فهرست مطالب سعید سبحانیان

Cataract is considered as a public health problem all over the world and the main cause of blindness, which is caused by several factors. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the frequency of cataract eye disease in the population of Jahrom city in 2018. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 500 patient were studied. Sampling was based on sampling in the census of patients with cataracts. Data collection tool included a questionnaire of patients' demographic information, including age, gender, residence status, and type of cataract, etc. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistical tests (frequency, number, percentage) and using spss statistical software version 21. The majority of patients with eye diseases participating in the study were over 50 years old. 50.8% were men and the rest were women. The frequency of cataract eye disease in patients with a family history of cataract was 16.4%. The frequency of cataract eye disease was 51.2% in rural patients and 48.8% in urban patients. The highest frequency of cataract eye disease was in patients who did not use sunglasses (65.2%) and 45% of them were exposed to direct sunlight. The highest frequency of cataract eye disease was in housewives or unemployed patients. The results of this study showed that the highest frequency of cataract eye disease was in patients who did not use sunglasses (65.2%). Therefore, by identifying the predisposing factors of cataract, a step can be taken to prevent or delay the onset of this disease.

Academic achievement of students is one of the important indicators of education. Hence study variables that are related to academic achievement in different subjects, is one of the main topics of research in Education system. this study performed in order to asses the association of student‘s education progress with Additional classes before passing entrance exam. This study is a cross-sectional and analytical study that was conducted in 1391 on 116 students from Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Data were obtained by a self-made questionnaire including: part1; demographic characteristics, part2; questions about student's view of Additional classes and part3; data about raw scores and total rank of entrance exam and also First and second semester GPA for all students. Findings were analyzed by using spss v. 16 software. 116 students participated in this study. (2/30٪) 35 didn’t use any classes and (8/69٪) 81 had used different types of classes. There was a significant correlation between and total rank of entrance exam How to participate in classes. (p=0. 007, r=0. 251). There was a significant correlation between raw scores of entrance exam and How to participate in classes. (p=. 0. 21, r=0. 215). There was a significant correlation but inverse between total rank of entrance exam and First semester GPA. (p=0. 003, r=-0. 27). Although the correlation coefficient does not show a strong correlation, But it could mean that participate in mentioned classes, not only dose not help students to improve the basic information But perhaps for reasons that should be investigated leads to Academic failure on arrival to the university. Therefore, Need to revise curricula in all disciplines and levels of education is inevitable.

Maintain a normal heart rate in newborns in intensive care unit is an important goal in neonatal care. Non-pharmaceutical interventions in this area are important. The current study was conducted aimed to determine the effect of Quran and lullaby on heart rate changes of hospitalized neonates in NICU. The current clinical trial study was done on 78 hospitalized newborns in neonatal intensive care unit in one of the hospitals in Jahrom in 2013-2014. Newborns were selected through convenience sampling and then were randomly allocated to three groups، Quran، Lullaby and control groups. The newborne in two intervention groups listened to lullaby or Quran via headphones during 3 days and daily for 20 minutes and in control group، headphone was laid without voice for newborns. The heart rate of newborns was recorded immediately before the interventuion، 10 and 20 minutes after the starting the intervention and finally 20 minutes after the completion of it. Data were analyzed through SPSS 19 using Greenhouse - Geisser test، ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA. The mean of heart rate of neonates in lullaby group، Quran and control groups before the intervention was respectively 135. 7 ± 6. 15، 140. 56 ± 14. 97 and 132. 21 ± 25. 21 that the difference between them was not statistically significant، but the mean change of their heart rate was significantly lower in twentieth minute in the second day in lullaby group (126. 67 ± 11. 22) in compare with control group (134. 31±18. 31) and Quran group (138. 81 ± 19. 12) (P = 0. 016). With attention to the effect of lullaby in the second day on decreas the heart rate changes، this method can be used in the neonatal intensive care unit. Also، according to the healing effects of Quran، more research in this area is recommended.

Sexuality is an important part of women’s life that influences on quality of life and general well-being. There are many factors influencing the female sexual function including biological, psychological, physiological, couple relationship and sociocultural factors. Pregnancy plays an important role in the sexual function and behavior of women. This study aims to evaluate the sexual function and determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction among pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2012 and september 2013 using 257 healthy pregnant women who referred to antenatal clinic, paymaneh Hospital in Jahrom. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire was used for sexual function assessment. The reliability of the instrument was assessed by Cronbach's alpha (α=0.7). The data were analyzed by SPSS16 software, using ANOVA and Post Hoc (LSD) Tests. The mean age of respondents was 26.45±4.49 years. 143, 69 and 45 pregnant women were in their first, second and third trimester respectively. the results showed that (79.1%) were categorized as potentially sexual dysfunction (FSFI score<26.5) while only 52 (20.9%) had normal sexual function (FSFI score>26.5). The sexual dysfunction among pregnant women was rated 23.4% in the first, 30.5% in the second and 46.2% in the third trimester. There was a significant difference between scores of all FSFI domains with trimesters (p<0.05). Prevalence of sexual dysfunction is high during pregnancy and reaches higher levels in the third trimester. Pregnant women and their partners need counseling about physical and psychological changes in pregnancy.

Common cold is an important common upper respiratory tract viral infection which is a main cause for lost school days. Therefore everybody wants to prevent this disease, and there is not any chemoprophylaxis or immunoprophylaxis available at this time. Honey is a remedy which its healing effect on diseases is emphasized in holy Quran. The effect of honey on common cold signs and symptoms was considered in a study in Iran.. In this study, honey preventive effect on common cold is evaluated.. In this prospective cohort study 122 high school students were studied (63 boys and 59 girls). The students were divided into two groups (honey and control). In honey group 10 g of honey was given to the students daily for eight weeks, and in control group nothing was given to the students. Frequency of the common cold was reported by a physician who was blinded to the groups (double blindness). At the end the frequencies of common cold in both groups were compared.. The mean age of the studied students was 16.6 ± 0.5 years. The frequency of common cold in students treated with honey was lower than the frequency in control group, especially after six weeks.. Consumption of honey may help in prevention of common cold..

The need for education is the most basic of human needs، and this is more pronounced in the elderly patients. Evidence suggests that older patients are usually not given adequate training. The aim of this study was to investigate the barriers to the education of the elderly patients، hospitalized in the teaching hospitals of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences from the view points of nurses. In this cross-sectional study. a total of 50 nurses working in the surgical wards and 50 elderly patients، were selected. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaires and using descriptive statistics and independent t-tests، Pearson and Spearman were analyzed. The mean age of the elderly patients was 67. 12 ± 6. 53 and for nurses it was 29. 04 ± 3. 94، respectively. In the area of ​​patient-related barriers to learning، from the perspective of nurses، physical disadvantage of the older patients (64%)، and low literacy and illiteracy among older patients (70%) and in the area of ​​educational barriers shortage of the nursing staff was seen as a major barrier to the elderly patients'' education. Considering the association of the two perspectives on barriers to educating the elderly patients، improving the quality of training programs in the elderly patients require action by the board of directors. Also، adding to the nursing workforce، establishing specific duties for patient education and teaching communicative methods، especially with the older patients seem necessary.

Weight gain andfataccumoulationare one of risk factors which led topolycystic ovarysyndrome. The aim of thisstudy was to examinethe effect ofexercise intensityonsexual hormonechanges inratswithpolycysticovary syndrome. 40 femaleWistarratswere selected (180±20mg) every2to 3consecutiveestrouscyclesduring12 to14 days. Thefirsttwogroupsweredivided into control (n = 30)andpolycystic(n = 30)that became patient byestradiolvalerateinjectionafter60 days. Thepolycysticgroupswere dividedinto threegroups of observer(n = 30), experiment group1 (low-intensity exercise (n = 30)) andexperiment group2 (moderate intensity exercise (n = 30)). Exercises were performed6 sessions of60 minutesper weekfor8 weeks.The mice were anesthetized by injection of 5 ml of blood directly from the heart and the blood factor measured by Elisa, ANOVAandLSDsamples were usedfor normal distributionsandKruskal-Wallis testfor analysis ofdata thatwere notnormally distributed. Concentrations of FS.Hin experiment group1increasedsignificantlycompared to thecontrol groupand the observer group. Also free testosterone was significantly higher compared to observer group. FSH concentration ingroup2 was higher ascompared to thecontrol and observer groups, and changestoLH,estrogenandandrostenedion were notsignificantcompared tothecontrol group despite theirincreased. Rightand leftovarianweightingroup1 had ahigherfinalweightandtotal weights of laboratory animals in research were notsignificant. According to weight changes and sexual hormones (FSH and Androstenedion)exercise training especially with low intensity may improvesymptomsof polycystic ovary syndrome.

Bodybuilding exercise is one of the most popular sports among the youth. Body builders use anabolic agents to increase their muscle growth and improve their appearance but the adverse effects of these drugs are greater than their advantages. Therefore، there was an attempt in this study to evaluate the prevalence of anabolic drugs in body builders in Jahrom city to find out appropriate strategies to control the indiscriminate use of these drugs This cross-sectional study was conducted on 299 cases of gym athletes in Jahrom city in 2012. Random cluster sampling - was done. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews were performed using club officials. Prevalence and distribution of anabolic drugs as well as other variables such as the type of drug، prescription trends and individual sports in the samples under the study were examined. The results of the study showed that among 299 samples studied 154 (51. 5%) individuals used different types of anabolic drugs. 30 (10%) of them used testosterone، 23 (7. 7%) used Somatropin، 21 (7%) used Metadianabol، and 24 (8%) of the athletes were using more than three drugs. Due to the outbreaks، 51. 5 percent seen in the present study، and the terrible effects of anabolic drugs، there is a need to monitor the athletes more; moreover، increasing their knowledge about the risks of using such drugs is recommended

During recent years our country has witnessed youths who specifically tend to act like the opposite sex. It can challenge our social as well as ethical affairs. This study aimed at determining the relation between transvestitism and the level of sexual hormones in youths. This was a case-control and analytical study performed on 60 people (30 cases and 30 controls). The case group was selected by convenient sampling. The inclusion criteria comprised of undertaking acts which were at odds with the persons’ sexualities. The data gathering tool consisted of a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire content and face validities were confirmed by 10 university professors. The questionnaire reliability was then measured by Cronbach's alpha (r=0.81). Blood samples were taken from both groups. The difference between the mean hormonal levels and independent T was measured in SPSS 15.0. The mean estrogen level in males was 24.67 ± 0.40 pg/ml and the mean testosterone level means was 3.85 ± 0.42 mg/ml in females. No significant relationship was observed between hormonal levels and transvestitism (p=0.123). Due to the lack of significant hormonal differences between the two groups, it can be concluded that this phenomenon is rooted in a host of sociocultural factors which raise it as an ethical controversy in society.

There is a strong demand for high quality, cost effective clinical education experiences that facilitate the student's learning in the clinical setting. Clinical teaching is a challenging task and the instructors can use strategies to change the quality of clinical instruction. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the student's clinical skills. This is a cross-sectional study on nursing students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences who were selected through simple sampling. Data were collected through a valid and reliable questionnaire on effective strategies of clinical skills including five domains of environmental, psychosocial, students, teaching and-learning strategies, and psychosocial classified based on5 point Likret style. The highest percentage in different domains was calculated based on their importance. According to the results, the mean scores of environmental, psychosocial and teacher factors were higher than teaching-and learning strategies and student factors. There was a significant relationship between environmental factors and the student's clinical skills. (p=0.05) We recommend that effective factors in clinical skills should be considered in curriculum planning to enhance and facilitate the student's learning skills in the clinical wards.

One of the most important teaching and learning challenges in the 21 st century is how to train individuals to confront the complex and consistently changing society in the age of information. Extensive developments in science and technology along with the rapid discredit of data and findings requires a kind of education in which students are constantly learning and solving problems, and enjoy confronting changes. This study aims to comparatively assess the level of critical thinking in two groups of students; students who use distant education and students who learn traditionally This study is cross sectional study on two groups, each consisting of 40 final year computer course students, from the Azad Islamic University of Jahrom and the virtual teaching branch of Shiraz University. The collection tool in this study was Watson & Glaizer critical thinking test in two forms of 80 general questions which assesses the following 5 sections: hypothesis recognition, concluding skills, interpretation, explanation, and evaluation skills. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage, and analytic statistics such as t-test, two ways ANOVA & chi -square with the help of SPSS software. The results showed that most students in the traditional group were 21-22 years old and most of them were female and single. Most of the students had scores between 35-38 in the test. The mean difference assessment of data by t-test showed that score in virtual group is higher than the traditional group and the mean test score showed a significant relationship between scores in the critical thinking test and group teaching.Virtual students were stronger in recognition of pre-assumptions and evaluation and Azad University students were stronger in recognition of pre-assumptions and concluding. but the total score in virtual students was higher than traditional student (p<0.05). considering the critical thinking improvement in virtual teaching and its many advantages such as self esteem, self efficacy and independent learning, we suggest the use of virtual teaching beside traditional teaching, or the replacement of this teaching instead of theoretical courses in future.

Accompanied by the rapid development of computer multimedia and network technology, the internet based teaching and learning has developed and the traditional classrooms has changed to virtual network learning environments. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of two method of virtual and traditional methods on competency-based skills of first-year nursing students. In this quasi-experimental study 86 first-year baccalaureate nursing students from Jahrom Medical University that have begun their fundamental skills training were selected. This course concludes theory and practical skills. The students were divided into two equal groups. For the first group, traditional method and for the second group virtual methods of teaching were performed. The student's performance skills were evaluated by means of theory exam as well as OSCE test. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics by SPSS software. Results showed that there was significant difference between mean score of students in two method of teaching (P)

Children’s iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional problem; it plays an important role in reducing the child’s scientific and practical abilities. This study aims at reviewing the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in 1 to 6 year old children referring to the city health care centers in Jahrom.

This is a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study using the multistage sampling method, conducted on 380 children aged 1-6 years in Jahrom city. A checklist was used to collect demographic data, information on malnutrition, exposure to disease, hemoglobin, iron free and serum iron band in order to determine the frequency and prevalence of the problem.

Of the 380 children studied, 212 (55.8%) were male and the rest were girls. The mean age of the children was 33.7 months. 94 % of them weighed 3200 g at birth. Moreover, 46.3% of the children suffered from anemia and 18.7% were iron deficient. The whole 18.2% had iron deficiency anemia. 60 % of the patients with iron deficiency anemia were aged one year and 21.7% were two years old and no iron deficiency anemia was seen in 6 years of age (p=0/00). Although anemia was more common in girls than boys, no significant difference of iron deficiency anemia was found in both sexes (18.4 versus 17.9). 11.6% of the patients were under the 3rd percentile growth curve (P=0.031).

Since 60% of the patients with iron deficiency anemia were aged one to two years, so there is a need to start and continue iron supplementation in this age group.

Postnatal depression is a key concept for mother-infant mental health. Evidence of its impact on the mother and infant relationship has been increasingly reported in recent years. Therefore an optimal intervention is important for women and their babie's mental health. Identifying risk factors of postnatal depression and development of screening systems are required. Validation of EDPS was conducted on a sample of 230 women who were within their 8th week of postpartum. The structured diagnostic test was Beck Depression Inventory that was used as the gold standard test. The study of sensitivity specificity and predictive values yielded the following best sensitivity in this test = 64.58 specificity =76.5 positive predictive value = 62 negative predictive value =79/2 false positive rate = 34.1 true positive rate = 23.4 accuracy of test = 72.6. It was concluded that values for the validity were favorable but not excellent. The EPDS is useful as a screening tool among other clinical methods for assessing postnatal depression in Iranian women.

The metabolic and physiological responses of the body to physical activities under optimal nutrition have been recognized. However the effect of physical activities under fasting situations has rarely been studied. In the present study the effect of aerobic exercises on the fluctuation of some blood hormones of the fasting people was examined. Forty healthy non-athletic males were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent an aerobic program in Ramadan fasting with 70% heart rate reserve for three days in a week for the whole month. Thyroid hormones (TSHT4T3) and Insulin were measured in four stages: before after and in 15th and 29th days of Ramadan. The samples before and after Ramadan month were collected after 12 hours of fasting over night and the 15th and 29th Ramadan samples were collected before breaking the fast from the left brachial vein. The comparison between experimental and control groups showed that insulin and T3 level had not difference (p>0/05). Increase of TSH and decrease of T4 in the experimental group in the 29th of Ramadan month were significant compared to the control group. (p=0.036 & p=0.015 respectively). Aerobic exercises during fasting cause increasing TSH & T4. It seems that the thyroid and hypophysis gland secretions are influenced by exercise that can be due to the increase in active tissue metabolism and thyroid hormone role in the body adaptation mechanism to provide active tissue demands

Developments in science and technology together with rapid obsolescence in findings and previous information necessitates a type of education in which students are continuously engaged in learning and problem solving and enjoy interfacing changes. This study was aimed to assess critical thinking in students of virtual and traditional education. In this cross-sectional study, two groups including 40 senior computer students from Shiraz University (virtual education) and 40 ones from Islamic Azad University (traditional education) participated. Data was collected using Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test including 80 questions in five subscales including inference, recognition of assumptions, deduction, interpretation and evaluation of arguments. The mean score (± SD) of critical thinking which was 36.77(± 3.59) in virtual education happened to be higher than traditional education’s mean score which was 35.15(±6.94) while there was no significant difference. In all five subscales of critical thinking, the mean score of interpretation skill was significantly higher in virtual education (7.9) compared to 6.95 for traditional education (p=0.0001). Considering improvements of critical thinking in virtual education and according to its multiple advantages like adding to one’s self confidence, self esteem and independent learning, it is suggested to use this type of education alongside the traditional method or as a replacement for teaching theoretical lessons in university courses.

The prevalence of BPH among 5-10 year old men is about 50% and it reaches 90% in 80 year old ones. The use of the components of citrus fruits containing a group of ritamines (specially C), favonoid and atype of polysaccharides as pectin which are effective in treatment of hyperplasia, allergy and viral infection. This is a clinical-trial study conducted on two groups, each with 30 samples (patients drinking 60 ml sour orange Juice/daily and those administering 1 prozacin tablet daily as used in classical treatment). Convenient sampling was performed for selection of patients in both groups. From the patients referring to the specialty clinic in Jahrom. The data were collected through a checklist consisting of two part of demographic information and AUA which measles the severity of prostatic symptoms. SPSS software was used to analyzed data. Comparison of the AUA mean scores before and after having citrus fruit revealed that the difference was significant (before: 25.833±0.823, after: 2.833±0.248, p=0.000) However, the same comparison for the control group,s mean scores before and after taking the above mentioned tablet revealed a non-significant difference (before: 26.666±0.717, after: 26.666±0.723, p=1.000). comparison of AUA mean scores of the case and control groups revealed that the difference was statistically significant (case group: 2.833±0.248 and control group: 26.666±0.723, p=0.000) Considering the finding of this study, citrus fruit can be effective in reducing the symptoms of prostate hypertorophy.

Nursing is a job that is based on ethical and legal commitments. One of the most responsibilities of every nurse is to know the rules and regulations of his/her job. This cross – sectional descriptive study conducted to determine. the nursing personnel opinion about their professional rules and responsibilities in Jahrom hospitals. Data collected by a two part questionnaire. The first part was demographic data and the second part contained 50 questions that 40 questions were about professional rules and regulations (part one), 7 questions about nursing duties (part two) and 3 questions about commission of professional crimes (part 3). The samples entailed all of the nursing personnel in 2 hospitals (271). Finally 167 questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The percent of answering to each question is also determined. Result Findings showed that 60% of participants were from Ostad Motahari hospital (O.M.H.) and 40% were from Paymanieh hospital (P.H). Mean age of samples in (O.M.H) was 33.5 and in P.H was 29, also mean range of job time in O.M.H was 11.5 and in P.H was 7.5. 65.3% of personnel had B.S nursing degree and 23.4% were Aid nurses.The mean rank of questionnaire was 25. The mean rank of knowledge in 2 hospitals was 37.52, in O.M.H was 36.88 and in P.H was 38.48%. There was significant difference between the mean rank of knowledge in P.H (M=29.44 SD 3.14) and in O.M.H (M=28.03 SD 2.29) in part one (p=./000).Although there were not significant difference between the mean rank of knowledge and age, education, marriage, job time and type of responsibility. Assessing the answering to questions revealed that the knowledge of 135(80.8%) of personnel about taking oral consent and 95(56.9%) about the consent of a patient seeking help or nursing care over the phone,and 101(60.5%) about finding one of the parents and taking the consent before doing any relatively urgent treatment for their children was poor.Also 133(79.6%) didn’t know that damaging the patients is due to acting of commission of health care providers. 72(43.1%) said that if work problems occurred in their workplaces, they didn’t know to reffere to what Law-courts and 133(79.6%) said that if there had been some professional problems they didn’t support by their employers. The results showed that the mean rank of knowledge in three parts was higher than the mean rank of test but in part one the mean rank of knowledge in P.H was higher than O.M.H. May be the one reason is due to there are more B.S nursing graduates that work in P.H and passed the nursing ethics course. The knowledge of personnel about some important rules was poor. So the nurses must be educated about some professional rules and the course of nursing law must be added to nursing curriculum. Also by preparing notebooks and in service education, the knowledge of personnel must be increased.

Nursing is a stressful occupation.Stress has many effects on health and well beingof nurses. The experience of work related stress generally detracts from the quality of nurse working lives, increases minor psychiatric morbidity and may contribute to some forms of physical and social illness.The aim of this study was to determine physical, spiritual and social stress – related symptoms in health care providers working at hospitals of Jahrom.

This cross – sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the physical, spiritual and social stress – related symptoms in nurses and midwiferise. The sample consisted of 246 nurses, Midwifery, Technician and graduate diploma in nursing personnel. Data was collected by a two part questionnaire which assessed demographic data and had 55 questions about stress – related symptoms. Primary data analyzed by descriptive statistics and central parameters in the SPSS software.

Physical stress – related symptoms were 5.461(SD=±4.09), spiritual stress – related symptoms were(M=2.200,SD=±2.2) and social stress– related symptoms were 2.373(SD=±2.343).There were highest level of these symptoms in faculty who worked 4-6 shift per week. Also the highest level was in In this Reserchfaculty that worked in screen ward and then in surgiced, Medical, OR and OB wards. Also stress – related symptoms was highest in midwiferies than B.A nursing groups and graduate diploma in nursing. In married was higher than singles, in women higher than men and in 21-30 years old groups more than other groups. The most common findings of physical stress test were: sleep disorders(74%) and Exercise infrequently(67.8%).The most common results of spiritual stress test were: Have a morbid fear of death (44.5%) and having doubt about ability to succed (30.4%). The most common results of social stress test were: Don’t know or care about their neighbours(43%) and seldom take their family out (32.7%).

The results of this sutyde indicate that there are many types of stress- related symptoms in nurses. So appropriate interventions for recognition and applying measures to prevent, control and decrease stress. Using the methods of reducing stress improve the attitude of nurses to their jobs and decline in ill- health and a consequent decrease in rates of absenteeism and increase in quality of patien care.

Public health is one of the most Important factors that Development of each community Depend to it. and health education is very important because community health is depent to community cooperation. This research with aim of determine the effect of individual health teaching on knowledge and practice of student’s families was done. Determine the effect of teaching individual health on knowledge and practice of student’s families This research is a quasi experimental study containing case and control groups: the case group was contained of 80 student s’ parents and the control group was selected the same as the case group. The sampling method was convenient methods and Data gathering performed by questionnaire in two steps before and after students education Results & The data was analyzed by pair T-Test in both group that in case group was significant difference between before and after education (p