فهرست مطالب سید اسدالله حجازی

In recent decades, cities have provided the prelude to widespread urban growth and development as the most important human settlements, due to the increasing degree of urbanization and the increase in urban population, which is one of the most important aspects of global transformation. In recent decades, following the growing expansion of urbanization and urbanization, as well as the continuous increase in population, many cities in the country have faced significant physical development, which has left planners and city managers with the problem of determining the right axes. And the boundaries of future physical growth of cities have faced. Maku is one of the cities that experienced an annual growth of 3.7 percent between 1996 and 2016, with a population of 46,581. Given the forecast of the increase in the population of the city in the coming years, the identification of suitable land for its physical development is an inevitable necessity. Several factors, including geomorphological features, climatic conditions, geological features, are effective in choosing the location of cities. The study evaluated the role of geomorphology as one of the factors influencing the location and physical development of the city of Maku.

The research method is of a descriptive-analytical type with a functional purpose. In this study, raw data was collected through documented and field studies. This study examines the geomorphological factors influencing the physical-physical development of the city of Maku. To evaluate the optimal development of urban land, the components of lithology, soil, slope, distance from the river, direction of slope, height, land use, distance from fault and Road in the area of the surrounding city of Maku were used. To analyze data and select the optimal location, a combination of two phase - electro and Shannon entropy models has been used. To prepare the ground fit layer, the layers in question are standardized and phased in the ArcGis environment using the Phase model and by the calculator instrument and in the form of a raster in the form of a value of zero to one. Finally, the coating of layers using phase logic (gamma) to optimize the development of the city of Maku was determined, and then the development path of the city of Maku was classified into five groups: completely appropriate, relatively appropriate, appropriate, inappropriate and very inappropriate.

After determining the effective criteria in locating and detecting the weight of the criteria, the information layers should be combined with the appropriate method. The composition of the map is obtained by overlapping weighted maps. Merging and combining different spatial layers from different sources together is the main goal of GIS projects and its unique feature, so that the interactions are described and analyzed with the help of predictive models to support decision-makers. The final map of the development potential of the city of Maku was prepared by combining different layers of information and classified according to the Likert scale. In this classification, land was considered suitable for urban development in 5 groups of lands with very low, low, medium, high and very high development potential. According to the above map, most of the city's immediate land is located in the eastern and western parts of the city for Urban Development. The southern and northern lands of the kalbdi District of Maku are also small or very small for the future development of the city. The proximity to the epicenter of earthquakes, the short distance from the river and the location of the flood path are the main reasons for the inadequacy of the above land for the physical development of the city of Maku. The lands located east and West at the entrance of the city from the shout and merchant side are the only immediate areas of the city that are very suitable for the future development of the city.

Among the seven geomorphological factors studied, the two factors "altitude" and "lithology" are the highest coefficients of importance, and the factors "slope direction" and "distance from the river" are also the least important. The results of comparative analysis of the eight geographical directions in terms of geomorphological factors also show that in terms of the litholysis factor, the east, west and northwest directions are more desirable compared to other options. In terms of the elevation factor, the Northeast and East Directions are more suitable, and in terms of the distance factor, the West and northwest directions are more preferred. Comparing options in terms of soil factor also indicates a greater favorability of the Northeast and northwest directions. Distance from the river was another component that, based on the analyses, the East and Southeast directions, identified more favorable areas for urban development in terms of this component; and finally, in terms of the slope direction criterion, the lands located in the southeast of the City face greater desirability. After determining the coefficient of importance of the criteria and the relative score of the options in terms of each of the factors studied the coefficients of importance of the criteria and the relative weight of the options were calculated within the framework of the method of the process of hierarchical analysis of the integration and score of each of the eight geographical directions as follows the East was calculated with a gradient of 5 West 5 southwest 1 northeast 2 North 0 south 0 Southeast 4 Northwest 0 thus in terms of geomorphological factors the study word in the ین research orientations east west and the southeast is proposed as a priority for the future development of the city of Maku.

Given Iran's ongoing role in the Middle East and the constant threat of external threats, it is imperative that I must take action on the critical and important steps for my country Of the measures that can prevent the occurrence of malignancies Choosing the right place the activity in which the ability of a particular region, the existence of appropriate and sufficient land and its consistency with other urban and rural land uses is analyzed to select suitable locations the desired application. locationsting critical and sensitive centers using geomorphological parameters, this research has used questionnaire design through survey studies and interviews with geomorphological experts about factors affecting the selection of critical centers. Then ratings based on the weights of criteria for each factor were identified. Finally, data layers of the region such as slope map, slope direction, elevation, line maps, distance from urban and rural centers, Distance from the river, fault maps, geological maps(1:100000) Climatic Parameters , Aerial photo with scale(1/55000) , Landsat satellite imagery ETM, TM, MMS and Google Earth are used to identify the landforms point addresses have been collected and converted into rasters and multiplied by the weights of the criteria, the suitable locations have been chosenthe research tools are surveyed topographic maps, geology and satellite and aerial images of the area as well as interviews with experts identifying the effective factors in locating critical and important centers with emphasis on passive defense And after identifying them using ANP DAMATE to compare the criteria has been analyzed.

In order to better manage natural ecosystems, man-made, long-term planning can help environmental planners and natural resource managers make more informed decisions. The purpose of this study is to identify the key factors affecting land use change in Fandolo forest area with a future research approach. At the beginning of the study, 19 factors affecting forest use changes in various economic, social, physical, natural and political dimensions were approved by experts. Dimensions 19 * 19 were designed and provided to experts for weighting from numbers 3 to 0, which were three high and zero effects without impact and weighting.The effect of variables was directly and indirectly analyzed in MICMAC software. Finally, eight effective factors in changing the forest use of Fandolo region were identified. Among the key factors of tourist factor, land use, distance from village and population, logging, vegetation, motivation to change from agricultural to residential and height are the most important key factors in the future of the regional system.

Quantitative evaluation is one of the most valuable geodiversity events accounted for a  crucial step in any geoconservative strategy and in establishing priorities in site management. Mirabad Protected Area in West Azerbaijan Province is one of the four regions of the Environmental Protection Organization which has been studied and evaluated in this research. In this study, the identification and evaluation of Geosites in Mirabad Protected Area was done by comparing the Comenesco method with the Serrano and Gonzalez-Truba methods. In the Comenescu method, using five criteria, i.e., scientific value, aesthetic value, cultural value, economic value, and management value, and in the Serrano and Gonzalez-Truba method, using three intrinsic and scientific values, cultural value, and user value and management value, the value of each selected Geosites in the region was calculated. The results of this research show that Kharpap waterfall Geosite is ranked 1st with 9 points (out of a total of 20 points) in the Camenseco method and the lowest point related to the Biluke triangular surfaces with a total of 6.6 points, Perdanan recreation in the Serano method ranked first with a score of 6.6. 13.6 (out of 30 points). Also, the triangular surfaces of Biluke with the lowest score (10 points) ranked 5th. since the results of these two models are very close compared to each other, so they can be used as a basis for development and management. By using management and planning and global standards and integration, it is feasible to provide effective economic and tourism value for the development of Mirabad Protected Area.

Evaluating the flood potential of different watersheds is one of the important measures in the field of reducing damages caused by floods. As one of the flood-prone basins of Gilan province, the River catchment has always caused a lot of damage to the residents of the region in recent years. Therefore, due to the lack of studies in this basin, the current research has attempted to zonate the risk of flooding, and for this purpose, the AWBM model and the Fuzzy-ANP method have been used. , 2014, 2017 and the end of 2018 are estimated to increase and equal to the floods of 1990, 1993, 199, and 1997. In the spatial zoning of flood risk, 10 effective factors incluincludingecipitation, temperature, distance from the river, slope, slope direction, height, land use, vegetation, geolo   and soil were used. In the analysis of the results, it is estimated that the highest risk of flooding is in the southern areas and the outlet of the basin to the Caspian Sea, and the settlement in the river, lack of attention to watershed management, destruction of forests and pastures, and land use change are among the most important factors affecting this issue. In total, 90.3% of the area of the basin has the highest risk of flooding from a geographical point of view.

eotourism (land tourism) consists of two words land and tourism and refers to tourism that has geological, morphological and cultural attractions. The correct and optimal use of these attractions in different areas requires knowledge of different aspects. In this article, by comparing the two methods of Pralong and Pereira, the geotourism capabilities of some geomorphosites in Esko city have been investigated. The results of this research showed that both methods evaluate various aspects of geomorphosite capabilities. And productivity prevails. In the Perira method, the geomorphological and management quality has been evaluated, and in the Pralong method, the tourism quality and productivity quality have been evaluated. In the Perira method, among the 6 selected geomorph sites in the study area, the Kandavan geosite has the highest score (14.95) and Qalgheh Aq has the highest score. Gombad got the lowest score (10/60). Kandavan has the highest score in management grade and geomorphological grade. The main reason for the low score of some landforms according to the Perpera method is the lack of suitable infrastructure and the lack of equipment and support services and their lack of proper access. And according to the results of the Prolong method, the Kandavan landform has a score of (0.57) in tourism quality and a score of (0.75) in productivity quality and is known as the most important geosite of the city. And Googli Lake and Agh Gonbad Castle have the lowest tourism quality and productivity quality. In general, based on the two methods of Pereira and Pralong, which, in addition to the differences in terms of indicators, have commonalities, the geomorphosites with the highest score are more suitable for investment and planning for tourism, and geosites with low scores should be given more attention.

Aland Chai basin which is located in Khoy County and North West of Iran is one of the high erodibility susceptibility basins due to its unique topographic location and receiving appropriate rainfall throughout the year, especially in spring. The primary purpose of the present study is to investigate and analyze the role of hydrogeomorphic indicators in the sensitivity to erodibility of the sub-basins of the Aland Chai basin located in Khoy County. For this purpose, 12 hydrogeomorphic parameters including Drainage density, Stream frequency, Bifurcation ratio, Drainage texture, Texture ratio, Infiltration Number, Compactness coefficient, Elongation ratio, Circulatory ratio, Form factor, Relief, and Gradient have been used. Study Area Aland Chai basin with an area of 1147.30 km2 is located in the Northwest of Iran and the Western Azerbaijan province. This basin is located between 38°- 30¢-14² and 38°- 48¢-22² N and between 44°- 15¢- 13² and 45°- 01¢-02² E. Basin elevation variations are from 1093m in the Aland Chai River bed to 3638m above sea level in the Avrin Mountain. This basin is one of the sub-basins of the Aras River basin, which surface water flows into the Aras River after joining the grand Qotour River.

In the current study, a geomorphometric ranking method was used considering two groups of hydrogeomorphic parameters to rank the parameters. The first groups are the parameters that have a direct relationship with the erodibility of the sub-basins. These parameters include Drainage density, Stream frequency, Bifurcation ratio, Drainage texture, Infiltration number, Relief, and Gradient. The second group includes 4 parameters of Compactness coefficient, Elongation ratio, Circulatory ratio, and Form factor, which have an inverse relationship with erodibility sensitivity. Next, in order to standardize the geomorphometric rating of each of the parameters, equation 1 is used for the first group and equation 2 for the second group. Equation 1) .Equation 2)

Hydrogeomorphic analysis of basins plays an important role in analyzing the hydrological behavior of basin. In this study, 12 hydrogeomorphic parameters were analyzed from three aspects of drainage network characteristics, shape parameters, and relief characteristics of the basin in order to investigate the role of these parameters in the sensitivity of the Aland Chai basin to erosion. In the next step, the information of each sub-basin based on 22 hydrogeomorphic parameters were prepared using the geomorphological laws of Horton, Schumm, and Strahler in ArcGIS software. In the following, the final map prioritizing the sub-basins in terms of sensitivity to erosion in 5 classes of very high (<43), high (39-42), medium (33-38), low (30-33) and very low (>30) sensitivity was prepared.

The results of erosion susceptibility of sub-basins using hydrogeomorphic parameters also showed that 5 sub-basins (sub-basins 1, 2, 3, 4, and 11) have high susceptibility. Land use changes were investigated in the Aland Chai basin between 1985 and 2020. To prepare a land use map, Landsat time-series images and supervised classification method with Maximum Likelihood Algorithm in ENVI software were used. The results of this part of the study showed that the area of ​​the Rangeland had a decreasing trend between 1985 and 2020. In contrast, with the physical development of Khoy and Firouraq cities during the statistical period under study, we are witnessing an increasing trend in the area of ​​built-up areas. Agricultural and garden classes have also increased in 2000, 2010, and 2020 compared to 1985, but the largest increase in agricultural land and garden area is related to 2000. From 2000 with the physical development of Khoy city (development of settlements and facilities) and the expansion of surrounding villages and the integration of some villages with Khoy city (such as Badal Abad village) and the conversion of agricultural lands into urban areas, we see a downward trend in agricultural lands and gardens. The study of the relationship between land use changes in each sub-basin and their erodibility showed that in the sub-basins upstream of Aland Chai basin, land use change (an increase of agricultural lands) or inappropriate and excessive use of area capacity, it is effective in intensifying erodibility of sub-basins.

Dashkasan is one of the historical villages of East Azarbaijan province, located in Shiramin village, part of the suburbs of Azarshahr, located south of Tabriz, the west of Sahand volcano. In this paper, to investigate the increase in instability in the Azarshahr Dashkasan mineral region, tectonic studies were conducted. Based on field observations, the normal Dashkasan fault has led to a displacement of 10 cm folding units at a height of 1373 meters above sea level. Therefore, the activation of tectonics is quite evident in terms of field observations. Adaptating the results with the remote sensing map of the studied area, it was determined that the most displacement, and by which stone was fractured, occurred along the normal sub-faults in the northwest-southeast part. Considering that shear joints are also developed in the northwest, mines should also have abundant fractures in the central and southern parts of the Dashkasan region, so extracting and exploring this range is not correct. In addition to the railroad, the tunnel and part of the main road are at risk of the normal active fault zone and slope instability. The density of mineral activities in Dashkasan region is very high and necessary where the slope of the range is very steep, especially in mineral areas and abundant fractures that are adjacent to engineering projects such as tunnels and railway lines. There must be necessary measures for slope stabilization. Therefore, the activity of mining and exploration in the environment should not put people at risk.

Geotourism is a sort of tourism based on nature in terms of landscape and landforms, which focuses the sustainable use of geosites, including geomorphosites. Geological and geomorphological landforms which receive scientific, aesthetic, cultural and economic value from the human perspective, considered as geosites. The development of geotourism on geomorphosites could be conducted after the evaluation of geomorphosites in a tourist environment. In this paper, Bukan city has been studied and evaluated to determine the potential and identify geosites for the development of geotourism. To this aim, a qualitative method has been applied to identify geosites and the Comanesco model has been used for quantitative assessment of geosites. The results of the research indicate that the area of Bukan city has a high potential for the development of geotourism in all dimensions. Among the 12 selected geosites, Bukan dam with a score of 70 out of 100 has the highest quantitative value, and the coastal park with a score and value of 69 has a high potential for more attention in planning now. In addition, the medium to high value and the potential of the geosites of Kiwerash, Simine River, Qalaichi hill and Sotaw Hamamian plain can attract the highest rate of geotourism and tourism industry. Finally, it is concluded that with proper exploitation, creation of facilities and development of welfare infrastructure in the geotourist areas of Bukan city, a codified plan will be formed, and detailed planning and the use of geographic and environmental science experts to achieve this goal is the basis.

Changes in erosion and sedimentation of the basin are one of the most important factors that affect different parts of human life and natural life. it is very necessary to receive these changes quantitatively, which mainly take place under temperature fluctuations and climate changes in different regions, in order to be more prepared to deal with its negative consequences. In this research, erosion and sedimentation changes in Hajiler watershed were investigated and predicted using GeoWEPP and SWAT models. Based on this, first, by using the data of the current situation of the Ahar synoptic station and using the SDSM model, the changes of the statistical period2020-2040 in three scenarios RCP2.6-RCP4.5-RCP8.5 were investigated, then simulation and prediction of erosion changes was carried out. and sedimentation was done under the influence of climate change by using popular models. The output of the SDSM model indicates an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall for the basin until 2040.And the analysis of the simulation results of the sedimentation rate of the models showed that in the studied basin, the GeoWEPP with the selection of the domain method has a suitable level in estimating the sedimentation rate compared to observational statistics. The final model was chosen to predict the amount of sediment in the mentioned period of the basin. Using the downscaled results of the atmospheric general circulation model, the sediment changes in the statistical period of 2020-2040 under the above mentioned three scenarios were estimated as -1.97, 4.45, and 2.98, respectively.

Floods and their consequences, with the intensification of human exploitation of nature in the early twentieth century, have had negative effects on vital ecosystems. Also, adverse effects of erosion, while destroying the harvest site, lead to reduced production capacity and degradation of physical and chemical properties of soil in lands. To manage this phenomenon, the factors of production and flood must be identified and then areas with high potential in flood production must be identified to enable the possibility of executive and corrective operations at smaller and risky levels. The level of flood areas in the country is estimated at 91 million hectares, of which about 42 million hectares have moderate to very high flood intensity. Therefore, knowing the flood situation of the regions is a necessity to prepare strategic plans for sustainable management of basins. The purpose of this study is to estimate flood potential and determine the priority of flood areas by physical factors to combat erosion in Hajilar watershed by using a combination of data and information based on the CN-SCS method and also to determine critical flood areas.

In this study, in order to investigate the potential and zoning of flood risk in the basin, at first, by studying and examining the foundations and theoretical background of the subject, the physical factors affecting the occurrence of floods were identified.Then, the required information was collected and layers of each of the proposed factors were prepared in Arc GIS 10.7 software and Arc-Hydro and Arc CN-Runoff extensions. In this regard, the information layers of the waterway network, level lines, and elevation classes were prepared using a digital elevation model with a scale of 1: 120,000. Lithological information layers were obtained using the geological maps of Siah Rud, Tabriz, belonging to the Geological Survey of Iran. The precipitation map of the basin was prepared using data from meteorological stations within the study area and also adjacent stations using IDW interpolation method. Land use layers of the area were obtained using the area land use map and monitoring using Sentinel 2 satellite imagery. The soil map of the region has been prepared using studies of natural resources of Arasbaran basin prepared by the Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization of the country and controlled with lithological conditions and other environmental factors. Vegetation of the area was prepared through NDVI index. Then, by extracting the number of curves (CN) and the amount of penetration (S), the layers were combined and the runoff height of the basin was estimated by the runoff curve number (CN-SCS) method, the units were classified by SPSS software and the priority of areas in terms of floods in the basin was determined. In order to determine the peak discharge of flood through the obtained data, first based on the proposed Schwab relation, the water accumulation time of all sub-basins was prepared separately and, finally, the maximum peak discharge obtained from this runoff was obtained.

The results of the SCS-CN model which was intended to determine areas with different flood potential in the basin and compare it with environmental factors such as slope, lithology, land use, rainfall, etc in the basin indicate that this model is highly capable of estimating the flood potential in different areas of the basin. Results of changes in the number of curves based on effective environmental factors were also presented in Table 1.The potential for runoff production was high in high altitudes with poor pasture landuse or dryland agriculture with poor permeability soil, as well as in residential areas where the city surface consists of impermeable or low permeability surfaces.Also, there was a high flood potential in the  dense and medium pastures with hydrological group B. Irrigated and rainfed agriculture with hydrological group A has the lowest runoff potential and thus has the lowest amount of flooding in the basin.By obtaining the runoff height in different parts of the basin and determining the levels of changes in the values through quartering, it was found that mainly the central and lower parts of the basin are in the first priorities in terms of flood potential. Poor coverage, low permeability, and low rainfall in this area are some of the factors that increase flood potential. The southern and central regions are areas marked by low sensitivity to flooding. By prioritizing areas in terms of floods and mapping them, the results can be used in watershed management operations at the level of high-sensitivity units to reduce erosion and damage. Taking into account the values of runoff height relative to the sub-basins and water accumulation time obtained based on the Schwab estimation method, the results showed that the flood volume and maximum peak discharge in the basins have a good relationship with each other and the highest maximum peak discharge is related to H33 and H18 sub-basins with volumes of 51.44 and 48.67 and the lowest is related to H12 and H29 sub-basins with volumes of 3.77 and 3.86 m3/s.

Floods are among the most important environmental hazards that cause human and financial losses every year. In the meantime, using the SCS-CN experimental model, as a method for estimating floods in basins with different environmental conditions, and the inter-environmental approach in it can be a useful solution in watershed management studies. Considering that human intervention has caused an increase in floods in all areas, providing methods for accurate flood estimation is one of the basic needs of the relevant responsible organizations. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to determine the priority of areas in terms of flood potential and the results showed that 9% and 51% of the basin areas are in the very dangerous and high-risk flood categories, respectively. According to the final map obtained, Areas with very high risk and high risk are mainly located in residential areas and in the lower areas of the basin, which are the first priority in programs related to water resources, especially flood control and watershed management in the upstream units. Also, according to the results, areas with medium risk potential occupy 23% of the area and 17% of the area has low risk potential. The results of the study confirmed the high potential of the studied area in terms of flood risk, so lands with very high and high risk are lands that should be protected and appropriate watershed management measures must be conducted to control the speed of floods and reduce soil erosion.

Preparation and risk reduction in natural disaster management requires geological information. In this regard, it is necessary to assess the landslide probability for a region that is landslide susceptible due to its geographical situation and construction projects. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the potential for landslides in a region that is landslide susceptible due to its geographic location and construction projects. Due to the growing use of multi criteria decision making in zoning and landslide probability, the present study used fuzzy models in combination with GIS. Fuzzy membership maps were produced In order to evaluate landslide probability, and GIS tools and convergence statistical analysis were used to evaluate the importance of each landslide and produce landslide hazard zoning maps. Results indicate that Matching Gamma maps regions with high landslide risk were 2461 hectares which require soil conservation and watershed management studies.

Flood is a disaster which causes a lot of economic damages to farmlands, forests, gas and power transmission lines, roads, engineering structures, and buildings. There are numerous floods in the northwest of country at the beginning of spring and the start of spring rains, which in most cases results in heavy damage [4]. The aim of the present study was to prepare a map of spatial variations in flood risk susceptibility in the Aland Chai basin located in West Azerbaijan province and Khoy city. To achieve this aim, 13 effective parameters in the occurrence of this phenomenon have been used. These parameters include lithology, soil hydrological groups, NDVI, land use, slope, aspect, elevation, distance to river, river density, precipitation, topographic wetness index, stream power index, and sediment transport index.Study areaAland Chai basin is located between 38°- 30¢-14² and 38°- 48¢-22² N and between 44°- 15¢- 13² and 45°- 01¢-02² E in the Northwest of Iran and the Western Azerbaijan province. This basin is one of the sub-basins of the Aras River basin to which surface water flows after joining the grand Qotour River. Basin elevation variations are from 1093m in the Aland Chai River bed to 3638m above sea level in the Avrin Mountain [4].

The following data, software, and methods were used to analysis flood risk susceptibility and prepare flood risk maps in the study area:- A frame of Landsat 8 satellite image OLI scanner with path of 169 and row of 33, in 30m spatial resolution- Geological maps in 1:100000 and 1:250000 scale from Khoy and Dizaj- Topographic map in 1:50000 scale from Khoy city- Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in 12.5m spatial resolution- ArcGIS software to generate maps- ENVI software for land use mapping- WEKA software to data miningThe new ensemble model of FURIA-GA-AdaBoost have been used to investigate the role of parameters in the occurrence of floods. FURIA is a fuzzy rule-based classification method, an extension of the Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction (RIPPER) rule learner (Cohen, 1995), introduced by Hühn and Hüllermeier (2009) [1, 3]. AdaBoost is a machine learning algorithm introduced by Freund and Schapire in 1997 [2].

To implementation the FURIA-GA algorithm, the following characteristics were obtained after trial and error. For the GA, crossover probability was set to 0.2, mutation probability was set to 0.035, population size at 250, and the number of generations set to 50. For the FURIA evaluator, a 10-fold cross-validation technique with T-Norm product as a fuzzy aggregation operator was trained to combine rule antecedents. The results showed that the FURIA-GA classification with 86.45% was very accurate. The following settings are used to run the AdaBoost algorithm: batchsize, 100; number of iterations, 12; seed, 1. Decision tree C4.5 was also selected as the base classifier. WEKA software was used to perform these algorithms.

The present study was an attempt to investigate the susceptibility of flood risk in the Aland chai basin. Therefore, 13 effective parameters in flood occurrence were used to prepare a flood risk susceptibility map. ArcGIS and ENVI software were used to prepare each of the information layers. In order to perform the relevant analyzes on each of the parameters, the new ensemble model FURIA-GA-AdaBoost in WEKA software was used. The results of these studies showed that slope, soil hydrological groups, altitude, vegetation, and land use have an important role in the occurrence of floods in the area. Flood risk susceptibility map was prepared in 5 classes of very low, low, medium, high, and very high susceptibility. The results showed that the areas that are highly susceptible in terms of flood risk are mainly concentrated downstream of the basin, which includes flat and low areas. Generally, 26% of the total area of the Aland Chai basin is located in high and very high risk for floods.

The history of wars has shown that geomorphology from the largest to the smallest territorial scale at the strategic to tactical level has an effective approach to territorial defense. Environmental factors, such as geomorphology, essentially create the pattern by which military forces must think, plan, and decide to select and implement the best strategy. This study aims to assess the military geomorphology of Jask region and its effect on the territorial defense zoning. In this regard, 15 effective factors were examined and analyzed. To achieve the objectives of the research, 17 questionnaires to use the viewpoints of the defense and geomorphology experts were developed. Super Decision software was used to measure the factors and form the super matrices; and ARC GIS software and FANP model were used to draw the layers and their fuzzy. To prepare the defense geomorphology zoning map, the zoning of the region in 5 defense zones was defined from very unsuitable to very suitable. The results showed that suitable and very suitable areas are the east of Mount Mubarak in west of region to Lirdaf and Bihi in the east; suitable and very suitable zones are along the heights and mountainous areas singularly and separately; and very unsuitable, unsuitable and relatively unsuitable areas are along floodplains, smooth areas and surfaces with rocky outcrops that has no vegetation that leads to vulnerability and increase enemy surveillance.

Subsidence is a morphological phenomenon that occurs under the influence of land subsidence motion. The cause of this phenomenon may be due to human and natural factors. The phenomenon of subsidence in recent decades has created many problems for agricultural lands, residential areas, roads and water supply canals in some parts of the country. In recent years, the decrease in rainfall and the increase in uncontrolled groundwater harvesting by exploitation wells have caused a large drop in groundwater level, which has resulted in subsidence and cracks and fissures in parts of the Harris plain. In this research, in order to determine the affected area and finally estimate the amount of subsidence, the radar interferometer method has been used. The advantages of this method include very high accuracy, wide coverage, high spatial resolution and no need for field work, cost-effectiveness and the possibility of accessing information in any weather conditions. ENVISAT and Sentinel radar satellite images were used for this purpose. Also, two Goldstein and Adaptive filters were used to evaluate the obtained results. Also, to validate the research, the relationship between subsidence and the depth of wells in the region was studied, which showed a positive correlation of 87%; this indicates that the depth of wells is also deeper in the areas where subsidence has occurred.

Software of SARscape5. 2 and SNAP6. 0 used in this research are among the powerful tools for monitoring subsidence. The radar interference method by comparing the phases of two radar images taken from an area in two different times is able to determine changes in the earth's surface in that time period.  The phase obtained from a complication on the ground is proportional to its distance from the radar sensor. Therefore, changing this distance affects the measured phase. An image called an interferogram is created using a radar interferometry technique. To eliminate the topographic effect, the digital elevation model SRTM has been used with a spatial resolution of 90 meters. Orbital errors were modeled by a procedure that have no displacement. Atmospheric error can be adjusted with the help of atmospheric information and atmospheric model. Interferometry is produced by the complex multiplication of one SAR image in the mixed conjugate of the second image. The resulting differential interferometer contains some noise. The cause of these noises can be different, but there are two main factors influencing their occurrence. The first factor is related to the time difference between the two main and dependent images. The second main factor influencing the occurrence of noise is the spatial baseline where the amount of noise in the images is directly related to the spatial baseline. Goldstein and Adaptive Window Filters have been used to remove and reduce noise. As mentioned earlier, Goldstein and Adaptive filters were used in this study, and you will see the main results of these filters below. In principle, the differences between the results of these two widely used filters in the field of radar are discussed. The imageshave been used in the new 2017 to 2019 returns. Coherent image is an image that is resulted from the power correlation of two coordinated images. This image shows the correlation index of signal strength values ​​in two images taken at two different times. The value of correlation varies from 0 to 1, which affects the quality of the interferometry process. After interfrogram processing, to determine the average subsidence rate in the time period of the images, the time series analysis method was used with the least squares method. Based on this, the average subsidence rate is equal to 1. 2 cm. Due to subsidence in this area, it is possible to use groundwater resources indiscriminately and reduce rainfall, which has led to a drop in groundwater levels. Of course, the type of cultivation in the region and the weight pressure caused by human structures in this area can be other causes of subsidence. The obtained results showed that the Goldstein filter has subsidence values ​​up to 9 cm in certain ranges and the uplift values ​​up to about 8. 5 cm and the Adaptive filter subsidence has values ​​up to 9. 5 cm in the range and the values ​​of the uplift up to about 8 cm. The reason for the difference in values ​​ is the results of these two filters. The Goldstein filter, by manipulating the phases, increases the coherence and the brightness of different parts and is higher and brighter, so the situation is better in this filter. In Adaptive filter, phases are not manipulated, coherence zones remain and the amount of blur is greater in different parts of the image. However, in each picture, the amount of subsidence is significantly observed in the east of the area, which is due to the greater concentration of agricultural activity and the use of groundwater.

There is a close relationship between geological formation and subsidence: the weaker the formation, the more noticeable the subsidence in the area. As can be seen, the subsidence in the alluvial formation is more than the volcanic conglomerate formation and the reason is the hardness of the conglomerate stone. As a result, alluvial rocks, andesite and marl have the most subsidence and latite (volcanic) have the least subsidence. Given that the hypothesis of this research was based on the principle that increasing the amount of groundwater extraction causes subsidence in the region, the relationship between the depth of wells in the area and the amount of subsidence in that area can be a good indicator to assess the accuracy of operations. Therefore, the statistics of piezometric wells in the region have been received from the Regional Water Organization of East Azerbaijan Province. After converting it to Arch GJS software database format, the relationship between subsidence values and piezometric well depths was established using zonal spatial analysis functions. Regression correlation analysis between these two factors showed a positive correlation of 87% between them and the implication is that any place that has a lot of subsidence in it is deeper piezometric wells. This finding confirms the hypothesis of this research that there is a direct and strong relationship between subsidence and groundwater abstraction.

The use of radar interference method in this study introduces a good capacity for its capabilities in determining the amount of subsidence in the study area. Findings from the use of this method showed a relatively high rate of subsidence for about a year. According to the maps, the maximum and minimum subsidence in the mentioned periods are 9.8, 0.6 cm, respectively. After entrophagram processing, time series analysis method with least squares method was used to determine the average  subsidence rate in the time period of the images. Based on this analysis, the average subsidence rate is equal to 1.2 cm. One of the causes of subsidence in this area is the indiscriminate use of groundwater resources and reduced rainfall, which has led to a drop in groundwater levels. In the present study, after initial processing on Sentinel-1 satellite data in remote sensing software and GIS, the amount of subsidence in this plain was estimated. Also in this study, both Goldstein and Adaptive filters were used for conducting further investigation. The obtained results indicated that the Goldstein filter has subsidence values up to 9 cm in certain ranges and the uplift values up to about 8.5 cm and the Adaptive filter has the subsidence values up to 9.5 cm in some ranges and uplift values are also shown up to about 8 cm. The reason for the difference in values in the results of these two filters is that the Goldstein filter, by manipulating the phases, increases the coherence rate and the brightness of different parts and the image is brighter, so the situation in this filter improves. But this is not the case with the Adaptive filter, and the phases are not manipulated, and in some areas the coherence remains, and the amount of blur is greater in different parts of the image. However, in both images, the amount of subsidence can be seen significantly to the east of the area, which is due to the greater concentration of agricultural activity and the use of groundwater.

Landslides are influential factors in human life that are not well-known. Several factors have contributed to the occurrence of landslide that could increase the risk of landslide in any area. Identifying these factors and their value can help to appropriate landslide zonation. The classification of areas susceptible to sliding and hazard zoning is an important step in assessing environmental hazards and plays an indelible role in the management of catchment areas (Sakar, 1995). Therefore, knowing the most important factors affecting slip instability and slipping will help us to make developmental plans using appropriate methods. Therefore, by using statistical models, their vulnerability to landslide is identified and zoned by assessing and validating them. Landslide inventory map is the best method for designing a landslide hazard map based on aerial photo interpretation, field surveys, and historic landslides. Then, the spatial distribution of mass movements is presented as a point or polygon on the map. The purpose of this research is to investigate various and effective factors in the occurrence of landslides, as well as to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of statistical models in landslide hazard zonation in Nazlochai basin and introducing the most appropriate methods.

In order to investigate the landslide susceptibility zonation, the provision of a landslide inventory map is the most important part of the work, which can be done by using of geographic information systems with high accuracy. The accuracy of landslide zonation is largely dependent on this stage. So, at first, the existing landslides were identified by using various tools including aerial photos, satellite imagery (Google Earth), existing information, GPS, and in particular field surveys. In the present study, ten factors affecting the occurrence of landslides were considered: elevation, slope, gradient direction, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, distance from the faults,   lithology, land use, rainfall and vegetation index .For landslide zonation, bivariate statistical models, including Gupta-Joshi model with its correction method, information value method, and surface density method have been used.

For landslide hazard zonation using the Bivariate Statistical Models, various factors including elevation, slope, gradient direction, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, distance from fault, lithology, landuse, rainfall and vegetation index were studied. Existence and density of landslides in the western slopes show the role of geological formations, the distance from the waterway and precipitation in the occurrence of landslide. To evaluate the accuracy of the Bivariate Statistical Models, the density ratio index and the quality sum index were used. The more distinction between risk classes is, the model is more capable, and the quality sum index is used to compare the performance of different models. Finally, with respect to the resulting values, the zoning with the information value and surface density models were found to be desirable for the studied area.

According to the results of zoning (using the Bivariate Statistical Models), lithology, distance from the waterways and precipitation are the most important factors controlling the landslide occurrence in the studied area. Particularly lithologic factors are of great importance. Most of the landslides in the study area occurred on limestone and conglomerate, which are similar to the results of the research Amir Ahmadi who worked for Iran, while these formations do not have enough area in the basin. Limestone and a small amount of dolomitic limestone with an occupancy level of 15.5% of the basin, contain more than 30% of landslides. More importantly, limestone is coinciding with north orientation that confirms the role of gradient direction in occurrence of landslides. Although some scholars ignore the role of gradient direction (A. Gemitzi, 2011), other researchers (Carrara et al., 1991; Roostaei et al., 2017) have taken it into account in their research. The impact of the human factor mainly depends on changing environmental conditions, such as road construction, inappropriate plowing, excessive grazing and water diversion for agricultural use. Therefore, by studying the researches in Iran and in different parts of the world, the slipping factors in different basins and regions are not the same and in fact, different slip conditions are present in different regions.

Defense and security organizations operate in a very complex and unstable environment. Long-term defense planning encourages thinking about possible situations and helps defense organizations prepare for the future to improve their strategy by providing insights into possible future dangers. The main purpose of this study is to study the geomorphological features of Minab and Sirik areas in the east of the Strait of Hormuz and their impact on the development of territorial defense strategies. The type of applied research and its nature is analytical-descriptive. Data were collected in the form of libraries - documentary and survey and its data were qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population includes 24 elites and experts in defense and security issues. The coefficient of criteria was determined based on the Likert spectrum. Using SWOT analytical tool, 34 indicators (strengths 8, weaknesses 9, opportunities 8 and threats 9) were evaluated and evaluated by relevant experts. The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was used to select the optimal strategy from the strategies obtained from SWOT analysis. The results of the SWOT model suggest the (WO) strategy as the optimal strategy in the Minab and Sirik regions. At the same time, in prioritizing the review strategy using the model (QSPM), the priority and superiority of the strategy is to use and deploy advanced defense, radar and eavesdropping systems, parallel to the shoreline and the points that create maximum frequency range over other review strategies.

One of the most important problems facing desert areas today is the growing trend of desertification and land use change. Land use is a special use of man from the earth. These uses are changing over time and these changes lead to increased land degradation and ecosystem destruction, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Accordingly, in this research, the trend of land use change in the east of Kerman Province from Fahroj to Bam's new citadel has been evaluated. In this research, satellite images of the years 2000, 2010 and 2017 have been used to monitor land use change. The methodology is that by using the controlled classification method, the land use map was prepared for these years and then, using the Land Change Modeler (LCM), the amount of variation of the calculation and the trend of the modifications were modeled. The results of this study indicate that in the study area of agricultural land and vegetation has the most change, so that during the study period, along with the growing trend of residential areas, agricultural lands and vegetation, the trend has decreased. In addition to the trend of increasing the residential areas, the areas of the Bayer area of study have also increased during the open time, which, given the environmental conditions governing the area, could be a serious threat to the inhabitants of the region.

Tourism is one of the activities that demand for it is increasing. Tourism as a non-smoking industry, has less destructive environmental impacts but for some, tourism is an important threat to cultural and biological diversity. This idea caused the concept of sustainable tourism development and the forms of alternative tourism to be raised. For this reason, the development of ecotourism as a form of alternative tourism is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable tourism development.Identifying and planning the suitable ecotourism areas as an effective tool and solution can play an essential role in sustainable tourism development. Although Iran has a variety of natural attractions, but it hasn't been able to make good use of this advantage. One of the most suitable ecotourism areas in Iran and East Azerbaijan Province is the Northern Slopes of Bozghoush Mountains. This area has a lot of natural attractions such as high peaks, numerous hot springs and green spaces which can be a destination for hiking, adventure tourism, ski, water therapy and leisure activities. In spite of such attractions, none of these activities is known in the real sense; on the other hand, comprehensive planning has not been done in this area. Although several tourists go to the northern slopes of Bozghoush Mountain in spring and summer but there isn't any suitable infrastructures in this area.  This indicates the necessity of investigating in this region and the main thing for encouraging investors is identifying, prioritizing and informing them. Such actions lie in the context of scientific research. So far, several studies has been done on geomorphology and geology of this region but there hasn't been any study to identify suitable ecotourism areas. The present study has aimed to reach this goal. The goal of this study is identifying the ecotourism capabilities of the northern slopes of Bozghoush Mountain using Vikor technique in order to identify the most suitable areas for ecotourism activities.

The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose, it is practical. In order to achieve the research goals, the most important criteria of site selection for mountaineering, hiking and ski was identified by library research and expert survey, and then the weight of each criteria was determined by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In the following, in order to integrate layers in ArcGIS, VIKOR method has been used. To determine the final weight of the criteria, a questionnaire was designed and it has been filled by 30 experts. The experts were familiar with both the AHP method and the features of study area. Five questionnaire were corrupted and 25 of them were valid. The hierarchy structure was formed in the Expert Choice. Then the data obtained from questionnaire which was a pairwise comparison, was added to the software. In the following, in order to integrate layers in ArcGIS, VIKOR method has been used. Finally, by overlaying the maps of mountaineering, hiking and ski, the most suitable areas of ecotourism was determined.

The northern slopes of Bouzghoush Mountain located in East Azerbaijan Province have high ecotourism potential, which allows tourists to do activities such as mountaineering, hiking and ski. In the present study, in order to site selection and prioritize the ecotourism areas, the activities were divided into three types and evaluated by Vikor technique. Various criteria were selected by literature review and weighted in Expert choice using AHP method. Finally maps of mountaineering, hiking and ski were obtained and by overlaying the maps, the final map of suitable ecotourism areas was achieved. The results show that in terms of suitable site selection of ecotourism, 15.43 percent of area is in very suitable condition, 35.52 percent in suitable condition, 39.91 percent in average condition and 9.14 percent in unsuitable condition. The most suitable area covers the hot springs of Asbforoushan and Allah Hagh, as well as Jelda Bakhan and Ardeha villages. These sites tops the list of priorities for development.

Soil erosion and sediment production is including fundamental limitations in the useing of soil and water resources. The sediment yield of watersheds in addition to the loss of soil and soil fertility decline, caused reducing water quality. Therefore, evaluation processes that govern their behavior to better understand and explain the systems Watershed management practices is essential. The aim of this study is to estimate the total sedimentation determine of the basin. Studies obtained in the sub-basin of Saman 1, Vrkbar 1, four level 2 including R and R2 provides the same results in other sub-basins and the results have changed slightly. After calculating the data in tables results were compared with geomorphology. The results obtained by Hydro physical indicated that the basin Hryqan 2 with scaling potential 9.724 (including R2) in km2 highest and sub-basin four level 2 scaling potential 1.147 have been severity of erosion, but the way geomorphology sub-basin fence Tea 1 with producing potential 07 / 6 highest and sub-basin Hryqan 1 with producing potential 226/1147 least erosion was in the case study. The results obtained in the method Hydro physical indicated the index R2 be the better results than the R. comparing the two models showed that for determining erosion potential watershed geomorphology method is more suitable from method of Hydro physical.

Nearly 2 billion tons of resource soil   is destroyed and massive damage equivalent to 18.5 × 1012 Rails enter the country. Therefore to prevent this damage, it is needed adopt suitable management for preventing erosion and sediment movement. Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation. While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-40 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally. Excessive (or accelerated) erosion causes both "on-site" and "off-site" problems. On-site impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and (on natural landscapes) ecological collapse, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper soil layers. In some cases, the eventual end result is desertification. Off-site effects include sedimentation of waterways and eutrophication of water bodies, as well as sediment-related damage to roads and houses. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation; combined, they are responsible for about 84% of the global extent of degraded land, making excessive erosion one of the most significant environmental problems world-wideSoil erosion is a naturally occurring process on all land. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each contributing a significant amount of soil loss each year. Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed, or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of topsoil. The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water quality and damaged drainage networks  To archive to the aim the accurate data about the erosion in the watershed is necessary (intended, H. 1389: 18). Since soil erosion can be studied qualitatively and quantitatively, there are many models and more models for evaluation and were not giving much information about the erosion of soil. Specify a successful strategy to prevent erosion and reduce soil erosion depends on the mutual understanding between soil quality and erosion.

In order to achieve the purpose of the research the case study be studied and identify based on the model of geomorphology and geo physical. In this study, to obtain the production of sediment and soil erosion the geomorphology and hydro physical models be used. In the research,   to prepare the database for estimation of sediment and erosion suitable map were produced, the including topography map, slop map, land use map, caver map,   the layer database in the environment GIS  software corrected and analysis.  In the research using hydro physical and geomorphology models was used to estimate erosion and sediment production. Many data were collected by field.

According to the results of study in Table 11 by Hydro physical model -sub-basin Hryqan 2 with producing potential 9.724 (including R2) highest and sub-basin four level 2 sby producing potential 1.147 least severe erosion was, but in the geomorphology model sub-basin fence Tea 1 by producing potential 07/6 was the highest rate producing erosion and sediment in case study and    Hryqan 1 basin with producing potential 226/1147 be least erosion in the case study. The results of table 4 showed then the hydro physic model including R2 have better results than R, because the results obtained with R2 in the geomorphology model showed the   closer result. After calculating the data in tables results were compared with geomorphology. The results obtained by Hydro physical indicated that the basin Hryqan 2 with scaling potential 9.724 (including R2) in km2 highest and sub-basin four level 2 scaling potential 1.147 have been severity of erosion, but the way geomorphology sub-basin fence Tea 1 with producing potential 07 / 6 highest and sub-basin Hryqan 1 with producing potential 226/1147 least erosion was in the case study. The results obtained in the method Hydro physical indicated the index R2 be the better results than the R. comparing the two models showed that for determining erosion potential watershed geomorphology method is more suitable from method of Hydro physical.

Flood is a disaster which causes a lot of economic damages to farmlands, forests, gas and power transmission lines, roads, engineering structures, and buildings. There are numerous floods in the northwest of the country at the beginning of spring and the start of spring rains, which in most cases results in heavy damage. The purpose of this study is Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis of hydrogeomorphic properties of Aland Chai Basin for preparing flood sensitivity map. To this aim, hydrogeomorphic parameters of sub-basins have been studied from three aspects of drainage network characteristics (e.g., stream order, streams number, streams length, stream frequency, bifurcation ratio, length of overland flow, drainage density, drainage texture, texture ratio, infiltration number, constant of channel maintenance, and rho coefficient), basin geometry (e.g., basin area, compactness coefficient, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio, form factor, and shape factor) and relief properties (relief, relief ratio, ruggedness number, and gradient). Study area Aland Chai basin is located between 38, 30´ and 38, 48´ N and between 44, 15´ and 45, 01´ E in the West Azerbaijan province. It covers an area of 1147.30 km2 and it is situated in the north-western part of Iran. This basin is one of the sub-basins of the Aras River basin to which surface water flows after joining the grand Qotour River. Basin elevation variations are from 1093m in the Aland Chai River bed to 3638m above sea level in the Avrin Mountain. Figure 1. The study area location in the West Azerbaijan province.

The Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) model was introduced to the provided relational database in weighting of data layers. SWARA technique is one of the multi-criteria decision methods which was developed by Keršuliene et al. (2010). In this method, an expert has an important role in evaluating and calculating weights. Based on this method, the most signifcant criterion is ranked as the first, while the least signifcant one is ranked as the last.

Hydrogeomorphic analysis plays an important role in the analysis of hydrological behavior of the basins. In the present study, 22 hydrogeomorphic parameters were analyzed from three aspects of drainage network characteristics, shape parameters, and relief properties in order to investigate the role of these parameters in flood sensitivity of Aland Chai basin. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 12.5m spatial resolution and ArcGIS software were used to generate the data layers maps. In the next step, all necessary weights were calculated for factors and Sub-basins using SWARA model. According to a comparison between factors for each sub-basin, it was specified that sub-basins 3, 1, 4, and 2 (weighted as 0.142, 0.122, 0.091, and 0.087) have the highest impacts on Flood occurrence in study area. On the contrary, sub-basins 13 and 6 (weighted as 0.018 and 0.020) show the lowest weight.

In this study, an attempt was investigated to identify sub-basins with high potential for flood occurrence in Aland Chai basin. Based on the effective parameters, flood occurrence inside of Aland Chai basin could be separated into 5 distinguished classes from very high to very low flood susceptibility. According to the SWARA-based flood susceptibility map, sub-basins 3, 1, 4, and 2 of the study area have very high potential, sub-basin 7, 15 and 11 have high susceptibility, sub-basin 12, 5, and 9 have moderate susceptibility, sub-basins 8, 10, and 14 have low susceptibility, and sub-basins 6 and 13 have very low susceptibility toward flood occurrence. The total area of sub-basins in the high and very high class of flood is 656.72 km2, which comprises 57.24% of the total Aland Chai basin. Therefore, according to the results of the study, it is necessary to take protective measures such as watershed planning and dam construction in the sub-basins that are highly sensitive to prevent flood or reduce potential damages in case of flooding.