سارا غفاری

Geometric and morphological characteristics of each river are its main characteristics by which the management planning of the basin and the conservation of natural resources around it is done. Estuaries are formed at the mouth of rivers in a border area between sea and land. Deformation of estuaries due to sedimentation and erosion changes the pattern of river flow. In this research, the hydrodynamic model (HD) is used to calculate the flow rates and velocity and the sediment transport model (ST) is used to calculate the suspended load and bed level. The results of the hydrodynamic model showed that the maximum speed at 17 km of Shalmaneh station (beginning of the third interval) is approximately 4.7 m /s. This value decreases to about 1.5 meters per second as we approach the end of the estuary. Due to the importance of the role of floods in bed changes, the model was implemented using the 25-year flood discharge of Shalmanrood River (355 cubic meters per second) for a period of one year. After that, the river route was divided into three parts and the behavior of Shalmanrud river was studied according to the deformation created in the sections of each part. The maximum amount of sediment in the first part is 0.41 m in non-flood condition and 1.1 m in flood condition. In the second part, sedimentation increases and in non-flood state reaches 0.8 meters and in flood state reaches 2 meters. In the third part, the amount of sediment will be more than the first and second parts. The maximum amount of sediment in this part is 0.53 m in non-flood condition and 1.4 m in flood condition.

Clayey soils in terms of sharp reduction in strength and swelling ability as a results of water and moisture absorption, it is considered as one of the most problematic soils in civil engineering and construction works. Nowadays, Nano materials such as Nano clay are used to improve and stabilize of clay. On the other side, the increasing volume of municipal waste and residues materials especially debris of building destruction have caused many problems in mega cities such as environmental issues due to incorrect disposal of waste material. Main propose of this research is study of possibility in effecting Nano clay and limestone powder mixture for improve geotechnical properties of Kuye Nasr clayey soil in Tabriz City. In this study, Nano clay and limestone powder in both separate and combined conditions with 5 and 10 percentage are mixed with clay. Curing of stabilized specimens have been performed in 7, 14 and 28 days. For evaluating geotechnical behavior of mixture materials some tests were performed such as Atterberg limits, Compaction, uniaxial strength and direct shear (in 1, 2 and 3 kg/cm2 vertical stress). Results show that the simultaneous effects of 5% Nano clay with 10% limestone powder with 7 days curing period in ambient temperature conditions in clay reduced plasticity index by 72%, improved graining skeleton structure, reduced void ratio of inter grains and increased shear strength by 33%.

Compensation for damages caused by medical accidents is one of the important issues that have led to the transformation of social life into responsibility. The increasing number of accidents caused by medical practices and the consequent increase in casualties to patients makes it more than necessary to investigate the issue. While the legal system of some countries, including France, has taken collective initiatives to compensate for damages caused by medical practices, Iran's rights are subject to compensation only in the context of civil liability based on the physician's fault. In answering the question of whether the developments in the medical law of other countries appear to be plausible in the Iranian legal system, it is possible to benefit from the aforementioned developments in applying collective compensation methods in our country. Have. The present study aims at explaining the possibility of civil liability in compensation of patients after expressing their personal responsibility decline, the collective ways of compensation and the possibility of designing such practices in Iranian legal system respectively. Finally, the findings indicate that, given the inadequacy of the physician's fault for compensating patients and considering the availability of legal and jurisprudence, institutionalizing methods such as expanding insurance and establishing a fund to compensate patients for damages in the legal system. Our country will be very efficient.

To investigate the effect of smoking on corneal parameters, including Endothelial Cell Density, Central Corneal Thickness, Percent of Hexogonality, and Coefficient of Variation.

This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of published articles until the end of February 2019. To do this, the first search was done for creditable medical databases such as PubMed, and ISI (Web of Science), using an article search strategy and keywords derived from MeSH, including cigarette, smoking, tobacco, and their derivatives and relevance. They were conducted with the keywords pachymetry and corneal thickness. All English and Persian related articles were extracted by two independent researchers and by a thorough review of the articles; the articles that met the inclusion criteria for the present meta-analysis were selected for analysis.

Initial search of 351 articles found that information of 8 studies was selected and entered into the present meta-analysis. The total number of participants was 588 in the cigarette smoking group and 602in the non-cigarette smoking group. The mean age of the two groups was 38.9 and 40.4 years, respectively, and 21% of the participants were female. Of the studies included in the present meta-analysis, all studies reported the information needed to analyze the CCT index. For CV, ECD, HEX, and AXIAL LENGTH indices 4, 4, 4, and 5 studies reported the information required for performing the meta-analysis, respectively. The results of the meta-analysis showed that smoking had no significant effect on any of the corneal parameters, including CCT, ECD, CV, AXIAL LENGTH, HEX (P=0.543, P=0.591, P=542, P= 0.231, P=0.584, respectively).

Smoking does not affect different parameters of the cornea. Due to the limited number of articles in this field, it is recommended to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking in more samples to compare the effect of cigarette smoking on high daily volume of corn.

One of the important issues in today's law is the responsibility of the physician, which has undergone some changes in the Islamic Penal Code. The global spread of medical events and consequently the growing number of injuries to patients, more than anything else, reveal the need for a comparative study on the physician's guaranty. While there is a controversy in the jurisprudence regarding the basis of the medical guarantee, the legal system of some countries - such as France, Sweden, and New Zealand - with the passage from the civil liability of the physician, has initiated initiatives to compensate patients. The Islamic Penal Code has also abandoned the rule of law by relying on a guilty plea for the accountability of the doctor. In light of this, the present study seeks to answer the question of whether the basis of the physician's guarantor in the Islamic Penal Code is responsible for the compensation of patients. After explaining the jurisprudential views and comparative examination, the current and past Islamic penal code regarding the guaranty the physician examines the procedure accordingly. Finally, the findings indicate that the rules on the physician's responsibility in the Islamic Penal Code, in addition to not complying with the jurisprudential views, have left the developments of the day in other countries, and according to the current regulations, in cases where the physician does not make a fault, the damages Patients will be affected. Accordingly, the basis of the physician's responsibility in the Islamic Penal Code does not meet the current needs of the community.

Please cite this article as: Ghaffari S, Ebrahimian N, Ghasemi M, Abbaslu B. Comparative Study of Changes in the Islamic Penal Code Regarding the Responsibility of the Physician. Iran J Med Law 2019; 13(49): 37-63.

One of the methods for stability of structures under seismic loads is the use of steel braces. One of the bracing systems with appropriate performance is Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs.). This kind of braces does not have weakness such as the conventional concentrated braces under cyclic loading and provides significant capacity of energy dissipation with members restrained from buckling and has symmetrical and stable hysteresis curves. This system serves as replaceable structural fuses, minimizing the amount of damage to the other members. These studies have been conducted to the restrained buckling braces systems. Most of the cases have been surrounded by the concrete or mortar and the metal sheath. Since the construction of the
bracing surrounded with filler material has difficulties, it was necessary to study another type of braces on wich few studies have been conducted. In this research, 11 models of BRB have been studied. selected for the investigation of Buckling Restrained bracing members, including flat plates, cross, double, and circular studs which are without filler, have been surrounded by metal sheath in ABAQUS software. Modeling parameters and lack of enforcement of mortar filler, shape of the core,thickness of sheath are specified by examining the ratio of buckling load of sheath (Pe) to yield load of core (Py) under cyclic loading. The results have shown that the capacity of energy dissipation of BRB is about 12 times more than the capacity of conventional concentrated braces. The increase of tolerance has been brought about by increasing the ability of the energy dissipation. In addition energy dissipation capability and the maximum capacity of section in the state without filler materials decrease, and the core of circular section is more resistant than the cross and studs sections. Energy dissipation capacity with circular cross-section is
compared with the channel and cross section. By increasing the tolerance limit, load model has decreased; however, energy dissipation capability has increased.