زینب دریانورد

Focalization in narrative texts determines the point of view in movies. This also plays a significant role in advancing the events and the narrative process through the multiple effects of the focal point. It can be argued that the overlap between novelistic focalization and cinematic focalization is advantageous for both fields. Focalization in narrative texts designates the position and place of the narrator and the point of view from which he/she narrates the events while in cinema focalization means that the camera narrates each character’s point of view separately, which affects the spectator. Also, these dramatic elements increase the audience’s ability to understand the discourse in such a way that focalization becomes a dramatic technique. This argument holds particularly true for Zahran Al-Qassimi’s The Sniper. He locates the viewpoints in different places of the villages of Oman through the camera Saleh bin Sheikhan, the protagonist, carries with him. This study, based on a descriptive-analytical method, addresses the focalization techniques within the cinematic discourse and its various effects in The Sniper focusing on the image structure. The objective of this study is to examine the signs of image focalization within the novel’s cinematic discourse. It finds that the way the interaction of the camera and the narrator’s personality affects the spectator can be observed in various scenes. This study specifically focuses on visual focalization and its dimensions.

Recently, the modernist novel was based on the visual data taken from the visual arts, especially the seventh art, so the features of the cinematic image appeared in the narrative depth engraved on a large scale. Employing the visual image in the narrative has several effects, which are reflected in the movements of characters and objects in the narrative space, or the framing of scenes depicted by specific techniques. Zahran Al-Qasimi's novel "Al-Qafar's Alienation" is considered one of the most important novels in which the writer uses vocabulary related to the cinematic language.This study relies on the descriptive-analytical approach to reveal the common windows between the cinematic elements and the narrative text, through which junctures emerge that include vocabulary that characterizes both arts. From this point of view, this study aims to show the extent to which vocabulary and narrative paragraphs are subject to cinematic techniques, and to emphasize the two functions of the snapshot; Reading and visual and the reflection of the semiological connotations of them, so the results obtained from this convergence is the transcendence of the fictional text towards the narrative text. With this work, the writer may give the recipient the opportunity to enter into a visual world that adopts the idea of depicting the scene and directing it. The focus of this study revolves around five techniques that intersect with the written narrative. Action and reaction shot, witness

The photograph occupies a prominent position for the modern human, so we see him trying to control it for certain goals. The image is one of the necessary means of expression in the process of human communication. The photograph was able to touch the feelings of the addressee through symbols within the visual language and address the subconscious mind.  From here, the relationship between her and the fictional art began by intrusion into the features of the literary text open to other arts. The integration of the written language in the visual language represented by the photograph in a unified formula requires us to stand on two semantic fields related to the visual and linguistic format. The photograph is the supporting tool for the narrative text, and quite the opposite, in that both reinforce the content of the other. This study focuses on the features of the visual image in Zahran Al Qasimi's novel "The Alienation of Al Qafer". In this novel, the novelist relied to enrich his literary text on the visual dimension of some Omani villages landscapes.This research aims to show the openness of Al-Qasimi's novel experience to the visual image as an expressive tool, according to the descriptive-analytical approach. One of the most important findings of this research is the explanation of psychological aspects in the narrative text, and the presentation of expressive signs to convey a certain point of view of the novel's characters. This study aims to monitor the elements of the photographic image in the novel, and focus on the functions of the visual image in the narrative text, such as the guiding function, the expressive function, the psychological function, and the aesthetic function.

The cinema was able to achieve a very large audience in a very short time and after the advent of this art, the writers were able to enrich their literary texts and hence the poets embodied the modern poetic vision free of complexity and entanglement, according to the art of cinema and among these expressive means is the decoupage is one of the key elements that influenced the current poem to remove dust from the poetic vision and expansion, and this is achieved by the influence of cinematic style on poets thought and imagination, and this phenomenon often comes involuntarily. And decoupage refers to the cutting of the last stage of the scenario, which is directed and it includes lighting mapping, shot sizes, length, and camera movements, and this is what we find in the poem "Qayrun... a place in memory" of the poet Mamdouh Adwan, as he was able to build his poem in accordance with the art cutting by the director. This study came in accordance with the descriptive-analytical method which applied the decoupage method to this poem starting from the lighting to show the place where the poet lives, the village of "Kiron" and the sizes of shots taken by the poetic camera from the place as well as the image and motion related to the poetic camera and sound effects and this study has reached the most important results; that the poem "Kiron .. place in memory" appeared in the cinematic language, which is subject to the style of decoupage and it builds animated images in the recipient's mind through various sizes and poetic camera movements, and in this work, the poetic text of the poem diverged from the static and static image towards the movement and the delicate imagination.

In order to benefit from other arts, poetic discourse has practiced experimental aspects for a long time. That is why poets have taken advantage of modern techniques in their poetry to enrich and enhance it. Cinematography is one of the arts that poets went after. The mechanisms of cinematography that poets used are image linking tools that are serialized in the montage process, such as mixing, repetition, and omission. With these tools, some modern poetic images relate to each other. This is considered as one of the most accurate ways of expressing a modern vision that combines emotional strings in the poem. One of the most important books in this field is Washm al-Aqarib, a divan by Woroud al-Moussawi. The poet links the poetic lines in her book through these cinematic mechanisms, in order to distinguish the poems with cinematic narration. Due to the importance of the issue, this research studies the mechanisms of cinematic linking in Washm al-Aqarib. Among the most important tenets of this research are the synthesis of repetitive shots, scene synthesis by means of the idea repeated at the beginning of each section, mixing contrasting and similar shots, and omission. One of the most important findings of the research is that employing the technique of cinematography in this book has enhanced its poetic style, and that the poet has approached the images that are related to each other through the techniques of blending and erasing, which constitute an important part of montage. Through these mechanisms, the poet has been able to link poetic images and contrasting scenes.

Adapted from recent changes, developments, and advancements in the contemporary Arabic qasida composing, which has evolved into a different spirit through its inclination to arts such as storytelling and novel writing, it has shifted from reading to audiovisual texts. Poets are trying to contemplate the integration of contemporary qasidas in their poetry via visual arts such as theater and cinema. Inspired by the audiovisual effects inspired from the fine arts, these poets represent different types of interpretations in contemporary poetry more than ever. These new effects have opened up a different window before critics’ eyes to better explore the mental state of the poet through cinematic imagery, text-related sounds, and the representation of open and closed cadres. Contemporary Iraqi poet Mehdi Al Quraishi tries to portray the war in his homeland with his self-consciousness and, by producing audiovisual effects in his poetry collection "Tajaeed al-Ma’a" (Water Wrinkles), illustrating the bitter reality of the war in Iraq. This paper employed a descriptive-analytical method, attempting to determine and explain the audiovisual effects in Al Quraishi’s poetry. The findings show that Mehdi al-Qurishi has used audiovisual effects to transform the story from a reading text to a non-reading text. Al-Quraishi's insistence on dim, non-transparent light reflects the poet's hurt emotions and turmoil in his homeland. Using the sounds of nature, he has been able to devise an aural background suitable for visual imagery and poetic imagery.

The shot and its types are intended to mean how the camera stands in the places where cinematography appears in the film, from someone or the things to focus on.The poetic image was characterized by many developments and changes in recent decade and one of the most prominent domains affected by the poetic image is cinema, especially by benefiting the techniques and types of shot that the contemporary poet uses in the poetic artistic image. From this standpoint, we see the poet Ali Kanaan excelled in employing the cinematic snapshot that was reflected in his poems. In particular, his book, "ghoyum alkhashkhash" which the poet enriched from movie clips.  Through this descriptive-analytical approach, this study reviews the types of cinematic footage in the book of “ghoyum alkhashkhash” by Ali Kanaan who came in his poems with cinematic vision. Among the most important axis that this research revolves around are: the substantive snapshot, the audio snapshot, the Nadir snapshot, the macro snapshot, or the detailed snapshot. The most important results of the research show that Ali Kanaan has used all kinds of cinematic scenes in the divan of "Ghayoum Al-Khakhshakh" in a way that it has given special feelings to the poetic image and has led to the clear visualization of images and phenomena. The poet has also tried to use cinematic language in her poetic structure and to reveal the poetic scenes that are embodied in the mind of the audience.

From the very beginning, cinema has embraced all the literary discourses including the poetry discourse, and, more interestingly, this is a two-way influence. Contemporary poetry has, therefore, exceeded frontiers of arts such as drawing, cinema art and its techniques including camera, scenario and especially montage. So, the montage ode is originated from the art and poetry together. And, because the montage plays a significant role in developing the structure of the modern ode, we tried here to focus on the montage style in the contemporary ode which is based on the cinema montage and its rules. Montage means the technical cutting and connecting the scenes and attaching sequential images to each other or irrelevant views together to express a definite concept and idea so that the modern poet cuts and attaches the figures of a part of a poem and connects the continuous figures to express a special idea just like a montage movie. And, in this way, the reader's rank is upgraded to a real spectator. One of these modern poets is Adnan Al-sayegh whose constructs his poems like a movie showing the bad accidents happens in his homeland, and portrays scenes of deep tragedy for his audience.     This descriptive-analytic study tries to investigate the extent of employing cinematic techniques, especially montage technique and the implementation of this technique on some of Al-sayegh’s ode. The findings of this research shows the role of cinematic assembly in transforming the poetic image into an attractive and spectacular image and that shows the poet’s skill and his accord to this technique. Through this style, the poet has been able to inspire his ideas and themes to the audience. Also, cinematic montage has a significant role in strengthening the meaning of narrative in poetry, and the promotion of the ode from the superficiality of styles to the ideal style.

Poetry is capable of exploiting auditory and visual elements and potential of arts and painting. Before the appearance of the seventh art, the cinema, poetry initially influenced literary and dramatic arts and gradually developed into the present stage, which encompasses auditory and visual elements. Cinematic techniques such as scene design, camera, and mixing play a significant role in promoting the structure of Qasida. In this regard, scene design is considered to be the latest in cinema techniques, and is intended to describe event sequences, places, times, and characters. Among the most prominent poets who have employed these potentials is Saadi Yousef. The poetic structure of Saadi is very similar to the cinematic structure, especially in the poem "Jablia's Branch", inspired by the successive sceneries that surround the villages in Italy, as well as the adventures that he has undertaken along with his friends, Joanne Mari Macanelli and Fawzi al-Dailami. The scene-arrangement techniques he has employed is manifested in such a setting. This research seeks to investigate the scene-planning techniques concurring with the epic events of the Qasida (ode) “Mountain Reefs (Shoa’ab Jabila)” by a descriptive-analytical method. This research revealed that the poem "Mountain Reefs" employs cinematic scenes in a descriptive fashion to portray scenes that inspire the spirit of activity, vitality and fun in the soul. the poet focuses his camera on monitoring audio-visual scenes, which are described according to descriptive rules such as the artistic cutting of the shots and the images that the screenwriter brings in his pamphlet. And the poet mixes the poetic spirit and the beauty of the nature to convey these scenes to the recipients. The poet has used the rules of the cinematic screeplay in a successful manner. He has used verbs and grammatical tenses consistent with the time of the real- time presentation of the scenes, the voices of the characters are not abandoned and the sound of the contextual music is heard in the text.

There are many literary genres in poetry, especially cinema (art VII) that produced a huge stir in the pillars of the poet and rebuilt it in structure, is proportionate to its exact techniques where the poet of our time writes poetry in the film field to transfer the poetic text space from inertia to the visual image, These animated styles have resulted in tremendous shake-ups in content Modernist poem. So the committed poem open the window on the techniques Such as the camera that explores the narratives of the film narrative with its movements and angles, For its closeness and similarity to the vision and imagination of the poet, who uses her techniques for the poem Modernism to allow the recipient to read the poem with an insight and a window and raise the level of reader to viewer. Some contemporary poets have turned their attention Recent to this modern method is among these poets poet Adnan Al-Sayegh. He inspired in a section of his poetry committed a wide space of art The seventh is filled with camera techniques. This study is an attempt to illuminate the narrative. Especially the writing of the camera and its techniques in the poems of Adnan al-Sayegh Committed poem, according to the analytical-descriptive approach and the result of these The study is based on the poet's investment of the visual and moving image in the committed texts.The basic question that we want to look for is how camera techniques have been demonstrated Poetic in the Alssayigh's committed poet?The main objective of this studyThe location of the camera with its movements, the horizontal and vertical types of angles associated with the poetic texts stand out, a special feeling in the spectator as a sense of movement and superstition and confusion.The camera and its microprocessor technology will drive the reader out of the picture, The lyrical rigidity towards motion and different sighting sites that include, Low, high and neutral angles.