سهیل بازاری مقدم

Excessive use of synthetic drugs brings numerous disadvantages for the environment and health, so the need to formulate alternative strategies in the management of fish diseases in aquaculture increases. Studies show that both Allium sativum and Echinacea purpurea have antioxidant properties that can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in fish. So, this study was performed to evaluate the effects of two types of powdered extract Echinacea and garlic on antioxidant capacity of farmed beluga Huso huso during a two-month period.

A total of 210 fish with an average weight of 27.74 ± 0.26 g were randomly placed in twenty one 500-L fiberglass tanks, and fed with basal diet supplemented with powder extracts in seven treatments (with three replications) including control (without adding garlic and E. purpurea), treatment 1 = 250 mg/kg garlic, treatment 2 = 500 mg/kg garlic, treatment 3 = 1000 mg/kg garlic, treatment 4 = 250 mg/kg E. purpurea, treatment 5 = 500 mg/kg E. purpurea, treatment 6 = 1000 mg/kg E. purpurea for 8 weeks. At the end of experiment, the amount of catalase, GPX, SOD and MDA enzymes was measured in six fish per treatment.

The results showed that the amount of catalase, SOD and MDA in the blood serum in the treatments increased compared to the control. The catalase level in treatment 5 was significantly higher than in the other treatments, while the lowest in control and treatment 1. The SOD levels in treatments 2, 3, 5 and 6 were significantly higher than in the others, while the lowest amount in the control. The amount of MDA in treatments 3, 5 and 6 was significantly higher than in others, while the lowest in the control. The GPX levels in fish blood serum in treatments 6, 5 and 4 were significantly higher than in the others, while the lowest in treatments 1, 2 and 3.

The result showed that supplementation of 1000 mg/kg Echinacea purpurea powder extract is more effective in improving antioxidant capacity in reared beluga.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of using specific probiotics, separated from Acipenser stellatus, including Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus sakei (with equal proportions) on the growth and immune indices of this species. The fish had an average weight of 64.94±0.22 g. This study with 4 experimental treatments (each treatment with three replications) including 0 mg (treatment 1), 150 mg (treatment 2), 300 mg (treatment 3), and 450 mg (treatment 4) specific probiotics per kg of food were performed for 8 weeks. A total of 144 pieces of Acipenser stellatus were randomly introduced in 12 fiberglass tanks with a total volume of 500 liters and a dewatering volume of 300 liters. Physico-chemical parameters of water were also measured and recorded daily. The results of this research showed that by adding specific probiotics at different concentrations to the diet, there was no significant difference in final weight gain, specific growth (p>0.05), but the treatment of 300 mg of probiotic showed better performance in diet. The results of this study showed that by adding native and specific probiotics in different concentrations to the diet, a significant difference was observed in the feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). The highest values ​of lysozyme and ACH50 were significantly observed in the treatment of 300 mg of probiotic per kg of food compared to other treatments (p<0.05). According to these results, it can be acknowledged that the use of specific probiotics in the food used for this fish can be effective in improving growth indicators and preventing possible diseases.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) and iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) on histopathology of the liver in the beluga juvenile, Huso huso. A total of 135 beluga juveniles (with initial weight of 276.4 ± 32.3 g and initial length of 40.0 ± 2.0 cm) were randomly distributed in 27 fiberglass tanks at 9 different treatments with three replicates. Treatments included T1 (control, no added NPs); T2 (1 mg/kg Se-NPs); T3 (2 mg/kg Se-NPs); T4 (100 mg/kg Fe-NPs); T5 (100 mg/kg Fe-NPs + 1 mg/kg Se-NPs); T6 (100 mg/kg Fe-NPs +2 mg/kg Se-NPs); T7 (200 mg/kg Fe-NPs); T8 (200 mg/kg Fe-NPs +1 mg/kg Se-NPs); T9 (200 mg/kg Fe-NPs +2 mg/kg Se-NPs). Before starting the experiment, the fish were adapted to the rearing conditions for one week. The amount of feeding during the rearing period was 2-3% based on the weight and water temperature, and the fish were fed three times a day (8:00, 15:00 and 21:00) for 8 weeks. In order to find the histopathological changes, the livers of six fish from each group (two fish of each replicate) were sampled at the end of the experiment. Samples were dehydrated by routine methods and embedded in paraffin wax. They were sectioned by microtome and stained with H & E. Vacuolar degeneration, necrosis, inflammation, irregular hepatocytes and hemorrhage were the tissue lesions observed in the liver. Given that, T5 (100 mg/kg Fe-NPs + 1 mg/kg Se-NPs) had the lowest liver tissue damage, using 1 mg selenium nanoparticles with 100 mg iron nanoparticles in the diet of farmed beluga is recommended.

With the development of sturgeon farming in the country, we can expect the occurrence and increase of various infectious diseases in farms, and in this regard, the use of specific probiotics are important in promoting the health of these fish. In this research, which was conducted at the Iranian sturgeon research institute (Guilan-Rasht), a total of 500 pieces of Siberian sturgeon were randomly introduced in 12 fiberglass tubs with a total volume of 500 liters and a dewatering volume of 300 liters. The fish had an average weight of 84.08 ±3.12 g. This study with 3 experimental treatments (each treatment with three replications) including 150 mg (treatment 2), 300 mg (treatment 3) and 450 mg (treatment 4) specific probiotics per kg of food and a group The control (basal diet without probiotic bacteria) was performed for 10 weeks. The effect of adding two probiotic strains (Weissella confusa and Lactococcus lactis) isolated from the intestine of Siberian sturgeon on growth indices, Liver enzymes, Immune markers were determined. The results of this study showed that by adding native and specific probiotics in different concentrations to the diet, a significant difference was observed in the feed conversion ratio (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between daily growth, specific growth rate, body weight gain and obesity coefficient between treatments and the control group (p> 0.05). The highest and lowest values ​​of immunoglobulin M and lysozyme were observed with significant differences in treatments 1 and 2, respectively (p <0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that the optimal concentration of specific probiotics used in the diet of Siberian sturgeon to improve growth and safety indices is equivalent to 300 mg / kg of feed.

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of two types of powdered extract Echinacea purpurea and Allium sativum on growth indices and survival rate of Huso huso during a two-month period. For this purpose, 210 juvenile with an average weight of 27.74 ± 0.26 g were randomly placed in 21 half-ton fiberglass tanks in seven different treatments with three replications, including a control group and three experimental groups of different amounts of E. purpurea powder extract (T1, T2 and T3: 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg-1) and three experimental groups of different amounts of garlic powder extract (T4, T5 and T6: 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg-1). At the end of the experiment, a statistically significant difference was observed between the treatments in the mean final weight, mean final length, final biomass, final production, fish weight gain, mean daily growth, body weight gain increase, specific growth rate and daily growth rate (p<0.05). These indices in the treatments had an increasing trend compared to the control and in T6 (1000 mg of E. purpurea powder extract per kg of food) which was significantly higher than in the other treatments (p<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in this treatment was also decreased significantly compared to other treatments (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in levels of ALP and LDH enzymes between treatments and control group (p<0.05). The highest level of ALP enzyme was in control group and T6, while the lowest level was in T4 (250 mg of E. purpurea powder extract per kg of food) (p<0.05). The highest level of LDH enzyme was observed in the control group and T6, however, the levels of ALT and AST enzymes were not significantly different between treatments and control group (p>0.05). The results showed that addition of 1000 mg turmeric powder extract per kg of food is more effective in improving growth indices.

Today, use of medicinal plants is important for control of the disease-causing agents, including parasites, rather than chemicals. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and effective dose of Zataria multiflora hydroalcoholic extract in the fight against external protozoan parasite (Trichodina). For this purpose, after determination of the lethal concentrations (LC50) of this extract on Persian sturgeon, a study was conducted to determine the effective dose (EC50). In this study, the effects of Zataria multiflora extract on white blood cells were also investigated. The results of differential white blood cells count in studies of EC50 extracts showed statistically significant differences in the level of lymphocyte, neutrophil and eosionophil in different treatments (P>0.05). The effective concentration of Zataria multiflora hydroalcoholic extract on Trichodina sp. was determined in the concentration range of 200 to 600 mg/l and this effective dose was calculated as 437.6 mg/l for one hour of bath time. This dose was classified in the category of substances with low toxicity and substitution Suitable chemicals. Therefore, this extract is recommended to remove Trichodina parasite in sturgeon fish farms.

This study investigated Nutritional effects of Aloe vera extract on growth performance, survival rate and lactic acid bacterial of intestine in freshwater sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). This fish has the ability to hold in large aquarium environments. In this study a total of 360 numbers of Siberian sturgeon weighted average10.95 ± 0.04(g) randomly distributed in four treatments including a control group and three experimental groups (each with three replications) were used. So, Aloe Vera extract powder ratio of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were added to the food. After eight weeks of feeding in the fiberglass vans and physicochemical parameters of water daily registration, biometry carried out and necessary samples collected. In this study, growth indicators such as weight gain, initial body weight, condition factor, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate were calculated. Results showed that all growth parameters in the treatments compared to the control group showed statistically significant differences as a significant difference between the control group treated 1.5% extract were observed (P<0.05). Meanwhile, significant increase in the count of anaerobic bacteria (lactic acid bacteria) were observed compared to the control group (p<0.05). The result showed that Aloe vera extract can be effective in improving the growth performance of Siberian sturgeon.

Caspian Sea sturgeons, are the most valuable species due to the production of meat and caviar. Sturgeon cultures as like other fish rearing, the outbreak of all kinds of infectious diseases in the farms can be expected and in this regard, isolation, identification and consumption of the local probiotics can be very important in the health promotion and growth indices. For this purpose, sampling has been done from 38 fish, in addition to culturing and counting aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria (AFAB) on Triptic Soy Agar, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were also isolated and counted on MRS Agar. In Siberian sturgeon, the average number of LAB were 2.72±0.11 (Log CFU g-1) and the average of AFAB were 6.79±0.19 (Log CFU g-1). Through 16SrRNA gene sequencing, LAB including Weissella confusa, Lactococcus lactis, and L. garvieae were molecular identified in the Siberian sturgeon intestines. Complete laboratory and field studies for use of these bacteria as probiotics is required.

One of the ways to increase immunity and health level of fis hes is to apply diet supplements such as probiotics. This project carried out with the aim of Enterococcus species and its usage on feeding, also its effects on blood & immunity factors of sturgeon fingerlings in International Sturgeon Research Institute during 2010-2014. A total of 96 sturgeon fingerlings with mean weight of 9.24±0.14g and mean total length of 14.39±0.4cm and density of 8 pieces were stocked in 12 fiberglass vans with 500L volume having 1m height and diameter, the water supplied commonly by SephidRud River and well with aerator. The treatments were completely random (4 treatments, with 3 replications per treatment). In treatments one, two and three, the fingerlings consumed the diet supplemented with Enterococcus faecalis as 107, 108 and 109 CFU (in per gram diet), respectively. No, Enterococcus faecalis added to diet in control group. In an in vivo work the effect of Enterococcus faecalis as the supplementary diet was evaluated on growth performance of Persian sturgeon for a period of 60 days. Strong growth of all LAB were observed at 20˚C and 30˚C, as well as 4%, and 8% (w/v) NaCl. Use of diet supplemented with Enterococcus faecalis (JF831161) resulted in a significant improvement of lysozyme activity, IGM, hemoglobin, white and red blood cells, hemoglobin and neutrophils. These results showed that use of Enterococcus faecalis can act as a positive probiotic in Persian sturgeon feed via improvement of fish immunity and health.

Considering bad effects of applying antibiotics and disinfectants which leads to drug resistances in body of aquatic organisms, it is necessary to be replaced with herbal medicine plants that have natural origin.The study aims to examine the effect of the hydro alcoholic extracts Zataria multiflora and garlic (Allium sativum) on Aeromonas hydrophila. In this study after extraction of Allium sativum and Zataria multiflora extracts by percolation method the antimicrobial effects of this extracts were studied on Aeromonas hydrophila by in vitro method . In this study, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration  (MIC) of bacteria by the dilution method on Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) in culture tubes and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila by garlic (Allium sativum) and Zataria multiflora hydro alchoholic extracts on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) plates were determined. Based on the results MIC of bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila of ethanol extracts of Zataria multiflora and garlic, respectively, 0.25 and 1 mg/ml and MBC of ethanol extracts of Zataria multiflora and garlic respectively 0.5 and 2 mg/ml was determined and found Zataria multiflora extract has strong antibacterial effects of garlic extract.

Regarding the beneficial effects and benefits of the herb Aloe vera and its applicationin various industries such as pharmaceuticals and food industries, this study investigated the effects of Aloe vera extracton growth parameters and bacterial flora of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). In this study, a total of 360 numbers of Siberian sturgeon weighted average 10.95±0.04 (g) randomly distributed in four treatments including a control group and three experimental groups (each with three replications) were used. So, Aloe Vera extract powder ratio of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were added to the food. After eight weeks of feeding in the fiberglass vans and physicochemical parameters of water daily registration, biometry carried out and necessary samples collected. In this study, growth indicators such as weight gain, initial body weight, condition factor, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index and survival ratewere calculated. Results showed that all growth parameters (except hepatosomatic index) in the treatments compared to the control group showed statistically significant differences as a significant difference between the control group treated 1.5% extract were observed (p0.05). Meanwhile, totalcount of bacteriain intestine in the treatment and control groups did not show significant differences (p>0.05), but significant increase in the count of anaerobic bacteria (lactic acid bacteria) were observed compared to the control group (p

Today, the importance of using herbal drugs for campaigning against infectious and non infectious diseases is completely obvious and the need to replace them with chemical ones, particularly in the aquaculture industry, seems essential.This study was carried out to determine thelethal concentration (LC96h) of hydroalcoholic extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fingerlings. Fingerlings were 3.22±0.51g in weight. In order to study the effects of these extracts, 240 fingerlings were selected in seven treatments and one control group with three replications for each treatment. During the experiment, all water physicochemical parameters including the temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, electric conductivity and water hardness were measured. This experiment was carried out according to O.E.C.D method within 96h. In this regard, the linear regression equation was drawn using probit analysis, and then different values of lethal concentrations were estimated. In this survey, according to probit analysis, the LC10, LC50 and LC90 of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium sativum were recorded to be 909.91, 1279.97, 1800.52 mg/l, respectively. The results of microscopic histology of gill samples in different treatments revealed some damages such as hyperemia, hyperplasia, elongation of secondary lamellae, cell necrosis and adhesion of secondary lamellae.

This survey was done on 20 Persian sturgeon (Acipernser persicus) spawners caught in the southwest coasts of the Caspian Sea (Guilan Province) from April through June 2009 to identify the parasitical fauna and prevalence, intensity and dominance of these parasites. The specimens under study were measured and their biometric characteristics were recorded. Standard methods of sampling and parasitological examinations were used to identify parasites in organs (skin, gills, eyes, eggs, liver, gall bladder and digestive tract). In this study, any parasites didnt find in skin and eyes. Diclobothrium armatum Leuckart, 1835 was observed in gills. Four types of internal helminthes parasites were identified in A. persicus brood fish caught in each year that include, Cucullanus sphaerocephalus Rudolphi 1809, Skrjabinopsolus semiarmatus Molin 1858, Eubothrium acipenserinum Cholodkovsky 1918 and Leptorhynchoides plagicephalus Westrumb 1821. It is evident from the results obtained that Cucullanus sphaerocephalus, Skrjabinopsolus semiarmatus showed the highest dominance (83.28%) in the Persian sturgeon brood fish under study. The increase in these two parasite communities may be related to the occurrence of Nereids (polychaeta) and Oligochaeta. Results of Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that there is a direct and positive correlation between age and parasitic counts in A.persicus females and male.

A survey of parasitological infections of Acipenseridae fishes in the southern parts of the Caspian Sea were done from 2002 to 2004. Altogether, 338 brood stocks of Acipenser persicus were examined. In the laboratory, the weight and length of the fishes were measured and after dissection presence of different parasites in the fish was examined. According to the results of this study, during three years of examinations, six different parasites were detected.
These parasites were Cucullanus sphaerocephalus, Skrjabinopsolus semiarmatus, Eubothrium acipenseinum, Corynosoma strumosom, Leptorhynchoides plagicephalus, and Amphilina foliaceae. The prevalence and mean intensity of infection with Cusullanus sphaerocephalus and Skrjabinopolus semiarmattlm were the most.

In 2001, we studied 2600 sturgeon fingerlings including: 2242 Acipenser persicus, 150 Acipenser stellatus, 150 Acipenser nudiventris and 58 Huso huso from Shahid Beheshti and Yousefpour hatcheries for parasitic infection. We found three parasites including Diplostomum spathaceum, Trichodina sp. and Gyrodactylus sp infesting the fish. The prevalence and average intensity of Diplostomum spathaceum was 5.49% and 1.66 for Acipenser persicus, 0.66% and I for Acipenser stellatus and, 22.41% and 5.38, for Huso huso fingerlings respectively. No Diplostomum infection was observed in Acipenser nudiventris. The prevalence and average infection intensity of Trichodina sp. was 45.05% and 76.14 for Acipenser persicus, 44% and 51.36 for Acipenser stellatus, 36% and 63.51 for Acipenser nudiventris, and 32.76% and 34.73 for Huso huso fingerlings, respectively. Totally, the prevalence of Gyrodactylus sp. was 0.46% in the two hatcheries. The prevalence of infection with Gyrodactylus sp. was 0.36% in Acip.....