سارا حجتی

Parkinson’s disease characterized by loss of the dopaminergic neurons, accompanied by neuroinflammation. The effect of high intensity interval training on dopaminergic neurons survival is not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of high intensity interval swimming on DJ-1 and mir-874 gene expression of hippocampal cells in rats with Parkinson’s disease. In this experimental study, twenty-one 8 to 10-week-old male Wistar rats (weight 200 ± 10.2 grams) were divided into three groups (7 rats in each group), including: healthy control, PD and training. PD induced by injection of 1 mg/kg reserpine during 5 days. The rats in the training group performed high intensity interval swimming, including 20 times of 30 seconds of swimming with 30 seconds of rest between each time for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test were run using SPSS-22 at the P <0.05. The study results indicated that DJ-1 gene expression were lower in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (p=0.02 and p=0.04 respectively); while, mir-874 gene expression was higher in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (p=0.001 and p=0.02 respectively). No significant difference was observed between training group and healthy group for these proteins' gene expression (p=0.6 and p=0.08 respectively). In general, it seems that high intensity swimming interval training is effective for improving PD by enhancing the mechanisms of dopaminergic neurons survival.

Dysregulation of miRNAs will result in development and progression of numerous diseases, such as in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The effect of exercise training on mechanisms of development and progression of PD are not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of high intensity interval swimming on LRRK2 and mir-205 gene expression in rats with PD.

PD induced in fourteen 8 to 10-week-old male Wistar rats by injection of 1 mg/kg reserpine during 5 days. Then, these rats were divided into PD group or training group. Seven rats were considered as the healthy control group without any reserpine injection. The rats in the training group performed high intensity interval swimming, including 20 times of 30 seconds of swimming with 30 seconds of rest between each time for 6 weeks. 48h after last session of training, sacrificed animals and hypocampic LRKK2 and mir-205 gene expression was measured. To analyze data, the statistical method of one-way analysis of variance was used with significance P<0.05.

The results indicated that LRRK2 gene expression were higher in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (P=0.001 and P=0.001 respectively) and no significant difference was observed between training group and healthy group (P=0.1). mir-205 gene expression was lower in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (P=0.001 and P=0.01 respectively). There was negative correlation between hypocampic LRKK2 and mir-205 gene expression (r=-0.71 and P=0.01).

It seems that high intensity interval swimming improves PD by reducing LRRK2 and increasing mir-205 gene expression.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder where loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopamine depletion in the striatum cause characteristic motor and nonmotor symptoms. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is one of the most important neurotrophins that regenerates dopaminergic neurons by receptor tyrosine kinase Ret in Parkinson's disease. The effect of exercise on these proteins are not well known. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of high intensity swimming training on GDNF and Ret gene expression in hippocampal tissue in rats with Parkinson's disease.

In this experimental study, twenty-one male Wistar rats (age 8 to 10 weeks and weight 200-250 gr) were obtained from the Animal Breeding Center of Islamic Azad University, Shiraz branch and transferred to the animal laboratory of this university. Parkinson's disease induced in fourteen rats by injection of 1 mg/kg reserpine during 5 days and then these rats were divided into Parkinson's disease group or training group randomly. The rats in the training group swam 20 times of 30 seconds with 30 seconds of rest between each time for 6 weeks. Additionally, seven remaining rats were included in the healthy control group without any intervention. GDNF and Ret gene expressions were measured in hippocampus 48h after the last session of training using Real Time-PCR. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test and Bonferoni post hoc using SPSS-22 at the P < 0.05.

Data indicated that GDNF gene expression was reduced after induction of Parkinson's disease and this gene was lower in Parkinson's disease group compare to the healthy control group (p=0.001). For Ret gene expression also our results indicated that this gene was reduced after induction of Parkinson's disease and this gene was lower in Parkinson's disease group compare to the healthy control group (p=0.03). After 6-week of training, GDNF gene expression increases compare to the Parkinson's disease group (p=0.009). For Ret gene expression also our results indicated that this gene expression increases compare to the Parkinson's disease group (p=0.007 respectively); while on significant differences were observed between training group and healthy group (p=0.6 and p=0.9 respectively).

In summary it seems that high-intensity interval swimming training that used in this study improves dopaminergic neuron survival in Parkinson's disease by increasing GDNF as a neurotrophine factor and subsequent signaling, receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. According to limit of information, future studies are needed specially in human cases.

Athletes use supplements to enhance their maximal performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc magnesium aspartate (ZMA) supplements on the body composition and strength of male sprinters.

In this experimental study, sixteen sprinters (21-28 years old) were randomly divided into control and supplement (ZMA) groups. Control and supplement groups received dextrose and ZMA, respectively, for 8 weeks. Body composition and 1-RM of the upper body (dumbbell flat bench press and standing barbell biceps curl) and lower body (leg press machine, the lying hamstring curl with a weight machine, and leg extensions) were examined before and after 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using dependent and independent T-tests.

There was no significant difference between pre and post-intervention in control and supplement groups in body weight (Kg), body mass index (Kg/m2), body fat %, body fat (kg), fat-free mass (Kg) (p˃0.05). 1RM increased significantly post-intervention compared to pre-intervention in the supplement group (p=0. 005) but not in the control group (p= 0.02). 1RM in the upper and lower body increased significantly in the supplement group compared to the control in post-intervention (p=0.04, p= 0.03, respectively).

According to the research findings, ZMA supplement did not improve the body composition of sprinter athletes. It can probably lead to an increase in 1RM in sprinters' lower and upper limbs.

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that can result from cytokines activity such as TNFɑ. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pulsed electromagnet therapy on femoral strength and bone microstructure in ovariectomized rats.
In this experimental study, 30 rats were randomly divided into control, experimental1 (ovariectomized) and two experimental groups; namely ovariectomized and undergoing pulsed electromagnet groups. The control and experimental1 groups were kept under controlled conditions, while the two experimental groups were treated with pulsed electromagnet (2.4 mT) from 12 postoperative weeks for 30min, 3days a week, for 10 weeks. Then, the subjects were sacrificed and their femoral bones were removed to determine the strength and the bone microstructure parameters (the trabecular and cortical thicknesses and trabecular distances). In order to determine bone microstructures, the sections were prepared and stained with H&E. Then, Haworth method was used to measure. One-way ANOVA, repeated measurements, and Scheffe post- hoc tests were applied to analyze the obtained data. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 16; Chicago,IL).
Despite equal initial weight of the subjects (P=0.15), they significantly gained weight after12 and also 22 postoperative weeks (P Pulsed electromagnet, can be effective on the osteoporosis improvement.

Exercise activities increase bone mass، however، the effect of detraining and inactivity on osteoporosis in active people who take part in regular physical activity، are still not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill running exercise together with detraining on osteoporosis in Oophorectomized rats. Fifty female rats divided randomly into control; experimental 1 (oophorectomized rats for 12 weeks); experimental 2 (oophorectomized rats for 22 weeks); experimental 3 (oophorectomized rats undergoing treadmill running exercise); and experimental 4 (oophorectomized rats undergoing treadmill running exercise together with a period of detraining) groups. Control group sacrificed in the beginning of the study. The experimental groups of 3 and 4 exercised for 10 weeks. After the training period، The experimental groups of 1 and 3 were sacrificed، while، experimental groups 4 and 2 remained detraining. The exercise program consisted of running on a treadmill (3 days/week for 10 weeks). The speed of treadmill was adjusted constant at 12 m/min and the duration of exercise began from 10 min in the first week and reached up to 64 min in the10th week of exercise. At the end of study، all rats were sacrificed and their femurs were removed for bone micro structures (cortical and trabecular thickness، and trabecular separation) and bone strength analysis. We used One-Way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe test to compare the groups after evaluation of Homology of variances by Shapiro wilk test. P≤ 0. 05 considered significant. Trabecular thickness decreased significantly in experimental groups of 1 and 2 compared with control group (P<0. 05). Bone strength and cortical thicknesses decreased significantly in experimental groups of 2 compared with control group (P<0. 01). Bone strength and femoral micro structures improved in experimental group of 3 compared with experimental group of 1 and in experimental group of 4 compared with experimental group of 2 (P<0. 001). cortical thickness decreased significantly in experimental group of 4 compared with experimental group of 3 (P<0. 025). Moderate intensity treadmill running exercise has a prophylactic effects on osteoporosis which remain after detraining. Prevention of osteoporosis leads to reduce of pathological fractures.

One of the most serious health problems is osteoporosis and it is mandatory to find preventive methods to confront this difficulty. Non-pharmacological methods are in priority due to less side effects. This study investigated the effect of treadmill running exercise on bone microarchitectures in female osteoporotic rats induced by ovariectomy. 30 rats were randomly divided into three groups of control، experimental one، and experimental two. Control and Experimental one (Ovariectomized) groups were kept in control conditions. The Experimental group two was subjected to 10 weeks treadmill running exercise from the 12th- post operative week. The animals were weighted in all the stages of the protocol. Finally، all rats were sacrificed and their femoral bones were removed for bone strength and bone microarchitectures analysis by using One-Way ANOVA test. The Repeated Measure was used to analyze the weight changes during the study. The results showed that despite the same initial weight among groups (P=0. 31)، weight increased significantly in 12th and 22th postoperative weeks (P<0. 001). Ovariectomy induced a significant decrease in Trabecular Thickness (TT) and Cortical Thickness (CT) (P<0. 001). It also induced a weakened femoral bone strength (P=0. 003). The levels of TT، CT، and bone strength increased in experimental group two compared to experimental group one and Trabecular Separation (TS) decreased، either (P<0. 001). The results indicated that a moderate intensity treadmill running exercise has a protective effect on osteoporotic bones.

Routine medical tests does not have any benefits on postoperative complications and treatment of patients with low risk surgery like cataract. Anesthesiologist management of preoprative unnecessary routine tests , can be effective in reducing patient anxiety and costs and also reducing the possibility of postponement of operation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of routine preoperative tests in the treatment process and hospital costs of cataract surgery as a low-risk surgery.
One hundred and fifty patients, aged 50-85 years with ASA class I-III that scheduled for elective cataract surgery were enrolled to this descriptive study. Results of history and physical examination as well as tests were recorded on special forms in operating room. Any changes in the treatment process and also the operating and recovery room complications were recorded.
In total,70.2% of tests were unnecessary and 6% added to the patient’s hospital costs. 14.6% of patients had abnormal tests with 0.7% changes in the treatment process. None of the patients had any complications during the surgery and recovery course.
Conclution: Unnecessary investigations and tests are common before cataract surgery but had no significant effect on treatment process. This confirms the importance of the anesthesiologist's preoperative visit.

One of the most common complications of surgery is postoperative pain. Effective control of postoperative pain is important for anesthesiologists and surgeons. Because there is no general agreement on gender differences in pain perception، the purpose of this study is to compare the effect of gender on acute pain after tibial fracture surgery.

Spinal anesthesia was performed in the same manner in 102 patients candidated for tibial fracture surgery (51 males and 51 females). 2، 4، 8، 12 and 24 hours after surgery، pain scores were recorded according to the VAS criteria. First requested analgesic and the total amount of analgesic were recorded.

Results showed that in the first 8 hours after surgery، women reported significantly more pain (p<0. 05). During the next hours، pain was greater in women but not statistically significant (p>0. 05). Time of the first analgesic requested earlier in women than men (p<0. 05). The total amount of analgesic intake was significantly greater in women (p<0. 05).

Women experience more intense pain after tibial fracture surgery and need more analgesic in the postoperative period.

Introduction & Women during their lifetime experience a variety of physiological changes that can affect their physiological capacity to perform exercise and induce reduction in achieving the benefits of training. So، finding the best time to perform maximum physical performance is essential. Sports drink consumption can also help to enhance athletic performance. The purpose of this study is to determine the best time to perform the maximum physical performance and the effect of sports drink on exercise capacity in active young women. 22 female students with at least 2 years experience in regular aerobic exercise، voluntarily participated in this clinical trial study and were randomly divided into control group (no supplement) and intervention group (drinking sports drink). The physical performance was evaluated in two periods of early and late follicular phases. The data was analyzed by statistical tests and spss16 software. In the early follicular phase compared with the late follicular phase، Vo2max significantly decreased in the control group (P=0. 02)، There was a significant difference between the two groups in the Vo2max during the early follicular phase (P=0. 03). Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly different between the groups and different phases (P>0. 05). Contrary to the intervention group، the first and third minute recovery heart rates in the control group significantly increased in the early follicular phase compared with the late follicular phase (Respectively، P= 0. 016،P=0. 043)، and compared with the intervention group، the first and third minute recovery heart rates significantly increased during the early follicular phase (Respectively، P= 0. 021، P=0. 025). Recovery systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not statistically significant between the two groups، and each group in different phases (P>0. 05). Late follicular phase compared to the early follicular phase is the most appropriate time to perform exercise. Sports drink consumption containing 6% carbohydrate during early follicular phase can also improve the physical performance. (Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci 2014; 20 (4): 280-287)