, additional and precautionary reserves of commercial banks. The main purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between monetary base components and production and inflation in Iran's economy. In this regard, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) in the time periods of 1989-2022, the relationship between the variables was estimated. The obtained results showed that the variable effect of commercial banks' debt to the central bank on production and inflation is 0.33 and 0.62, respectively, and the net effect of public sector debt to the central bank on production and inflation is 42, respectively. 0.0 and 0.57. Considering the results obtained and the importance of paying attention to the contribution of each component of the monetary base on inflation and production in the country, the central bank should pay more attention to changing the share of the components of the monetary base and be disciplined in the growth of the sectors that have a high contribution to the country's inflation.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and present a high-risk investment model for insurance institutions in order to establish a risky insurance investment fund. In this paper, it has been tried to identify and introduce the most important factors and effective factors of venture capital (VC) using the technique of fuzzy network analysis process in the insurance industry. The data needed for the research has been collected through in-depth interviews with a number of experts and researchers in the insurance industry, as well as a questionnaire. Due to the lack of independence and the existence of dependence between the effective factors, the method of fuzzy network analysis process was used to identify the possible dependencies between factors and measure them for the development of the VC model, and the results were prioritized with the method of non-fuzzy network analysis process. Is. The findings of the research show that operating cycle indicators, total asset turnover ratio, total investment return, loss factor, asset-liability ratio are ranked first to fifth among VC indicators. VCs help the insurance industry establish internal accounting rules and standardize their financial statements. In other words, VC support modifies the "hard" and "soft" information required for insurance.

countries' access to various energy sources; It is of fundamental importance for their economic development and new research shows that there is a direct relationship between the level of development of a country and its energy consumption. Considering the limited reserves of fossil energy and the increasing level of energy consumption in the current world; It is no longer possible to rely on existing sources of energy. Non-renewable energies, which are currently the main source of energy supply in the world; Everyone has environmental pollutants and the movement of human knowledge to supply the world's energy in the future should be towards renewable energies that have a sustainable impact on economic growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of electricity consumption and investment in energy infrastructure on the economic growth of developing countries. For this purpose, the information of the period 2000-2022 was used based on the frequency of annual data. In order to investigate the relationship between variables, panel data method with fixed effects and panel vector autoregression model (PVAR) were used. The obtained results indicated that the shock in the area of electricity consumption and investment in the field of energy infrastructure led to a positive reaction of economic growth and the effect of this shock has disappeared in the long term. Also, the results obtained from the Granger causality test indicate the existence of a two-way causal relationship between the variables.

After the financial crisis of 2008, the use of macro-prudential policies has been increased by central banks in order to stabilize the entire financial system along with goals such as inflation stability and economic growth. Considering that the indicators of banking health in the Iranian economy show the unhealthiness of banks and on the other hand, the use of asset-based tools provides different access for different groups of loan applicants, in this study, an attempt has been made by using the DSGE model including heterogeneous households. And by using the statistical information of the period of 1401-1370, the final effects of precautionary policies on the distribution of income and wealth should be investigated. The results show that the use of these tools, on the one hand, leads to the reduction of inequality through increasing financial stability and economic growth, and on the other hand, due to the increase in the cost of access to credit for low-income households, it increases inequality, so the final result depends on the final outcome of these two effects. .

This research aims to investigate the efficacy of auditor's report on reported accounting information appertain in Tehran stock exchange. We introduce two hypothesizes about it. is there relationship between auditor's report type on operation information relationship and firm's financial position(return of asset and return of sale) on stock return? and also is there relationship between auditor's type on operation information relationship and firm's financial position (return of asset and return of sale) on?. We gather data from available information in RAHAVARDENOVIN software and financial statement and other financial reports in time frame from 1393 to 1397 in Tehran exchange stock. Results shows that, there is affirmative significant from auditor's report type on operation information relationship and firm's financial position(return of asset and return of sale) on stock return and also there is affirmative significant from auditor's type on operation information relationship and firm's financial position(return of asset and return of sale) on stock return.

The aim of this study is to analyze social entrepreneurship in cooperatives in line with the general policies of the employment sector. From the point of view of positivist paradigm and from the point of view of applied audience, from the point of view of survey method, and from the point of view of time domain, the present research is field research and in terms of data collection. The data collection tool in this study is a standard questionnaire, which includes 21 questions to measure all research variables. Content validation was confirmed by CVI and CVR tools by the panel of experts. Structural validity and model reliability were also assessed using Cronbach's alpha, hybrid reliability, and shared reliability. The statistical population of the present study is the managers of the production cooperatives who were examined as the final sample of the research by using software to determine the sample size of G power at the alpha level of 0.1 and the test power of 0.85%. In order to test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling method has been used. The research results were also evaluated using SPSS software, 24 and Smart: PLS, 3. The results showed that the ability of information technology has a significant effect on social entrepreneurship. Work culture has also had a significant impact on social entrepreneurship. The regulatory role of work culture was confirmed.