فهرست مطالب زهرا شکری

Chickpea is the third most important grain legume and its seeds contain protein that is an important energy source for human. Drought diminishes crop yields and carries the potential to result in total crop failure. However, chickpeas are renowned for their superior drought tolerance compared to many other cool-season legumes. Given that water availability is the primary constraint on growth in arid conditions, optimal yields and crop production occur when plants efficiently absorb the limited soil moisture available. This feature will only be achieved through the compatibility mechanisms associated with the root system. Chickpea have a direct and deep root system that helps the plant absorb moisture from the lower layers of the soil. Therefore it has led to the prosperity of its cultivation in rainfed areas. Water absorption by the plant depends on the size of the root, its activity and distribution in the soil. Therefore, it seems that the understanding of plant root traits is necessary to further understand the mechanisms of drought resistance. In general, few studies have been done on the diversity of legume roots. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the diversity of root morphological traits of chickpea lines in order to use these traits to select drought-tolerant chickpea lines.
 

The plant materials of this experiment included 39 chickpea lines of Icarda origin, which were taken from the Kurdistan Research Center. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Ilam University. Seeds were implanted in PVC tubes with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 60 cm. A drip irrigation system was designed in such a way that an emitter was located inside each tube. With this method, the test tubes were in favorable conditions. In the greenhouse the temperature was under control and had a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and an average humidity of 70% and the plants used natural light without any additional light. After 35 days of seed germination traits were measured. For this purpose, first the aerial parts of the plant were separated by scissors. After separating the roots from the PVC tubes, they were placed in ethanol with a concentration of 98% and after being transferred to the laboratory, they were stored in the refrigerator, then the traits were measured. Variance analysis of traits and average comparison of data was done with Duncans multi-range test using SAS software version 9.1.
 

All the measured traits had a good variation range among the studied chickpea lines that these results are consistent with previous studies. None of the lines showed superiority for all root traits. Line FLIP07-20C having the longest root length, can benefit from the water available in a larger volume of the soil profile. In the examination of rooting depth in grain legumes, such as chickpeas, it was observed that root length remains relatively stable across a broad spectrum of soil moisture levels. Root length is considered a crucial parameter in plant growth, as researchers posit that the length of roots per unit of soil volume is the most effective characteristic for assessing water and nutrient absorption by plants. In our current investigation, a significant disparity was noted between the highest and lowest root volumes. Root volume stands out as one of the plant's key attributes for absorbing water and nutrients. In this research, line FLIP 82-150C had the highest and line FLIP97-706C had the lowest specific root length. The specific root length is one of the important traits in showing the efficiency of the root in absorbing water and resistance to drought. When faced with drought stress, the plant assigns more dry matter to the root system in order to increase the absorption ability of the roots; as a result, there are changes in the morphological characteristics of the roots, such as an increase in the specific length of the root. The highest root density was observed in line FLIP09-149C. root density is a trait that is affected by root weight and volume. In the condition of drought stress, the decrease in root volume caused an increase in root density and at the end of the growth period, the decrease in root dry weight was more than the decrease in its volume, which ultimately led to a decrease in root density. Studies have indicated that as humidity decreases and soil depth increases, there is a notable decrease in root density. Overall, the findings from this research offer foundational insights for advancing efforts to enhance root characteristics, thereby mitigating drought and enhancing the resilience of chickpea varieties to drought stress.
 

The results showed that Line FLIP07-20C had the highest root length, root length density and root water content compared to other lines, but none of the lines were superior in terms of all root traits. The obtained information about the characteristics of the roots of the studied lines can be used to improve drought-resistant chickpea lines.

The famous Kitâb al-Diryâq of the National Library of France, which was written and illustrated by Muhammad ibn Abi al-Fath ‘Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abi al-Hassan ibn Abi al-Abbas Ahmad in Rabi‘ al-Awwal 595 A. H. in Iranian Kufic script(cursive), is famous for its beautiful writing and page images. The page layout of this manuscript, which is centered on the arrangement of text and its creative combination with images, can be considered as an excellent example of typography in the history of Iranian calligraphy. The purpose of studying this manuscript is to analyze its script and typography elements to introduce it as a source of inspiration for contemporary typography. Typography, as a branch of Graphic Design, has specific principles and rules, that applying them in a work of art would turn it into an outstanding one. The al-Diryâq book available in the National Library of France has a high level of such characteristics. The principled and well-considered layout of the text, the variety of font sizes in the lines, the variety of colors and the original composition have made this manuscript very rich in terms of graphics. In the arrangement of letters, words and lines, the positive and negative spaces are carefully adjusted. The form proportion in the calligraphy of this manuscript is well considered and the elements of the composition are well adjacent. This manuscript has many and valuable graphical aspects, and the scribe's artistic taste has had a significant effect on the beauty and uniqueness of it and its script. Among the distinguishing items of this manuscript, is the common way of writing during the production of it. The book size, the colours , the pagination, the style of illustrations, the type of paper and many other things that were common during the Seljuk era had an effect on the distinctiveness of the manuscript.Typography means the arrangement of letters and words based on aesthetic principles, in order to convey the written message as best as possible. The type of arrangement of letters and words and changes in the form and size of letters can be effective in connecting the typography text with the subject and conveying the message as much as possible. But typography, in the sense of arranging letters and words in order to convey the written message as much as possible, has a much longer history and it can even be claimed that it goes back to the history of the alphabet and writing. Along with many examples obtained from great and ancient civilizations, we also come across examples of typography in Iranian historical works. In Iran, the title of typography can be referred to more diverse and abundant examples, including calligraphy, which includes calligraphy and other types of it, letter design and the simultaneous use of script and image, which is contrary to the meaning and definition of western typography, which emphasizes the use of typefaces. With these definitions, typography in Iran is older than typography in its western and contemporary sense, and as a result, we can get an approximate meaning of "Iranian typography". As a branch of contemporary Graphic Design, typography in Iran is widely used in the design of posters, book cover titles, magazine layouts, etc. Considering the need of contemporary Graphic Design to the support of Iranian visual tradition, the examination of the typography of the Kufic script of the Paris al-Diryâq as a script with Iranian origin and visual richness in the field of typography can be a source of rich inspiration in this field, which has been less studied. Typography analysis of this manuscript can be used in the contemporary typography. The Kufic script of the Kitâb al-Diryâq is arranged and composed throughout the pages of the book in such a way that by further examination of it, the very precise and well-considered principles intended for typography can be obtained. All the pages of this book are arranged according to the rules of typography with the arrangement of words and letters. Also, each of these pages has a unique composition and arrangement, follows the principles, and has a special visual appeal. While the page grid is fixed, it has a high capability for creating various writing and page layout, and varies based on the text and the importance of the letters, words and sentences. The words in the page layout of this manuscript are sometimes normal, exaggerated and unusual. Despite having novel features and rich compositions as well as unique typography, this manuscript has been less investigated in terms of typography and graphical aspects. The present study tries to investigate the typography of the Kufic script of Paris Kitâb al-Diryâq by recognising the graphical aspects of its calligraphy and analyzing the its typography, so that its capabilities would be known and used in contemporary graphic design. This paper studies this manuscript from the perspective of graphical and typographical features, in addition to examining the Kufic script of it. Based on this, this article seeks to investigate what kind of Kufic script is written in the al-Diryâq manuscript of the National Library of France? How much legibility and Visual space does this manuscript have? What is the baseline, line spacing, kerning, tracking, leading, and text structure? The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its data collected through library information. The analysis method of this paper is based on qualitative studies, and in terms of purpose, it is fundamental. The result of this research shows that the al-Diryâq manuscript of the National Library of France, with the help of the Iranian Kufic script (cursive) and the personal style of the artist, the regular and beautiful rhythm in the letters and lines, the high readability of the writing and the unique compositions, has the characteristics of a proportional typography. All typography characteristics are applied in it, which is rare in its time and shines in the history of Iranian typography. The letters have a certain and regular spacing that creates a kind of rhythm. There is a calculated distance between the letters, which leads the eye from one word to the next word and leads to a more fluent reading of the text. Each part of these texts is separated from other lines by a certain size, which has a great effect on the order and beauty of the book's typography. The common diameter has created a lot of harmony in the letters.Circular compositions create symmetry and divide pages into two parts. The arrangement of words on both sides of the circle has created a different, symmetrical and beautiful composition. The similar structure of the letters makes the script strong and stable. As a result of grading pages, each page is divided into several parts, each of which has its own different texture. Fluent visual reading and understanding of the written message is easily possible. At the same time, the compositions are very innovative and unconventional, which is rare in its time. Dynamic, visual appeal, formal harmony and flexible grading have made this manuscript distinctive in terms of graphics and typography. Therefore, the al-Diryâq of the National Library of France is considered as an excellent example of typography in the history of Iranian calligraphy among Its contemporary and later manuscripts. Also, this manuscript, while respecting the principles of typography, has creative deconstructions in the composition, which distinguishes it in the history of Iranian manuscripts and shows that it has the ability to influence contemporary graphic design and can be a source of inspiration for many graphic works, especially typography.Table No. 1 deals with the study and analysis of the graphical aspects of the Kufic script of the al-Diryâq manuscript of the National Library of France, as an excellent example of typography in the history of Iranian calligraphy. Table 1: The study of the Kufic script of the al-Diryâq in the National Library of France, as an excellent example of typography in the history of Iranian calligraphy

L’objet de cette étude porte sur la structure narratologique de Jonas ou L’artiste au travail d’Albert Camus, une nouvelle tirée d’un recueil de nouvelles intitulé L’Exil et le Royaume, la dernière œuvre littéraire éditée du vivant de l'auteur, publiée en 1957. Cette nouvelle met en scène la vie de Jonas, artiste-peintre parisien, de sa réussite jusqu’à son impuissance dans la création artistique et sa dépression profonde. La méthode d’analyse adoptée dans cette recherche est celle de Gérard Genette, critique français qui a joué un grand rôle dans l’avancée des études formalistes et structuralistes à l’échelle mondiale.Nous nous concentrerons dans notre analyse sur l’étude de trois catégories proposées par Genette: temps, mode et voix, dont chacune se subdivisent à des sous-catégories ; la première, le temps, se ramifie en ordre, durée, fréquence ; la deuxième, le mode, se répartie en distance et perspective ; et enfin la troisième, la voix, se classifie en temps de la narration, niveaux narratifs et différents types de narrateur.

RésuméLes approches littéraires, à la fin du XXe siècle, ont essayé de redéfinir le statut du lecteur au sein de la création littéraire. Inspirée de ces approches littéraires, la recherche en didactique interroge, elle aussi, la façon dont le lecteur-apprenant pourrait établir une relation à la littérature et s'approprier le texte littéraire.C'est sous cet angle et dans le but d'avoir un aperçu sur les pratiques enseignantes en matière de lecture des textes littéraires en milieu universitaire iraniens, que la présente recherche a identifié, par le biais d’un questionnaire, les activités pédagogiques déclarées par vingt enseignants de littérature de différentes universités, ainsi que leurs points de vue sur la lecture de ces textes. En plus, ce questionnaire nous a permis de découvrir la place que le lecteur et sa subjectivité occupent dans les cours de littérature.Nous avons pu remarquer que les enseignants visent en priorité une transmission des connaissances littéraires, fondée sur la maitrise des interprétations données par le professeur. Mais, environ la moitié des enseignants ont prétendu accorder de l'importance aussi aux activités et aux enjeux qui favorisent la réaction et l'investissement personnels des étudiants.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disorder with an unknown etiology. Although a considerable body of evidence suggests that immunologic factors are involved in the etiology of OLP, the involvement of cytokines in the pathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood yet. The aim of the present study was to assess interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels as a proinflammatory cytokine in the saliva of OLP patients compared to healthy controls.

This case-control study was conducted on 30 OLP patients (12 males and 18 females)  and 30 healthy control subjects, selected from individuals who were referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases in Faculty of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences. Samples of unstimulated saliva were collected. Salivary IL-6 levels were measured using an ELISA kit and compared between OLP patients and healthy controls. The collected data were analyzed by Chi-square, independent t-test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve using SPSS 18 Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPVs), and negative predictive values (NPVs) ​​were calculated. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant.

Mean salivary IL-6 values in OLP patients and healthy controls were 24.68±9.90 ng/L and 13.76±9.27 ng/L, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The mean IL-6 values in reticular and erosive forms of OLP clinically were 24.35±9.26 ng/L and 24.91±10.64 ng/L, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (P=0.87).

Higher levels of IL-6 in saliva of OLP patients compared with healthy controls support the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of the disease.

The purpose of this research is the role of entrepreneurial leadership on the development of innovative activities. The research method is based on the collected data of a quantitative type and in terms of the nature of description and survey. The statistical population of the research includes 300 employees of medical centers in Tehran, who were selected using simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula, numbering 168 as the sample size. The data collection tool in this research was standard questionnaires. Data analysis was done using PLS software. The validity and reliability of the research showed that the research tool has a good fit. The obtained results indicate that entrepreneurial leadership has a positive and significant role on the development of innovative activities. It was also concluded that the dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership such as framing, absorbing ambiguity, clarifying the path, creating commitment and setting limits to maintain commitment also have a positive and significant role in the development of innovative activities of medical center employees.

Brain trauma injury is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world among all injuries related to the central nervous system. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death under the age of 40 and accounts for a significant percentage of traumatic deaths. This damage leads to a series of events that depend in part on the nature and location of the injury. Trauma to the head due to the death of neurons in the limbic system, especially the hippocampus, can impair memory and learning function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lifetime aerobic exercise training on memory and cytokine IL-1beta in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of NMRI mice with brain trauma.

For this purpose, 40 male NMRI laboratory rats with an approximate age of 20 days and weighing eight to nine grams were prepared from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and divided into four groups: non- exercise + mTBI, non- exercise, exercise and exercise + mTBI.  Rats from 28 days to 80 days of age did aerobic exercise for eight weeks (56 days). At the end of the eighth week after the completion of the exercise protocol, induction of the brain trauma model by weight loss was performed. 10 days after mTBI induction, rats were assessed for spatial memory by maze Y behavioral test. The cytokine IL-1β was evaluated in the hippocampus and peripheral cortex of mTBI mice by ELISA. After checking the normality of the data by Shapiro-Wilk Test and checking the homogeneity of variances by Leven test, One-way analysis of variance was performed by Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of P ≤ 0.05, using SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that aerobic exercise had an effect on the memory of mice with brain trauma (P = 0.001). Also, aerobic exercise has an effect on the cytokine IL-1beta in the hippocampus of mice with brain trauma (P = 0.03). In addition, aerobic exercise was shown to have an effect on IL-1beta cytokine in the prefrontal cortex of mice with brain trauma (P = 0.001).

This reduction may be due to mechanisms such as low- and high-density lipoproteins, the systemic effects of exercise on neuroprotection, and the reduction of B and T lymphocytes. However, more studies are needed to accurately express the mechanisms of effectiveness. It seems that the exercises used in this study can be used as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of injury and inflammation.

Anemia has a very high prevalence across the world. Microcytic anemia is the most common nutritional disorder and a major health problem in infants and children associated with inadequate growth and development. Diagnosing anemia at the birth can be difficult. Due to the fact that conditions such as thalassemia and iron deficiency are causative factors of microcytic anemia are prevalent in Iran, early diagnosing and treating these diseases can prevent excessive costs and further complications. Therefore, recognizing the practical factors with this complication is an effective step in controlling and preventing it. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the prevalence of microcytic anemia in newborns in Baharloo Hospital in Tehran, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 210 infants, which were newly born on Baharloo Hospital from march2018 to march2019. 2.5 cc cord blood sample was extracted from each infant, and microcytic anemia were diagnosed according to factors such as Hb, MCV and others parameters.

in this study, we demonstrated that there is a significant association between MCH and microcytic anemia. Our results showed that the rates of newborn infants with anemia disease (Hb<13ml/dl) were 14.3% and the rates of microcytic anemia were 9.5%. There were not any significant differences between motherchr('39')s age, neonatal weight and height, type of parturition, pregnancy age and parental ratio with the incidence of microcytic anemia.

Anemia has a relatively high prevalence in the center of Baharloo Hospital, Tehran, Iran. So screening and further investigation for anemia and related factors are critical. According to the results of our investigation, studies showed that anemia is a multifactorial disease that depends on different factors. The existence of variable results in different studies requires evaluating more parameters that affect the incidence of microcytic anemia, such as iron deficiency, eating habits, level of parental education, and use of iron supplements in pregnancy. Management of this disease requires screening and early diagnosis for more effective treatment and reduction of its potential complications.

La lecture ou la compréhension écrite constituant une étape cruciale de l’apprentissage d’une langue étrangère, relève très souvent d’une gageure autant pour les enseignants que pour les apprenants. Et le défi sera plus grand lorsqu’il s’agit de la lecture des textes littéraires dans une langue qu’on déchiffre mal. Alors, comment faire comprendre les textes littéraires aux apprenants tout en les mettant dans une position active ? Peut-on lire des textes littéraires en classe de langue en suivant une méthodologie interactive ? Une telle méthodologie repose sur l’idée qu’un texte en langue étrangère contient des indices à prélever facilitant l’accès au sens et qu’il faut favoriser la réception du texte et la construction du sens par le lecteur avant et au cours de la lecture en l’incitant à produire des hypothèses. Cette présente étude vise à proposer des activités pédagogiques pour la lecture des textes littéraires en classe du FLE, issues de notre expérience professionnelle et selon une méthodologie interactive.

Considering the necessity of evaluating novel thermal indices for different individual and environmental conditions, the aim of this study was validation of a new enthalpy index for evaluation of heat stress in hot and dry climate.
Material and In this descriptive analytical 97 city services outdoor workers were randomly selected and evaluated in spring and summer seasons in Qom city, Iran. Correlation between new enthalpy index and standard WBGT index, as well as physiological response of deep body temperature was studied and analyzed.
Findings showed that regardless of the time of measurements, correlation between enthalpy and WBGT index was better than its correlation with tympanic temperature (R2= 0.756 versus R2= 0.391). Considering the time of measurement, it was found that with increasing temperature and decreasing humidity, the correlation between indices was reduced, although the correlation ratio was maintained similar.
Due to the simplicity of the enthalpy index measurement ,its independency to measure the globe temperature and the possibility of estimation of this index using daily climate parameters in meteorological stations, and on the other hand, appropriate validity of enthalpy against WBGT and core temperature, it can be a good alternative for WBGT index and as a screening index for thermal environments in hot and dry condition.

Phytoremediation is a biological method by which plants are used to remove environmental pollution caused by toxic elements such as the accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, etc. from soil. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help the plant to increase uptake and translocation of low mobility nutrients and also micronutrients. In this research, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculant was produced through the isolation of fungi from the roots of marigold and its propagation with clover and sorghum under greenhouse conditions. Moreover the symbiotic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration and transfer of cadmium from the roots to the shoots in Marigold was studied under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted using a factorial based on randomized complete books design with five levels of Cd (0,100, 200, 400, 800 mg kg-1 soil), using the soluble from of CdCl2.H2O and two level of mycorrihizal inoculation (non- inoculated and inoculated) with four replications. Greenhouse test results showed concentrations of cadmium in shoots ranges between 3.91 to 94.9 and in roots between 4.23 and 151 mg.kg-1, which causes toxicity in the plant, with more severe symptoms of toxicity in non-mycorrhizal plants. The results also showed inoculation of marigold with AMF caused increase of P translocation to shoot and accumulation of Cd in roots. Phytoremediation is a biological method by which plants are used to remove environmental pollution caused by toxic elements such as the accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, etc. from soil. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help the plant to increase uptake and translocation of low mobility nutrients and also micronutrients. In this research, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculant was produced through the isolation of fungi from the roots of marigold and its propagation with clover and sorghum under greenhouse conditions. Moreover the symbiotic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration and transfer of cadmium from the roots to the shoots in Marigold was studied under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted using a factorial based on randomized complete books design with five levels of Cd (0,100, 200, 400, 800 mg kg-1 soil), using the soluble from of CdCl2.H2O and two level of mycorrihizal inoculation (non- inoculated and inoculated) with four replications. Greenhouse test results showed concentrations of cadmium in shoots ranges between 3.91 to 94.9 and in roots between 4.23 and 151 mg.kg-1, which causes toxicity in the plant, with more severe symptoms of toxicity in non-mycorrhizal plants. The results also showed inoculation of marigold with AMF caused increase of P translocation to shoot and accumulation of Cd in roots.

Water user's participation in agricultural water projects is necessary for proper operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage systems and it is one of the most important issues in development of growing communities. In Alborz Integrated Land and Water Management Project (AILWMP), due to the strategic policies and the support of the World Bank, a key goal of the project is the formation of Water Users’ Associations (WUAs). The sample population of this study was 103 board members of 19 WUAs within the AILWMP area in Mazandaran province. Field data collection instrument was a questionnaire which was validated using Cronbach– alpha, calculated at 0.73. To design the questionnaire, the Delphi method was used and, to evaluate the effective components, ten categories were determined and weighted. The first priority was sustainability, which was the main goal of the organization based on the project document. Necessity of organizing the WUA as well as education and information dissemination indexes were the second priority. Task definition and satisfaction indexes were considered as the third priority. To ensure the accuracy of answers, the questionnaire used active researchers approach. The research results showed that, up to this stage, WUA's progress have been fairly successful. The effective indexes of WUAs’ success were identified as information and training, the need to create association, roles definition, and sustainability, with respective weights of 0.326, 0.292, 0.266, and 0.239. Therefore, these components must be implemented carefully in future projects to achieve successful WUAs.