سحر وحدتی حسینیان

In ancient Iranian languages (Avestan and Old Persian), in addition to inflectional structure, syntactic relations and semantic roles of the core and local cases would be examined. In these languages, the complements of the verb, which can be nouns, adjectives, or pronouns, are represented through case markers that indicate different roles depending on the verb. The representation of verb complements and the function of cases in the accompaniment of different verbs have not been the attention of researchers in this field, except for brief references- it is better to say that the investigation of this issue has been somewhat neglected in ancient Iranian languages. Therefore, in this article, the complements of one of the commonly used and more frequent roots of the Avestan language- but not of the Old Persian- dā, have been investigated. In the Avestan texts, it is mostly found in the meanings of giving, creating, and setting, and in the Old Persian inscriptions, it means giving and creating. According to the analysis of the sentences containing the root dā, the complements of this root, depending on the meaning and context, are shown by the accusative and dative cases in the Old Persian, and accusative, dative, genitive and locative cases in the Avestan. Either of them has several semantic roles, such as theme/patient, recipient, beneficiary, object complement, goal, and location.

In inflected languages, case labels of distinct genders, being different and representing case and number, can never cover the full range of semantic and other properties of case. The labels primarily act as markers showing important synthetic and semantic properties. They do not have a proven capacity to describe the whole dimensions of the case and its functions. In the area of the case, therefore, labels at least are commonly seen at three levels, namely semantic functions, morphological case, and grammatical relations. Avestan language of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian as an inflected language includes eight grammatic cases by various semantic roles. In the paper, semantic roles of the dative case, one of grammatical cases (or main cases), are studied, consisting of ten roles: recipient, beneficiary, purpose, destination, location, manner, extent, accompany, agent, and attitude. It showed that added grammatical cases can exhibit similar semantic roles of dative case.

One of the challengeable grammatical subjects in New Persian language grammar is, to determine criteria for defining compound and incorporate verbs. Given that in New Persian, combination and incorporation process are productive, it makes so much sense to survey the historical courses of the verbs which are cooperated in making compound and incorporate verbs, in order to find out their semantic and structural development in the evolution of Persian language. Unfortunately, A few scholars pay attention to it. Among Persian verbs, kar- has the most potential in association with non-verbal elements. Emphasizing on verb valence, this paper attempts to answer these questions: has kar- converted to the light verb in association with non-verbal elements in ancient languages (Aveatan and Old Persian)? Thus, has it have a role in constructing incorporate and compound verbs?

Studying the mutual relations between Iran and Turkey is of great importance specifically with regard to their geopolitical position and regional status, cultural and religious commonalities, values and similar lifestyle, understanding of each other’s civilization, history, religion and promoting societal relations between the countries. Literature, culture and art are perhaps the perfect entrance for studying the issue. As Herodotus once said; history is an attempt at preserving the documents and deeds of great people to save them from oblivion and for that reason the article seeks to study the lives of influential people who have been important in the consolidation and promotion of mutual ties and will provide us with the opportunity to unveil the truth of history. With that background in mind, the authors have assessed the biographies and historical accounts related to the influential figures. However, given the need for brevity in writing and limited time, the biographies mentioned in this article (Evelyn and Samin Baghtcheban) have been reduced to their brief account on the historical circumstances of their time, their ideas and commentaries. The hope remains that there will come a day when Iranian and Turk researcher work on common grounds and compile the biographies of these figures who are influential persons in the two countries’ mutual relations and present them in elegant volumes which will be an enduring treasure for future generation.