سید محسن اصغری نکاح

Some neuropsychological theories have been offered to explain Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), so the purpose of this article is to review and compare three theories: Weak Central Coherence (WCC), Lack of Theory of Mind (ToM) and deficit of Executive Functions (EFs) and strategies Suggested educational treatment related to each pattern is examined.

The present article was compiled using an analytical-comparative review of neuropsychological theories and their implications in the design of play therapy and play-based interventions for children with autism.

The review and analysis of the most common neuropsychological theories explaining the characteristics and problems of children with autism spectrum disorder shows that the WCC model is suitable for some functions of savant syndrome and high-functioning autistic children, such as early reading and confusion in abstraction and understanding. The principle of the subject and sensory reactions to the crowd provides a suitable explanation, and the ToM model explains the deficiencies of autistic children in explaining the deficiencies in communication and social cognition, the deficiencies in understanding metaphors, and the difficulty in humor. The model of deficits in EFs also provides a reasonable explanation for the problem of stereotypes, inflexibility, assimilation and planning problems of autistic children.

The mentioned triple models have implications for play therapy and play-based interventions such as: step-by-step drawing, story-making with pictures, use of animation or short film, joint attention stimulation with puppets, imitation paly, pantomime and emoticons, social stories, mind reading training, demonstration and role playing, use of attention cards and process cards for the implementation of activities It offers daily and strategic games.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing patience group training on self-efficacy and attitude of mothers with exceptional children. This quasi-experimental study involved a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The population of the study included all mothers with exceptional children in Mashhad who were registered with the exceptional education department in Khorasan province. Voluntary participation and sample selection using random sampling were utilized. Thirty-two mothers of exceptional children were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (16 participants per group). The instruments used to measure the study variables were the patience, Domka self-efficacy, and parents' attitudes toward exceptional children questionnaires. A pre-test was conducted on both groups. The experimental group underwent ten sessions of patience training, while no training was provided to the control group. After the training sessions, both groups took the questionnaires again (post-test). Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MONCOVA). The results revealed that patience training led to enhanced self-efficacy, reduced hopelessness, improved attitude, increased failure tolerance, and lower levels of shame in mothers with exceptional children. As a result, it is recommended that counselors and psychologists focus on patience training in family education programs and groups of parents of exceptional children.

From a linguistic perspective, reading is a written receptive language that has two components: Decoding and Comprehension. Orphans and Vulnerable Children are at risk of reading disorders due to poor linguistic deprivation and exposure to low-stimulation environments. So, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of linguistic Play based on phonological skills enrichment on reading skills of orphans and vulnerable children with Specific Reading Disorder.

Two boy students with a specific reading disorder, in the first and second grade of elementary school from Sixth District in Mashhad Department of Education, were selected. The research method was a single subject with baseline/intervention/follow-up. To diagnose the Specific Reading Disorder (SLD), the Nilipour and Sima-Shirazi Diagnostic Reading Test along with a clinical-educational examination were done. To examine the normal IQ, the Revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) was used. In conditions of intervention, the subjects were trained in 10 sessions for 60 minutes.

The results showed that linguistic play therapy based on the enrichment of phonological skills had a positive impact in improving the reading skills of subjects and this learning has remained stable over time.

According to the findings of this study, linguistic play therapy based on enriching phonological skills increases reading skills by reducing the reading errors of Orphans and Vulnerable Students.

Research in the field of psychological issues of women teachers is one of the basic activities that has a multifaceted effect on the condition of women, families, and students.The purpose of this study was investigating the relationship between virtual education activity of woman teachers and family function, marital conflict and boredom in COVID-19 quarantine.MethodThe research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included all woman teachers in Mashhad, Tabadakan district which 390 people were selected by available and voluntary sampling method. The required information was collected through the Epstein et al, Family Functioning Scale( 1983), the Sanai and Barati Marital Conflict Scale (2003) and the Pinnes Marital Boredom Scale (1996). Pearson correlation test and regression analysis were used to analyze the data using SPSS software version 21ResultsFindings showed that there is a significant relationship virtual education activity of woman teachers and family function, conflict and Marital Boredom in corona quarantine virtual education (p <0.05) and the variable of virtual education activity is able to measure family function, marital conflict and boredom.ConclusionConsidering that, in the future, virtual education is a part of educational programs, it is suggested to pay attention to the empowerment of women teachers in virtual education and to formulate methods of virtual education that are compatible with the functions of the family in order to improve the quality of family functioning and reduce marital conflict and burnout among woman teachers

Linguistic play therapy is a structured intervention based on the linguistic core of reading that can be modified and implemented for students with reading problems and disorders. The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical foundations and solutions and principles of linguistic game therapy design to empower teachers and counselors related to educational services and rehabilitation of children with reading problems or disorders.

Study of the theoretical foundations indicates that reading has a linguistic core and Decoding and comprehension are the two main components of reading, so play therapy for reading disorders should be focused on the linguistic core. Some research referred to the usefulness and effectiveness of interventions in the field of phonological awareness, semantics and syntax and comprehension. In the present article, the main and sub-components of the linguistic core are explained and in addition, examples of suggested play for each case are provided. Finally, principles and strategies for adaptation and redesign and implementation of linguistic play therapy interventions for reading disorders are presented.

Basis and specialized logic of the design of linguistic play therapy interventions is the purposeful stimulating and challenging of the linguistic core of reading through play, and teachers and counselors with a proper understanding of the nature and core of linguistic disorders of reading disorders and to modify and implement the sample play presented in this article.

One of the important personality traits is positive thinking that increases the ability to create skills. On the other hand, having employees with strong communication skills is one of the important factors in the success of any service organization. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the status of positive thinking of the librarians of Mashhad public libraries and its effect on their communication skills.

This study was an applied research that has been conducted through survey. The research population included all the librarians of Mashhad public libraries (70 people). The desired sample (59 people) was selected based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size table through simple random sampling. The required data were collected by Ingram and Visnicky's positive thinking questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire of communication skills. The gathered data were analyzed through the SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The findings showed that the level of positive thinking of the librarians was undesirable. Positive thinking had a significant effect on communication skills of the librarians. A detailed analysis showed that some of the positive thinking components had a greater effect on the components of verbal and non-verbal communication skills. The “positive daily thinking” and “others' evaluations of self” components had the most effect on verbal communication skills. Also, the component of “others' evaluations of self” had the most effect on non-verbal communication skills. However, the “self-confidence” component had the least effect on verbal and non-verbal communication skills.

According to the results of this study, learning or enhancing positive-thinking will directly affect the enhancement and improvement of the librarians’ communication skills. Therefore, improvement of the librarians’ positive thinking through the implementation of workshops and training courses, under the supervision of professional associations and the allocation of certain budgets for all costs of these activities is proposed.

Fear of negative evaluation, focused attention and self-criticism are important cognitive factors in social anxiety disorder. So far, many therapeutic interventions have been introduced to improve them. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodrama on reducing this symptoms.

This research is a quasi-experimental study with two experimental groups and a control group. In this study, 36 students of Neyshabour University of Medical Sciences who met the criteria of social anxiety were randomly divided into three groups of 12 including two experimental groups and a control group. All three groups were evaluated with the short form of Fear of Negative Evaluation Questionnaire, Focus Questionnaire and Self-Criticism Questionnaire. The above cognitions were assessed.

Findings showed that cognitive-behavioral intervention and psycho-display both significantly reduced the negative evaluation (F = 11.559 and p = 0.001) of self-focused attention (F = 5.343 and p = 0.011). And critical self (F = 17.217 and p = 0.001) in the experimental groups compared to the control group. This difference was not significant between the test groups (p> 0.05).

Both cognitive-behavioral and psycho-dramatic interventions are effective on fear of negative evaluation, self-focused attention and self-criticism and can be used alternatively and depending on the situation in different groups, including students.

Adolescence is a risky period in sexual development and the possibility of masturbation or harmful habits in front of girls and families, which sometimes affects their marital life, but there are few Iranian studies on girls masturbating, so this The study was conducted with a preventive and educational orientation to explore the masturbation of adolescent girls.

This qualitative study was conducted in the context of counseling interaction with families and girls with masturbation complaints during 1397 to 1399. In this study, 4 adolescent girls aged 14 to 17 years were included in the study by available sampling method. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews.

The findings of this study showed 3 main categories and 19 sub-categories in response to the question of factors leading to masturbation, which are the priority of environmental-communication factors (such as communication challenges with parents, family stressors, unlimited communication with the opposite sex), respectively. , Psychological factors (such as sexual fantasies, and misconceptions about masturbation, cyberbullying, and pornography addiction) and social factors (such as harmful social environment, level of education, and material well-being).

The analysis of participants' experiences indicates that communication-family, psychological and social factors have been effective in motivating adolescent girls to masturbate, respectively, and it seems that family empowerment can play a pivotal and decisive role in these factors. Therefore, preventing or quitting masturbation requires a family-centered sexual education model based on scientific principles in a broad and rich framework of religious and cultural teachings to be able to achieve sexual health in the form of family education programs in schools, national media and counseling clinics. Help teens.

Some problems that people face in childhood and adolescence remain throughout their lives. One of these problems is cancer. This study examined the effectiveness of group play therapy based on choice theory on anxiety, depression, and pain symptoms in children and adolescents with cancer.

An experimental study with intervention and control group and pre and post-tests was performed in 30 patients with cancer in Mashhad Dr.Sheikh Hospital, 2019. Demographic form, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Chronic Pain Grade Questionnaire (CPGQ) were completed before and after the intervention. Participants were randomly assigned into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group, received eight hours of group play therapy based on choice theory in eight sessions. Data analysis was done in SPSS V24 applying Mixed model ANOVA.

The intervention was found to have a significant effect on anxiety level and pain intensity (P <0.05).

According to this study, group play therapy based on choice theory could be of great help in reducing anxiety and pain intensity in children and adolescents with cancer.

Sex education is one of the required and challenging areas for empowering child specialists, and requires specialized scientific models appropriate to the cultural context. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to introduce family-based sex education model based on development and investigation its effectiveness on Child specialists' knowledge, attitude, skills and styles of sexual education.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design without a control group. The statistical population of the study was all specialists in the field of children in 2020-2012The research sample consisted of 30 people who participated in 5 four-hour training sessions virtually by volunteering and by calling the sexual education empowerment course. Before and after the training course, all individuals completed the researcher-made questionnaire on family-based sex education model based on development and the questionnaire on sexual education styles of Abdollahzadeh and Keykhosravi (2020) online. Paired Sample t test in SPSS-22 was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of pre-test and post-test of participants in the three components of knowledge, attitude and skills of sex education (p<0.001). The results also showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of pre-test and post-test in the components of strict and authoritative sexual education style (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the style of permissive sexual education (p<0.05).

According to the results of the present study, it is suggested to use the family-based sex education model based on development model for empowerment and professional development courses for child specialists in the field of sexual education.

Play is essential for children because it can train language skills, cognitive, social skills, and other contributions to the development of personality. Play therapy is an effective method to respond to children’s mental needs. Play therapists use toys and play materials to help children concretely communicate their needs. A play therapy approach is Adlerian play therapy. In Adlerian play therapy, play therapists use the concepts of Alfred Adler's individual psychology. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the nature and application of Adlerian play therapy.

This was a systematic review study. The research methodology was also based on collecting, classifying, and summarizing the findings of scientific research articles related to Adlerian play therapy between 2000 - 2019, collected from domestic and international databases. The keywords “play therapy, Adlerian play therapy, and individual psychology” were considered in this research. The domestic databases included Civilica, Magiran, SID, Noormags; the international databases included Eric, Ebsco, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed. In total, 98 articles were selected in the initial search; however, 82 articles were deleted due to not being relevant to the Adlerian approach. Seventeen articles were selected with the title Adlerian play therapy. Among them, one article was removed due to being old (obsolescence), 8 articles due to review, and one article due to duplication in several databases. Finally, 7 articles were selected for this review. The inclusion criteria of the study were having an Adlerian approach; being a quantitative study; being original research, and the publication of the articles to range between 2000 and 2019. The exclusion criteria of the study also included having different approaches (e.g., cognitive, behavioral, etc.) plus Adlerian approach, review studies, and articles published before 2000 AD.

The present review study indicated that play therapy was effective in working with children with various problems in multiple settings, including schools. Adlerian play therapy reduced anxiety and maladaptive perfectionism, reduced challenging and destructive behaviors, increased task performance, and improved social skills as well as general health in children. Teachers also reported that they experienced less stress in their relationships with students who received Adlerian play therapy. This treatment effectively improved the health of neglected children. These findings highlighted the clinical significance of Adlerian play therapy in children's behaviors.

The obtained findings suggested that Adlerian play therapy can be used as a promising intervention for children with different problems. Thus, it is recommended that Adlerian play therapy be used as a therapeutic intervention in pilot projects in children with various problems.

Romances and stories and in particular, children's literary creations have a significant potential to be utilized as a solution for children's behavioral and personality disorders as well as enhancing some of their abilities.

Investigating the effect and impact of these stories requires the use of a branch of literary criticism which is within the scope of psychological criticism. In this matter, the theories of William Glasser, as one of the most positive psychologists in the field provide some useful theories to analyze these texts and concepts. It should be noted that one of the basic needs of human is his/her need for freedom that has been addressed in the Glasser's theory. As such, the current research evaluates 145 children's favorite books translated or written during 1921-2011. Moreover, this research conducts a psychological analysis using a qualitative-deductive content analysis approach for about 30 stories that freedom is an outstanding issue in their characters. The required data was gathered by a documentary method in which the purposeful sampling method was carried out to choose the sample of the study.

In this paper, the freedom is divided into two parts of positive and negative liberties. The positive liberty is related to those characters that often choose the right behavior after satisfying a natural and healthy need. On the other hand, the characters via negative liberty are those characters that violate people's rights to accomplish their goals.

The obtained results of the paper revealed that those characters that are motivated by positive liberty and choose the right behavior to satisfy their needs can achieve good results at the end of the story. Conversely, those characters that are motivated by negative liberty or choose to incorrect behavior to satisfy their needs for freedom may fail at the end of the story. Finally, it is worthwhile to suggest to all writers and critics of child and adolescent books that by studying children's psychology, they can better choose those studies that are appropriate for them. Furthermore, with the help of psychologists, both child and adolescent literature researchers will psychologically review all studies related to these young audiences. For this purpose, they can rely on Glasser's theory and other general theories of counseling and psychotherapy that are appropriate for the subject matter of the stories.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of expressive art group therapy on internalized problems and emotional-functional profiles of parentless and poor-parenting children. The design of this research was quasi-experimental, pre-test, and post-test with the control and sham-control group. The study's statistical population consisted of all parentless and poor-parenting boys from three to five years old living in one of the centers of Golestan Ali Family-like Center in Mashhad city. Thirty boys selected by the convenience sampling method were randomly divided into the intervention group, the sham control group, and the control group. The experimental group received expressive art group therapy during eleven 90-minute sessions, while the sham-control group participated in eleven 90-minute computer training sessions. The control group didn’t receive any intervention. Multivariate covariance analysis was used for data analysis. The instruments of this study were Greenspan emotional-functional profile questionnaire and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The results of MANCOVA on pre and post-test scores showed that there is a significant difference between variables of emotional-functional profile (P< 0.05) and internalized problems (P< 0.05). Thus, the mean of functional-emotional profile scores in the experimental group after receiving intervention increased significantly compared to the control group. The scores of internalized problems significantly decreased compared to the control group. Besides, the improvement in the scores of functional-emotional profile and internalized problems in the experimental group were more than the sham control group. According to the results, and expressive art group therapy model can be considered as an adequate intervention for improving the internalized problems and emotional-functional profile of children.

Gestational diabetes mellitus is the most common medical disorder during pregnancy that has many negative psychosomatic effects on the pregnant women and their fetus. According to existing studies, the role of counseling and husband’s support in gestational diabetes has been less studied, so the present study aimed to determine the effect of couples' supportive counseling on self-care behavior in women with insulin-treated gestational diabetes.

 In this randomized clinical trial, 64 pregnant women (26-30 weeks of gestation) with gestational diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Umm al-Banin Hospital in Mashhad in 2018-2019 were divided into the intervention or control groups using the 4-way blocking method. For the women and their husbands in the intervention group, couples' supportive counseling was conducted by the researcher in the form of three one-hour sessions with one week interval. A diabetes self-care questionnaire was completed in two stages, before and four weeks after the intervention for both groups, and data were analyzed by independent t-test and paired t test using the SPSS software version 16.

There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in pre-intervention self-care scores (P>0.05). After the intervention, the difference between the mean of self-care scores before and after the intervention in the intervention group was 12.09±7.56 and in the control group was 0.00±3.60, which a significant increase was observed in the self-care score for the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.001).

Couples' supportive counseling helps to promote self-care behavior in patients with gestational diabetes and can be used as an effective method to reduce the adverse consequences of gestational diabetes.
Clinical trial registry: IRCT20181002041202N1

Sexual education is one of the most important issues in the field and affects the formation of human personality and his/her thoughts, emotions and behaviors. This study was conducted to review existing studies with the aim of "determining the need of family-based sexual education ".

This study was conducted based on the PRISMA systematic review protocol. The data were obtained from international scientific electronic resources including the World Health Organization, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Persian databases as well as manual search using appropriate keywords. The criteria for entering this sample were articles published in English and Persian from the beginning of 1990 to June 2018.

of the 294 articles reviewed, a total of 17 articles were included in the study. The results showed that the effective communication of parents with their children creates a proper attitude towards the gender issue as well as proper behaviors in this regard. These include improving adolescent reproductive health, raising awareness of puberty and menstruation, pregnancy and HIV / AIDS, emergency contraception and condom methods, delayed onset of sexual activity, less sexual communication and unwanted pregnancy prevention. The next point in reviewing these texts was the low level of communication between parents and boys in sexual matters.

According to the results, the necessity of family-centered education is evident and this method can prevent the commission of many sexually inappropriate behavior. The important challenge in this regard is the creation of effective communication skills in the family and the education and health organs should set this agenda as a priority. Another important issue is the empowering of parents to teach their children about sexual issues.

Hospitalization causes children to be afraid,and this can be an important factor in delaying their recovery. Nurse's dress creates non-verbal communication and creates a low stressed environment . Children prefer colorful skirts to formal dresses  . Therefore, considering that nurses' appearance in treatment centers plays an important role in creating a sense of trust among patients, especially children, it is advisable for nurses to choose the color and design of their clothes in a way that attracts children's trust and attention. The purpose of this study was to influence of the illustrated clothing on fear of admission in children aged 6 to 3 years. In randomized control trial at Imam Reza hospital of Mashhad, 50 children aged between 3 and 6 years old who were admitted and was divided into two groups of intervention and control by simple random assignment. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of two sections. In the first part of the form, the individual characteristics were completed by interview and using the children's case file. In the second part, the Child Fear Scale was used to examine the fear. Findings showed that the level of fear was significantly higher in the control group than the intervention group and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The study showed that the intervention with illustrated clothing reduces fear in children, therefore, it is recommended to use the illustrated clothing in the pediatric ward to reduce the child's fear.

The experiences of the first years of life and the interaction style between mother with the child, specifies the foundation of child's health or illness in adulthood. Parenting styles and self-efficacy of mothers are two important factors that can affect child's anxiety. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the role of mother's self-efficacy and parenting style in predicting the anxiety of preschool children (5 and 6 years old) in Mashhad. Current study is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study included mothers of preschool children in kindergartens of Mashhad who were selected by random cluster sampling. The sample size in this study was 181 people. Three scales used in this study were self-efficacy of Dumka (PSAM), Baumrind Parenting styles and Spence scale of preschool children anxiety (PAS). SPSS (23) software was used for data analysis. Low self-efficacy of the mother and her authoritarian parenting style can predict child's anxiety. There was a negative and significant correlation between self-efficacy of mothers and child anxiety (P≤0.006, r=-0.2); there was also a negative and significant correlation between mother's self-efficacy and authoritarian parenting style (P≤0.001, r=-0.24); the relationship between child anxiety and authoritarian parenting style was positive and significant (P≤0.001, r=0.23). The obtained results showed that the authoritarian parenting style and low self-efficacy have the ability to predict child's anxiety; therefore, it is suggested to consider modification of parenting style and increasing the self-efficacy of mothers in maternal empowerment programs.

Hospitalization can cause fear and stress in children; in addition, it can be considered as an important factor leading to delayed recovery. In this regard, the use of dolls can be associated with significant reduction in stress among children. Given that nurses' appearance in health centers plays a leading role, the nurses are recommended to wear well-designed and colorful clothing to attract children's trust and attention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of wearing Kolah Ghermezi costume on fear of 3-6-year-old children admitted to hospital. 50 children aged 3-6 years of age admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran were participated in this randomized clinical trial. The subjects were then divided into two groups of control and intervention (n=25) using simple random sampling in 2016. Data were collected by means of a Child Fear Scale in order to investigate the fear level. The demographic sections of the Child Fear Scale questionnaires were filled in using interviews and subjects' records. According to the results of the study, the means of fear in control and intervention groups were 63.0±4.3 and 26.27±7.7, respectively. Moreover, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). It can be concluded that the intervention with Kolah Ghermezi costume reduces fear in children; therefore, it is recommended to wear Kolah Ghermezi costume in Department of Pediatrics to reduce the child's fear.

Over the past decades, the growing awareness of spirituality has increasingly raised the interest of clinical professionals to work in this area. An issue that has not been properly addressed is the importance of understanding spirituality in childhood.The aim of this study was to obtain an accurate understanding of spiritual development of children and its application in the field of health This integrated review was performed using Broome method. Databases of SID, IranMedex, Google Scholar, Medline, Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed, Science direct and ProQuest were used to find related articles. About 984 extracted studies and finally 30 studies were used. Fowler has introduced the stage of faith development. In his theory, faith stages are: intuitive-projective, mythic-literal, synthetic-conventional, individuative-reflective, conjunctive faith and universalizing faith. Results obtained by Coles have been indicative of a natural tendency toward spirituality, which originates from the innate sense of curiosity and fascination of discovering the world. Therefore, this type of tendency is observed from the early stages of life. Theory of “relational consciousness” is proposed by Hay and Nye, according to which all children have innate spirituality. It’s developed capacity for awareness toward relationship with self, others, the world and a greater power. From the mentioned study, three spiritual sensitivity or consciousness were obtained, including feeling of alertness and awareness, a sense of mystery and sense of value. Bradford introduced the fourth branch of spiritual sensitivity to be the social dimension. Gardner was the first scholar who presented the theory of multiple intelligences and introduced spirituality as intelligence. Zohar and Marshall explained that spiritual showing the most appropriate path. Intelligence can give deeper meanings to life of people by showing the most appropriate path. Growing results of researches shows that spirituality has a significant impact on human physical, psychological and mental health. Despite the fact that the theory of Fowler, in which neurological development processes including cognitive knowledge and logical thinking are the main focus of concepts of spirituality in the science of medicine, review of other studies have demonstrated that new perspectives can be used to understand the spirituality of children and have more effects in Providing child health.

Congenital anomalies is one of most important causes of hospitalization, disability and neonatal death; the cost of admission and treatment of these children imposes a heavy burden on the health system and their families. Therefore, the present study was performed with aim to investigate the status of congenital anomalies in Iran through systematic review and meta-analysis.

In this review for finding the related articles, the databases of SID, Iranmedx , Irandoc, Magiran ,Scopus, Pubmed and Google scholar were searched using the keywords such as Prevalence, Iran, Congenital anomalies in Persian and English journals from 1986 to 2018. Data were analyzed by meta-analysis method using random effects model. The heterogeneity of the studies was calculated by I2 Index.

Of 2306 studies, 35 studies which met the inclusion criteria from 1986 to 2018 entered to the meta-analysis. The results of this meta-analysis showed that the total prevalence of congenital anomalies in Iran is 2.6%. The prevalence of abnormalities in boys is 2.8% and in girls is 2%. Also, the most common congenital anomalies were skeletal abnormalities (29.1%) and genitourinary system abnormalities (23.2%), respectively.

The results of this study indicate a high prevalence of congenital anomalies in Iran. Further studies are needed to more identify this issue and plan to prevent congenital anomalies.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive games (games based on executive functioning) on the attention and response inhibition of students with dyscalculia.
This study used the pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with a control group. In this study, 20 students with dyscalculia selected through purposive sampling were randomly divided into control and experimental groups (n=10 each). The experimental group participated in twelve 60-minute sessions of cognitive games for six weeks. The omission error and commission error sub-scales of the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) were utilized to evaluate attention and response inhibition performance, respectively. Data were analyzed by MANCOVA.
The analysis of the data revealed a significant difference in results between the experimental group and the control group following intervention.
Cognitive games improve the attention and response inhibition performance of students with dyscalculia.

Aim: this research aim was to explore strength of marital satisfaction's ten factors in parents with autistic children. This is a descriptive research .
The research population was parent's of all pre-school and elementary school pupils who are autistic in Mashhad in 2013-2014 school year. The sample which was chosen by availability consists of 95 couples. Afrooz marital satisfaction questionnaire was applied. the data were analyzed by means of variance analysis, t- test and freedman test.
the results indicated that there are meaningful differences in ideally thinking, personal behaviors, problem solving, emotional exchange and marital satisfaction between mothers and fathers, and the mothers scored higher than their husbands. also the rate of satisfaction in parents was lower than average. the best factor in both men and women was personal behaviors and the worst one was problem solving.
the research findings did suggest that the education packages for parents with autistic children are necessary in order to use in treatments.

Background and Maternal mental health has a major role in promoting the health of a mother and her family. Father’s involvement in pregnancy is one of the influential factors that promotes mental health in pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of paternal-fetal attachment on mothers’ mental health.
A clinical trial was conducted in 60 primipara mothers and eligible spouses attending two health centers affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Convenient sampling and random assignment was performed. Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire was administered. The fathers in intervention group attended three 120-minute sessions of Attachment training (group discussion) once a week. Then, the effect of these trainings on the mental health of their wives was assessed at three stages: before, immediately after, and three weeks later. Data was analyzed in SPSS V22 applying descriptive and inferential statistics.
Higher scores in mental health represents severity of the symptoms. In this study, the average mental health scores in intervention group at post-test (p=0.038) and follow-up (p=0.001) was significantly lower than those of the control group.
Paternal-fetal attachment therapy was found to be effective in increasing the mother's mental health and committed fathers were observed to have a major role in follow-up assessments.

This research has been conducted with the aim of understanding the developmental-interactive implications in the education of of students with hearing damage. In this case study, the qualitative approach has been selected. To gather the data, two students with hearing damage were selected by the technique of "Most Similar/Most Different". The Data was collected through reviewing films, the documents and semi-structured interviews obtained from the people around them in their house and school. Trustworthiness is being taken in order to make the data reliable with respect to credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability criteria. As a result, the understanding and the redrawing of participants’ experience allowed us to express that despite the same amount of hearing damage and possibility to benefit from integrative education, the cases had different academic achievement. The reason for this difference, which stemmed from parental interactive patterns and the way people achieve Functional Emotional Developmental Capacities, contrarily to common belief, is not subject to hearing reinforcement.
The implication of the study is that the difference between the hearing impaired considering the level of mastering Functional Emotional Developmental Capacities, distinguishes the nature of their needs in educational environment not only from other exceptional individuals but also from each other. In order achieve educational justice, it is suggested that during implementing interventions and determining characteristics of curriculum elements, more attention should be paid to quality improvement and understanding of their experience in mastering Functional Emotional Developmental Capacities when interacting with family and educational contexts, especially in primary school.