سمیه فدایی نژاد بهرامجردی

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the conservation of landscapes and cultural landscapes in particular have confronted numerous management challenges. The complexity and extension of the cultural landscape concept are considered to be one of the main reasons for the existing challenges. Within the past few decades, these challenges have been answered by the introduction of the “Landscape approach” in conservation and management. In many cases, particularly those cultures which are rooted deep in their literature, the landscape management approaches have not been implemented properly. In this regard, cultural landscape categorisation and classifications have been introduced in these geographical regions, however, the most appropriate methods for managing these landscapes have been neglected in serious discussions.In the geographical territory of Iran, three world heritage sites of Uramant cultural landscape, the Maymand cultural landscape, and the Bam cultural landscape have been inscribed in the World Heritage List over the past few years. In this paper, the authors will investigate the Maymand World Heritage cultural landscape, as the first case in planning a landscape management framework, to prepare the grounds to discuss the international landscape management frameworks proposed by four pioneer landscape conservation and management organisations. In this research, authors have revised the contemporary landscape management framework of the Maymand cultural landscape based on the introduced planning and management frameworks by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, the International :union: for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the European Landscape Convention by the Council of Europe, and the United States National Park Service (US-NPS). Furthermore, they have also referred to the existing contextual management and planning frameworks of the Maymand cultural landscape to propose their optimised landscape planning and management framework.

Regarding heritage resource values, the most significantissue has always been the way to evaluate these values,and researchers have been looking for comprehensiveinstructions to perform this stage of the conservationprocess to date. However, due to the dispersion of valueevaluation criteria, the wide range of heritage types, aswell as the subjectivity of the value issue, reaching a comprehensive method for this evaluation is challenging. Addressing the conservation of modern heritage as one of thenew heritage capacities, specifically in the field of heritage values, has not had a long history at the internationallevel, and there are few studies in this area. Although itis obvious that some kinds of the values in this type ofheritage would overlap the standard typologies of heritage value, addressing the specific values of this heritageis a topic that will expand the insights of experts regardingthe capacities of modern heritage. This study will answertwo questions: a) what are the main and sub-criteria of theconceptual framework for evaluating heritage values? b)What are the distinctive values of modern architecturaland urban heritage? This qualitative study has been doneusing logical reasoning technique; therefore, in the firststep, it will attempt to achieve a comprehensive and flexible conceptual framework for this process by examiningthe requirements for evaluating heritage values. The suggested framework has a Layered structure which in thefirst layer pursues the concept of heritage in a particulartime and place. In the second layer, the required criteriaare explained in order to determine the types and qualities of values. The four main determined criteria include;attributes of heritage properties, typology of values andtheir sub-criteria for quality assessment, Evaluation references or actors, those who involve directly or indirectlyin the process and methods or ways of heritage assessment. In the next step, the study will explain the typology of modern heritage values through library study inthree categories, i.e., historical documents, internationalconventions and theories in the field of modern heritage  conservation. History and events relating conservation ofmodern heritage have been discovered from 1980 to 2020.Moreover, theories of three types of theorists, including;heritage conservation theorists, modern architecture theorists, modern heritage conservation theorists from the late19 century until 2018, have been explored. Besides, theinternational documents relative to the issue have beenelaborated considering the type of value from 1990 until the last existing document in the area of modern heritage )Madrid-New Delhi, 2017). In fact, the determinedTypology is an updated version of the famous typologyby Veldpaus and Roders which was published in 2014.In this version which is prepared for Modern Heritage,except for the symbolic and evidential archaeologicalvalues, all types of values found in conventional Westerntypology overlap the modern heritage values. Moreover,values such as newness, flexibility, and cosmopolitanismwere specifically discovered as the special values of modern heritage. The discovered values can draw attention tothe modern heritage and can further improve its conservation programs.

Although reusing buildings has always been considered throughout the history of architecture, this concept was raised as one the most effective methods of conversation and achieving sustainable development since the 1960s. While preserving the cultural heritages, subsequently, the history and identity of the society, this approach provides a ground for meeting people's daily needs. Also, using this approach leads to preserving the buildings for the next generations while keeping them away from being abandoned and useless. Despite the numerous experiences in this regard, many adaptive reuse projects do not achieve the success desired by designers because the building capacity to accept the new function or the functional needs of its surrounding environment is not given enough attention. Therefore, the current paper sought to present a proper method for decision-making by considering the influential components in this process. This study applied a mixed approach, the logical reasoning strategy, and content analysis in the qualitative part, based on the library resources and relevant international conventions, re-reading and analyzing the influential factors and criteria in the adaptive reuse approach. Thus, it prioritized the influential criteria in the adaptive reuse process to assign the educational land use to the building using the experts' and specialists' opinions, the Multi-Criteria Decision Making method (MCDM), and Super Decision Software. In this regard, based on the survey of experts, three historical monuments, including Darolfunun School, Etehadieh Historical House, and Negarestan Museum Garden, were selected as the proposed options for the School of Conservation and Restoration to be assessed and ranked based on the stated criteria. Finally, after assessing the final scores and presenting the most appropriate building to meet the considered functional need, the weaknesses and strengths of the selected option were investigated in the reuse process. The current study attempted to study another way of the reuse approach by raising the proper space to assign to the considered function through which the feasibility and capacity assessment of several valuable historical and cultural monuments to assign the considered land use was done based on the extracted criteria. The significance of these criteria was also considered based on the required uses (educational use).

It's vital to recognize the industrial heritage as a part of the urban design process and the conservation of architectural heritage. This is not just about indicative factories, but include all the structures and elements that somehow relate to industrial activities. A place is a part of a culture that, over time has given certain meanings to that space. It is undeniable that, in the overall structure of the city, the conservation of industrial heritage is one of the most important aspects of preserving the cultural identity of that city, which can enhance the cultural identity of the community. Adaptive reuse is the most common and sustainable strategy for preserving and developing the industrial heritage, providing the platform for conservation of urban identity and enhancing a sense of place. This study investigates related documents and theories to the use of logical reasoning strategy and content analysis and analyze Tabriz Salambur Factory and Igualada Factory in Spain as case studies in comparative method. The findings of this study show that reusing of Igualada not only protecting the industrial value of construction but also keeping its heritage. Something that not accrued for Salambur factory as a result of not paying attention to inherit value of construction and adapt proper usage. Moreover, it causes fading out the role of this construction in the way of continuous urban heritage.

The historic cities have experienced serious changes in the last decades due to the accelerated city development. This matter raised the conflict between development and conservation. The “Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach”, as a new approach in Urban Conservation, considers the desirable level of development in the context of historic cities regarding different layers of the city to preserve and enhance its sustainability. This value-based approach in urban conservation, considers the role of society in developing the urban structure. The HUL approach as an Urban design and management perspective is based on natural, physical and sociologic features of the cities. The main purpose of the current study is recognition of the theoretical framework of the HUL approach emphasizing authenticity, integrity and significance of the place. Research method in this article is qualitative and the data has been collected through academic library research on related documents, recommendations, conventions and charters in addition to articles and books related to the subject. Based on the data analysis, the theoretical framework has been introduced. HUL approach focus on values which shape the significance of the city. Therefore in this approach, holistic analysis of the different layers of the city including tangible and intangible values are recognized. In other words, analysing the physical, social, economic and environmental aspects which have been gradually forming the city over the time are the vital and initial steps. HUL approach makes conservation as an effective tool in development, based on change management by recognition of values and enhancing the integrity of the urban context as a great solution to strike balance between development and conservation. Urban conservation by means of the HUL approach, is a response to continuity and urban dynamic. Through this perspective, the multiple determinants which are configuring the significance of the historic cities are considered in addition to respecting to the historic urban context. Therefore, the urban conservation not only acts as a motivator for urban development but also support the sustainable changes in the cities. The lack of integrated management plan considering different aspects of the historic cities in Iran add to the importance of this study and the necessity of its implementation.

In recent decades, following the changes in attitudes to cultural heritage and its values, approaches of the cultural places management also been changed. A values-based approach as a current most preferred approach to heritage conservation that often called “value-led”planning or “value led conservation management”. Since to distinguish it from more traditional conservation management approaches we must know some features of value based management. This approach adopted and advocated by major conservation authorities,both at the national and international level and by major research and educational institutions such as Getty conservation institute, and some other organization and institutes like English heritage, Unesco, Heritage Lottery Fund and etc.
Reviewing international documents and related theories indicates that the value-based approach is, in many ways, a response to the recognition of the increasing complexity of heritage. It evolved in various parts of the world, for instance in Canada and the USA, and became better known through the Burra Charter, first developed by ICOMOS Australia in 1979 and subsequently updated in 1999 and 2013.The Charter promoted the assessment of the significance of a place–based on the values attributed by all stakeholders (not only by the experts) and the use of a Statement of “Significance” – that has been used to mean the overall importance of a site, determined through an analysis o f the totality of the values attributed to it. Significance also reflects
The importance a place has with respect to one or several of its values, and in relation to other comparable sites and as a basis for developing conservation and management strategies. Also best practice for heritage conservation planning in Canada and British Columbia follows a value-based approach to the stewardship and management of historic places. This approach allows the community to clearly articulate why historic places matter, and ensures confidence that identified heritage values remain for present and future generations.
After a short time this concept was developed by the work on Conservation Plans by James Kerr (1982). He brought a systematic approach to developing conservation and management plans based on values and more importantly, on the cultural significance of a heritage place to society. In the context of a value-based approach, through the concepts of stakeholder groups and values, community is considered to be placed at the core of management, so sometimes the values of different groups become incompatible and can make serious conflicts, but heritage professionals have been looking for ways to bring forth the views of all stakeholders and to resolve the conflicts that inevitably arise. In this changed environment, decisions about heritage need to be negotiated and the search is for an approach that assures equity, avoiding those in which the values that prevail belong to the group with the most political power. In value based management heritage is not self evident,with intrinsic/inherent values, as in a material-based or traditional approach; it is people / stakeholder groups that ascribe (subjective) values to it and define heritage, and thus heritage is seen as an extrinsic and social process.Therefore, the main purpose of this approach is to maintain significance and promote the values which attributed to the place by all community groups. This management process uses heritage values to guide decision making about historic places. Heritage values are defined as the historic, aesthetic, spiritual, social, cultural, and scientific significance or importance of a place for past, present, or future generations. When beginning a value-based management system, it is best to have an understanding of the heritage values of the community as a whole before trying to understand the significance of individual places. The context study develops this big-picture understanding of why citizens care about the character and identity of the community, and how that has been shaped over time.
After presenting theoretical basics of value-based management in international levels, a section of essay is about Islamic culture and its perspective on cultural heritage management to clarify the common points of national and interinternational theoretical basis and extracting cultural heritage value priorities. The Holy Quran as the main reference of the Muslims and the pursuit of all values in the Islamic society can be a reliable source for examining the past position, cultural heritage and its values, the way of management and policy making in Islamic culture. In Islamic society, all personal and social relations and the rules governing it directly or indirectly originate from the concepts of the Quran and are in fact the best reference for obtaining social values; Since there is a strong relationship between the policies of heritage conservation management and social values in each society, the important rule of the Holy Quran cannot be denied in violation of social values in Islamic societies. That’s the truth that there are no direct and explicit references to cultural heritage, priority of values and their role in policy making and management in the holy Quran, but it can be deduced from some analyzes that Mahdi Hojjat (one of the great experts of Iranian cultural heritage has) given to Quranic verses in this regard that they can be used to provide a conceptual framework for research.
However the holy Quran as the encyclopedia and the origins of the Islamic community values has repeatedly emphasized on the cultural heritage and its values indirectly as with the perception of some of its verses we can prioritize the values attributed to cultural heritage into three main categories : 1- sociocultural values 2- historical-documentary values and 3- Instrumental values. After After classifying values they can applied in setting the policy framework based on Islamic social values system. The reality is that, management in the Islamic society should be based on the requirements of the local community and respect for them and this is exactly in line with the same international principles that nowadays emphasized by the formulation of management and conservation programs based on the partnership and needs of all stakeholders and the local community.
This paper seeks to develop a conceptual framework for value-based management through providing the whole process of management plan as a tool for value-based management. It can be achieved by reviewing international documents, operational guidelines of Institutions on the one hand, and the related theories and Islamic culture on the other, So based on research goals, the qualitative research methodology is chosen and with applying logical reasoning strategy as well as ‘content analysis’ and ‘logical inference. According to value-based management conceptual framework in this paper, significance that includes tangible and intangible values of the heritage, introduced as the core of proposed framework;to maintain the significance of place,three Steps should be considered: 1- Understanding the place 2- Developing policies and 3- Management. This process realized by participation of all conservationists, local communities and stakeholders. Finally, according to research studies and conceptual model, this article provides a general process for the management of cultural and historical places based on values-led approach.

The value as a semantic dimension and the product of the positive interaction between human and nature is considered as a key component in the process of conservation of cultural and natural heritage. Review and analysis of the evolution of the concept of the value of the single structure to contexts and beyond its cultural view reveal that as the scale of view changes from micro to macro and approaches to cultural view, intangible aspects find greater importance from one hand, and natural values are considered as an important part of the cultural view on the other hand. Uraman Takht is one of the cities of the Uraman in Iranian Kurdistan province. Cultural view of the Uraman Takht can be introduced as a small part of the Uraman cultural area. Local people in this mountainous climate have had very innovative interaction with their environment over time and this creative process has continued in several aspects so far. Investigating the transformation course of the values from tangible to intangible values. This paper tried to introduce a theoretical framework that includes tangible and intangible achievements of the human and all natural and cultural values from the cultural landscape