سیدغلامعلی جورسرایی

Infertility is a global health problem. One of the main causes of infertility in women is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Different methods are used to treat such people. Using stem cells and its products can be a good alternative for its treatment. There are different models for inducing PCOS in animal models. Mesenchymal stem cells reduce ovarian dysfunction in PCOS mice. Tail injection of BM-MSC will improve the process of folliculogenesis. Intraovarian injection of BM-Hmsc and UC-MSC mesenchymal stem cells improves the process of folliculogenesis. AMSCs mesenchymal stem cell injection is associated with a positive result in fertility. MSC-EV stem cells improve fertility and increase folliculogenesis. One of the main causes of infertility in women is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The use of cell therapy for various diseases including PCOS is considered. The use of MSC in the treatment of infertility is in its preclinical research stages. The safety and efficacy of MSCs in the treatment of infertility needs further investigation. In this study, we have compared the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells on polycystic ovary syndrome in various animal models.

The relationship between endometriosis and thyroid disorders and the subsequent impact on fertility outcomes is still controversial. The present study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of impaired thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels on fertilization rate of infertile women with endometriosis.

In this secondary analysis of cohort data, 179 infertile women with endometriosis were selected as the case group and 200 women with diagnosis of tubal factor or unexplained infertility were selected as the control group. Two subgroups of TSH levels above 2.5 mlU/L (with or without levothyroxine use) and TSH levels less than 2.5 mlU/L with levothyroxine use as patients with thyroid dysfunction and women with TSH levels less than 2.5 mlU/L without use of Levothyroxine were considered as thyroid-healthy subjects. Antral follicle count and fertilization rate were compared between the two groups. Data analysis was done using SPSS statistical software (version 24) and ANOVA test. P<0.05 was considered significant.

The mean of TSH in women with endometriosis was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.02, Cohen d=0.77, 95% CI: 0.02-0.43). When women were classified based on the presence or absence of endometriosis and serum TSH levels above 2.5 mlU/L, serum levels of FSH (P=0.76), LH (P=0.91), and fertilization rate (P=0.51) did not significantly differ between the two groups.

It seems that thyroid disorders are more common in women with endometriosis. However, there was no significant effect on the results of assisted reproductive procedures related to the coexistence of endometriosis and higher TSH levels.

Compounds with antioxidant properties such as thymoquinone (TQ) significantly prevent changes resulting from the effect of toxic chemicals such as tricyclazole on visceral organs. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to use thymoquinone to prevent the destructive effects of tricyclazole on the process of spermatogenesis in male rats. In this experimental study, 42 male rats were randomly divided into 7 groups including: control group (no drug), sham group (10% solution of Tween 80), tricyclazole (20 mg/kg) group, thymoquinone (10 mg/kg) group, thymoquinone (20 mg/kg) group, tricyclazole (20 mg/kg) + thymoquinone (10 mg/kg) group, and tricyclazole (20 mg/kg) + thymoquinone (20 mg/kg) group. At the end of the treatment period, by preparing tissue sections from the testis, the cells of the spermatogenesis pathway were evaluated per unit area. According to the findings, the average number and motility of sperm and the number of spermatogonial cells in the thymoquinone 20 and thymoquinone 10 groups showed a significant increase compared to the tricyclazole group (p < 0.05); However, the number of Leydig cells in the thymoquinone 20 and thymoquinone 10 groups showed a significant decrease compared to the tricyclazole group (p < 0.05). The results of the study showed that thymoquinone, as a strong antioxidant, can partially compensate for the toxicity caused by tricyclazole on the spermatogenesis process.

This study was performed to synthesize electrospun silk fibroin scaffold and to investigate the time-dependent effect of its pre-incubation in culture medium on the adhesion and proliferation of cells seeded on the scaffold.

sericin was removed from silk cocoon and fibrin solution (3% w/v) was prepared using formic acid. Then, electrospun silk fibroin scaffold was made using lab-scale electrospinning machine and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Pre-incubation of scaffolds in culture medium was performed for 0, 1, 6, and 10 days and the hydrophilicity of scaffolds was evaluated by measuring the water contact angle. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal cells were then isolated, cultured, and seeded on scaffolds. After 21 days of cell seeding, cell viability (MTT method) and genomic DNA concentration of cells attached to the scaffold were evaluated.

The results showed that increasing the pre-incubation time in the culture medium decreased the water contact angle and increased the survival and proliferation of cells. In general, the present study showed that pre-incubation of electrospun fibroin scaffold with constant elasticity in culture medium leads to increased scaffold hydrophilicity and consequently increases the proliferation and survival of mesenchymal cells seeded on it.

these findings can be used as an effective factor in seeding cartilage cell on scaffolds in tissue engineering.

Retinoids and stem cell factor play an important role in the stem cells proliferation, survival, and differentiation into sperm. Therefore, in this study, the effect of stem cell factor and retinoids on the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial cells in testis seminiferous tubules of obstructive azoospermia model adult rats was investigated using the tissue culture system. The testicular tissue fragments were cultured in the culture medium supplement with retinoids or stem cell factor, or a combination of both at the temperature of 34.5 °C and 5% CO2 for 25, 30, and 35 days. Then, the stained tissue sections prepared at the mentioned times were evaluated using PAS and hematoxylin staining methods. The cell counting per unit area was done using ImageJ software, and the statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. The number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, and Leydig cells increased significantly on day 25, 30 and 35 of culture; additionally, the number of round and elongated spermatid increased significantly on day 35 of culture in the testicular tissue of the obstructive azoospermia compared to the experimental and control groups (p < 0.001). Histological examination of testicular tissue in different culture conditions revealed pathological changes in the epithelialmaking cells. Retinoids played a more effective role on day 35 of culture compared to other factors in maintaining and proliferation of cell lines of the spermatogenesis process. As these factors are not alone the cause of proliferation and differentiation induction, therefore optimizing the culture medium is recommended to achieve adult sperm.

Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in infertile couples has created a great improvement for treatment of these patients. Unfortunately, despite of high cost of doing ICSI the rate of success is not acceptable and failing pregnancy put a heavy anxiety to couples. This study is aimed to make an effort in order to extract the best predictors for predict the success rate of intra cytoplasmic sperm injection and promote accuracy, sensivity and specificity by the use of artificial neural network and logistic regression.

345 patients received ICSI treatment and each of which constructed of 54 numerical and nominal records. This database was randomly divided into the estimation (n=276) and validation (n=69) data set. The models were used based on binary logistic regression (BLR) feature selection tools and Levenberg-Marquardth neural network classifier. Finally, models were evaluated using important criteria such as accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.

The best output of the B LR model by using 54 variables revealed accuracy (97%), sensitivity (86%)and specificity (%94). The best output of the LMNN model using Reduced dataset consisted of n=29 with a feature vector side yielded the accuracy (82%) and sensitivity (%92) and specificity (%76).

Our result demonstrated that BLR model outperformed highlighting the great power of BLR in success rate of ICSI prediction while using binary output.

Despite many advances have been made in the assisted reproduction techniques (ART), implantation rate after embryo transfer has not increased significantly. This study aims to determine the factors involved in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) following ART.

In this retrospective study, 80 infertile patients with a history of at least 3 recurrent implantation failure (RIF) following assisted reproductive technology (ART) were referred to Fatemezahra Infertility Center in Babol from March 2006 to March 2013 were selected. The control group also included 80 women who became pregnant following the first IVF. Associated factors of infertility, endocrine disorder and endometriosis were recorded and their effect on RIF was assessed in both groups. P-value<0.05 was considered significant.

The mean BMI was 26.39±3.63 in the case group and 26.77±4.49 in the control group. Body mass index (BMI) >30 increased the risk of RIF significantly (P = 0.001). After adjusting for the effects of other possible confounding factors, the odds ratio of obesity on RIF was 1.09 (0.91-1.19) 95% CI which was not significant (P = 0.06). There were no significant differences among type and cause of infertility, endocrine abnormalities, uterine malformations, endometriosis and polycystic ovary with RIF.

According to our findings, BMI, type and cause of infertility, endocrine disorders, uterine abnormalities, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary were not effective on recurrent implantation failure. Future studies by eliminating the effect of more confounders may clarify our findings.

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a significant signaling molecule that involves in initiating of differentiation and performs multifunctional effects on embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and embryos.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate an in vitro differentiation model of mouse embryonic stem cells into germ cells, using BMP4.

in this experimental study, we used Oct4-GFP mouse ESCs to form embryoid body (EB) aggregations for two days. Then, single cells from EB were cultured for four days with BMP4. Using MTT assay and gene expression levels for evaluation of Mvh and Riken by real-time RT-PCR of six concentrations, 12.5 ng/ ml BMP4 was determined as an optimized dose. Then, the expression level of Fkbp6, Mov10l1, 4930432K21Rik, Tex13, Mvh, Scp3, Stra8, Oct4 were evaluated. Flow cytometry and immunostaning were used to confirm the findings of the real-time RT-PCR.

In the Ӄ group, the genes encoding Riken (p≤0.001) and Mvh (p≤0.001) were found to be increased with significant differences compared with the control group. Mov10l1 (p=0.22), Tex13 (p=0.10), Fkbp6 (p=0.90), Scp3 (p=0.61) and Stra8 (p=0.08) were up-regulated without significance differences compared with control group. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the mean number of Mvh-positive cells in the Ӄ group was greater when compared with ESCs, -BMP4 and EB groups (p=0.03, p≤0.001, p=0.02, respectively).

Down-regulation of Oct4, expression of germ cells genes and meiosis markers expression raise this hypothesis that ESCs were differentiated by BMP4, and may be introduced into the first meiosis as germ cell-like cells.

Different toxins have harmful effects on sexual organs. Exposure to contaminants as well as physical stress can increase the rate of infertility. Antioxidant products are highly considered, because they can react to pollutants and remove free oxygen radicals. This study investigates the effects of proteins on the protection of the reproductive system against toxins.
This review article was conducted using keywords including “protective” and “organophosphorus toxins”, and searching on online databases such as Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. The related articles were extracted and classified.
FINDINGS: The results of about 80 articles, selected out of 140 new and valid articles, suggest that elements such as arsenic, cyclophosphamide, cadmium, diazinon and gossypol reduce the reproduction rate and damage body tissues. Elements such as N-acetylcysteine, carnitine, corsetine, black seed oil, palm powder, ginseng, honey and saffron are proteins that may have protective effects against potential damage.
Based on the results of this study, the natural proteins that can be found in plants, fruits and food can be used to prevent the damage to the reproductive system caused by various toxins.

Cryopreservation of sperm currently plays a significant role in maintaining the fertility of couples who undergo infertility treatment, particularly in patients with oligospermia and cryptospermia. To avoid recurrent biopsies, we need to dedicate a lot of time to sperm collection so that the patient is placed in infertility treatment cycles when the necessary conditions are provided. This study is dedicated to Cryopreservation of sperm in oligospermia and cryptospermia samples.
For this study, we referred to NCBI database and selected articles related to various methods of cryopreserving sperm using certain keywords such as "oligospermia", "cryptospermia" and "cryopreservation of sperm" and articles that surveyed cryopreservation in terms of medical and functional views.
FINDINGS: To cryopreserve sperm, three methods are used; slow, fast and glass. Using several preservatives in culture medium is necessary for survival of sperm. Since cryopreservation may weaken sperm mobility in patients with severe spermatogenesis disorder, researchers seek to devise new methods to reduce these effects. Using zona pellucid, volvox globator algae, alginate-agarose, cryoloop, straw and microinjection needle are among the methods advised for preserving sperms and increasing their survival rate.
According to the results of this study, using different tools to achieve best results depends on the type of samples obtained from these patients.

In today's world, Islamic jurisprudence encounters new issues. One of the areas where jurisprudence gets involved is the issues concerned with brain death, whether brain death in jurisprudence and Islamic law is considered the end of life. In this study, brain death was discussed from the Shiite jurisprudence perspective and also the opinions of the specialists are taken into account.
This study is designed based on library collection and review of the literature in the field of brain death. Also, Quranic verses, hadiths and fatwas (religious opinions) of the scholars are used. Some of the articles which were centered around Islamic jurisprudence, particularly Shiite jurisprudence that explain and deal with brain death were given special consideration.
FINDINGS: Brain death from religious and jurisprudence perspective is considered the termination of life and removing the vital organs from the body is not viewed as committing manslaughter. A person with brain death is not a normally known injured man who is still alive. The brain death patinets have no life and getting rid of the body does not constitute a case of manslaughter. Amputation of the organs of brain death patients for donation and transplantation amounts to the amputation of a dead body. If the life of a Muslim is subject to transplant of organs from the body of a brain death patient, it will be permissible.
In principle, if the life of a Muslim entails transplant of organs of brain death patients, it will be permissible

The NR5A1 gene, a member of the nuclear receptor family, is a key transcriptional regulator of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-steroidogenic axis. Some mutations in this gene such as c.392C>T, c.571C>T, c.634G>A and c.712G>A may be associated with abnormal spermatogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of 368G>C transversion and 386C>T transition in NR5A1 gene with male infertility. In a case-control study, blood samples were collected from 70 infertile men and 75 fertile men as control group. After DNA extraction from case and control samples, the genotypes of 367G>C and 386C>T in NR5A1 gene were detected by PCR-RFLP. Regard to 368G>C transversion, our statistical analysis revealed that GC genotype (OR: 1.69, 95%CI: 0.46-6.26, P= 0.43) and CC genotype (OR: 3.38, 95%CI: 0.13-84.41, P= 0.46) is not associated with idiopathic male infertility. Also C allele (OR: 2.21, 95%CI: 0.65-7.52, P= 0.20) is not associated with male infertility. Regarding to 386C>T, only one sample in control group was detected as CT genotype whereas other samples were CC genotype. Therefore CT genotype (OR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.01-8.79, P= 0.52) is not associated with male infertility. Our finding showed that aforementioned substitutions are not appropriate biomarkers for idiopathic male infertility. Therefore it is important to study the association of other single nucleotide mutations with male infertility.

Considering the role of silver nanoparticles in inducing the production of free radicals, these compounds may lead to pathological effects and oxidative stress in the seminal fluid, resulting in the reduced quality of sperm parameters. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the toxic effects of silver nanoparticles on sperm parameters and lipid peroxidation of sperm membranes in male rats. This experimental study was conducted on 24 Syrian adult male rats, which were randomly divided into one control and three study groups. The rats in the study groups were orally administered silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.07 µg (group A), 0.14 µg (group B), and 0.28 µg (group C), respectively per day for a period of five weeks. Then, lipid peroxidation of sperm membranes was analyzed, using thiobarbituric acid assay. Additionally, microscopic examinations were performed to evaluate sperm parameters. Based on the findings, the mean quality of sperm parameters such as sperm count and motility significantly declined in the study groups, particularly group B (77.69±16.96%; 16±2.6×106/ml) and group C (72.79±14.52%; 13.31±2.1×106/ml), compared to the control group (89.06±10.97; 23.57±3.46×106/ml) (P<0.05). Also, in terms of malondialdehyde concentration, a significant difference was reported among group A (0.25±0.01), group B (0.32±0.02), group C (0.35±0.01), and the control group (0.24±0.01) (p<0.001). The results of the present study confirmed that silver nanoparticles through enhancing lipid peroxidation could reduce the quality of sperm parameters in a dose-dependent manner

The use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is increasing in the world. The rate, efficacy and safety of ART are very different among countries. There is an increase in the use of intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), single fresh embryo transfer (ET) and frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET).

The objective of this study was to compare pregnancy rate in fresh ET and FET.

In this retrospective cross-sectional study 1014 ICSI-ET cycles (426 fresh ET and 588 FET) from 753 women undergoing ICSI treatment referred to Fatemezahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center in Babol, Iran from 2008 to 2013 were reviewed.

There were no significant differences between biochemical pregnancy rate (23% versus 18.8%, OR 1.301; 95% CI. 95-1.774), gestational sac (95.6% versus 100% in FET, OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.54-0.67), and fetal heart activity (87.2% versus 93.6% OR. 46; 95% CI. 16-1.32) in fresh ET and FET cycles, respectively. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all measures.

Although, the result showed no significantly difference between the fresh ET and the FET cycles, however the embryos are able to be stored for subsequent ART. Therefore, we recommend FET cycles as an option alongside the fresh ET.

Reduced sperm quantity and motility are primary causes of infertility in men. Before researchers showed that, Nsun7 gene has roles in sperm motility of mouse, that creation defect in this gene is cause infertility. This gene in human located in chromosome 4, with 12 exons and a hot spot exon (exon7). Our aim is study of the mutations of the exon7 in the normospermic and asthenoteratospermic men. For this, 30 semen samples including fertile and asthenoteratospermic men were collected from IVF center. Semen analysis was performed according to WHO guidelines. A Phenol-chloroform method was used for total DNA extraction from sperm. The exons 7 amplified by forward primer Sun7-F: 5’-GACAAATCTCGAAGTCTTGCTG; and reverse primer Sun7-R: 5’-ACATCCTATTTTTGTGAAAAGGGT. The PCR products direct sequenced and analyzed for mutations. Analyses of PCR direct sequences showed transition mutation (C26232T) in asthenoteratospermic men. This mutation doesn't see in fertile men. We probably that, low semen parameters of the asthenoteratospermic men can be close correlate with these mutations. Thus, analyses of exon 7 direct sequence candidate as a one of diagnosis genetic markers of infertility.

Chromosomal or mitochondrial DNA abnormalities are the main causes of male infertility. So far, a lot of genes are identified on X and Y chromosomes that control the spermatogenesis process in a special order. Y chromosome genes have an important role in sex determination and male reproduction process, and so any mutation or disruption on the Y chromosome genes effects on male fertility. In this study, several kinds of genetic disorders and new area of gene and mutation damaging on the Y chromosome was investigated. In this review article the genetic abnormalities induced by molecular mutations on Y chromosome was investigated.Papers pertaining to gene polymorphisms, abnormal spermatogenesis, genetic evaluation andandrogen receptor genes were used.Microdeletions, chromosomal abnormalities, molecular genetics, environmental conditions were also studied.Among 2000 genes involved in spermatogenesis, only 30 genes are located on Y chromosome. Environmental condition, hormonal and immune disorders, antioxidants, genetic factors and elements deficiency are effective in male infertility. Y chromosome abnormalities usually associated with the removal of some factors. Genes on Y chromosome usually have an important role in spermatogenesis and testes development.Chromosomal translocation and loss of genetic material cause infertility. Microscopic deletion is usually transmitted to sons and their infertility cannot be solved even using the ICSI technique. Effect of genes polymorphism on male fertility is associated with a decrease in sperm count.Azoospermic factor region on human Y chromosome contains a lot of genes which any mutation or deletion in these genes lead to impaired spermatogenesis and low sperm fertilization.

Surrogacy means necessary agreement with the womb owner who is ready for pregnancy and delivering the infant for an infertile couple. In a surrogacy، the host replaces the real mother totally and the guest child may not have any genetic relationship with his/her second mother. This study investigated the surrogacy legal dimensions according to the related issues of Iran and other countries. In this study، necessary searches were used from scientific reliable sites such as Iran Medex and NCBI about surrogacy and ART methods. The articles with the author''s legal point of view toward surrogacy were used based on Islamic jurisprudence especially Shia jurisprudence that paid attention to Iranian civil legal and social laws. This study also was referred to the articles about scientific position of surrogacy and its'' effect on family problems. Tradition، law and doctrinal issues of each society should be considered in a surrogacy. In some countries such as Astralia، Germany، Swedish، Norway، Greece، Irland and Finland، using of surrogacy is illegal or there is no law about this. Any specific law does not codified in Iran. Therefore، the applicants refer to shias jurists'' judgments and if they imitate of someone، they follow their Marja Taghlid. Alternatively، they follow up infertility centers and act based on their viewpoint. In some contries، the benefit of infant is more important. Some people believe that this treatment is useful for both parties and that forbiddance of using surrogacy causes restriction for some infertile couples. Some people deem that the risk of using this method is more than its benefit. Although the vacancy of law feels universally، there is disagreement on some issues such as guardianship، parental rights and motivation of doing this work.

One of the important challenges in medical sciences is human cloning nowadays. This subject makes many questions among the researches، bioethics philosophers، religious scholars especially Shia and Sunni jurists. Since one of the most important reason of human cloning opponents is its conflict and incompatibility with human munificence. This study aimed at investigating the adaptability and the lack of conflict between human cloning and munificence. This study had been designed to evaluate the human munificence by using Quran، Traditions and the ideas of Religious Scholars and Theologians. In addition، the articles that had been presented comments on cloning were used in the present study. From Quran point of view، the human being possesses inherent munificence. Cloning has the same situation in protection of embryo munificence with extra uterine fertilization process. The same genetic identity is not adversative of individual identity. In the cloning، the restriction of genetic system has been challenged and has not specific relationship with the general character of human. The formation of personality of cloning person in the environment protects human munificence. None of the Shia jurists has declared that cloning is the evidence of violation of human munificence. Human cloning has not conflict with his munificence. The lack of conflict between cloning and munificence were obtained by exact investigation about this. Moral reasons that disagree with human cloning are not firm. It seems that there are not the traditional and rational reasons in incompatibility of human cloning with his inherent munificence.

Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the twentieth week. About 80 thousand abortions are annually performed in Iran. Many social issues such as having many children، asymmetry in sex، unintended pregnancy، or being illegitimate child have provided appropriate ground for abortion. Different schools have offered a variety of views and ideas. The conception phase and the stage before the soul is inspirited are of value to Islam due to the dignity of man. This study investigated the issue of abortion from the perspective of Islam especially Shi''a jurisprudence. The religious verdicts of jurisconsult and Shia contemporary scholars، the religious jurisprudence ideas of Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and the author''s perspective on human abortion were discussed and evaluated in this study. The traditions of Muhammad and the signs of Quran were also cited in the present study. The approach of different schools of Sunni، Judaism، the teachings of Zoroaster and Christian theologians were considered. The ideas of non-divine schools like feminists، the science view of medical specialists and the intellectual and common language reasons were addressed in this study. The majority of Islamic jurisconsults believes that the abortion at any stage of the live is prohibited and is considered non-religious if there is no good reason for it. Abortion sanctity in some circumstances is prohibited according to the negation of hardship and sin rules and it should be prevented from the greater loss based on importance and priority rule. There is no strong reason to abort the pregnancy because of its harassment in the womb. Abortion is permissible for mother if the life of mother is at risk. The sanctity of the rule is removed by the negation of sin rule. The negation of sin rule is dominant on all provisions like dissimulation. The sanctity of abortion is not absolute and has exception from the perspective of the majority of Islamic jurisconsults. The sanctity of abortion is removed according to the negation of hardship and sin rules. The harassment of pregnancy in the womb، which leads to danger of mother’s life، can be licensed for abortion. The religious teachings and Shia jurisprudence determine the right way.

Agricultural toxins including organochlorine and organophosphorus families cause damages in the various tissues in humans. Diazinon is a non-systemic organophosphate insecticide. This study was carried out to determine the effect of Diazinon on sex hormone، interferon gamma، interleukin-4 and 10 in male rats. In this experimental study 24 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Three experimental groups were received Diazinon 5 days per week for one month at 0. 3، 3 and 30 mg/kg/bw intraperitoneally، while controls received nothing. Seven days after the last injection، blood samples were obtained and the serum testosterone، FSH، LH، interferon gamma، interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 were measured. Serum level of Interleukin-10 significantly increased in experimental group (30 mg/kg/bw of Diazinon) compared to controls (P<0. 05). Serum level of Interleukin-10 significantly decreased in 0. 3 mg/kg/bw and 3mg/kg/bw of Diazinon groups compared to controls (P<0. 05). Interleukin-4 level was only significant in the group receiving 30 mg/kg/bw of Diazinon (P<0. 05). Reduction in interferon-gamma level was not significant between control and experimental groups. FSH significantly reduced in the three experimental groups in comparison with controls (P<0. 05). Testosterone level was significantly increased in experimental groups compared to control (P<0. 05). Diazinon increases interleukin-10 and testosterone and reduces FSH hormone in the rat.

Dursban is the most common organophosphate pesticides that used for control of pests. The main action of this compound is inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme، which adversely effects on reproductive system. Due to the use of pesticides in agriculture and the possible damage، the effect of this toxin on the sexual hormones and changes of testis tissue in mice was studied. In the experimental study، 40 adult male mice were divided into four equal groups including control، sham، experimental (1and 2) groups. In the experimental groups، animals were intraperitoneally injected with consecutive doses of 15mg/kg and 30mg/kg dursban for one month (five days per week). The olive oil was injected to sham group and control received no injection. Testes tissue sections were prepared to investigate possible changes occurring in the category of spermatogenic، Leydig cells and seminiferous tubule by eye piece (calibrated ocular lens). Diameter of testis was measured by micrometer. Levels of gonadotropin hormones and testosterone were assayed by radioimmunoassay. Then data were analyzed. Levels of gonadotropin hormones and testosterone in experimental (1 and 2) groups were significantly declined compared to control and sham group (p<0. 05). The number of spermatogonia، primary and secondary spermatocyts، spermatids، Leydig cells، diameter of testis and seminiferous tubule diameter in the experimental (1 and 2) groups compared to control and sham group and also in the experimental 2 group compared to experimental 1 group were decreased (p<0. 05). These results demonstrated that dursban can cause the decrease of sexual hormones and damage of testes tissue that is pushing people toward infertility.

When the sperm finds its final form at maturity، its antigen acts as a foreign cell against an immune system. With the sperm entrance into the blood vessel system، the immune system is exposed to antigens، and anti-sperm antibodies can be produced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal sperm injection on rat testis tissue in second generation. This experimental- laboratory study was performed on adult Albino rats of 3 months of age and weight approximately 250 to 300 grams. Sperms obtained from 8 rats، were injected into 12 female rats، during 4 stages at one week interval. Then under coupling، the testes of male offspring born (24 rats of the second generation) were biopsied after reaching the age of maturity. Tissue slices were prepared and stained with H&E. Seminiferous tubule diameter، number of germ cells and leydig cells were measured by using the eyepiece and compared with control group. Average number of germ cells in control and second generation was 9. 5±0. 9 and 8. 2±1. 1، respectively (p<0. 001). Average leydig cells were counted 7. 63±2. 74 in the control group and 6. 55±2. 21 in second generation rats (p<0. 001). Diameter of seminiferous tubules in the second generation (3. 7±0. 47) was significantly higher than the control group (1. 62±0. 025) (p<0. 001). Intraperitoneal injection of sperm (antigens) in the body of the mother rats can cause changes including the increase in seminiferous tubule diameter and decrease in germ cells and leydig cells in their offspring.

Choice of Suicide or euthanasia is among the new issues that with respect to descriptive judgments and deontological judgment require an exclusive research. Human suffering and pain and utilization of drugs، enabling more patients to keep alive long term. The use of organs for transplant patients with brain death، causing more attention than it has been found to be.

In a retrospective study، the laws of different countries and leading jurists، the view contemporary Shia scholars and their Fatwa on man killing or euthanasia in humans were discussed. The opinions and views on euthanasia in some countries that had supported the law were evaluated. Some countries do not consider issues not believe in euthanasia. Hadiths and verses from the Quran، it is manslaughter. In these verses، hadith and jurists fatwa has been used to achieve results.

According to Quranic perspective and divine command، manslaughter، or killing others is considered a significant sin. As Quran teaches us، killing an individual is equivalent to killing all humans. Treatment to avoid death، according to common view and reason، is not considered a suicide. The avoidance of a physician for treating a patient is not regarded murder therefore it does not conclude to any redemption or compensation، but he still is considered a sinful person due to his failure to save Muslim `life. Euthanasia to a patient in a caring and comfortable، and do not prevent the murder of truth is religiously impermissible and unlawful. And patient satisfaction is with the permission of the murder، retribution and blood money is not flowing. The killing of brain death، the opinion of some jurists، the patient is considered dead. Some also mentioned the reason they do not know enough.

The research done in this paper reveal that euthanasia or merciful killing or avoiding treating، a patient without noticing him/her or even with his/her demand، or reluctantly and even threatened him as well، would not be permitted.

Anatomy or dissection is separation of dead body and its parts، as a common way for training medical students or diagnosing the disease and identifying damages. Although dissection is an issue that، led to the development of medical science، but the debate was not a serious topic for scholars of past Jurists. This study is based on Islamic perspectives regarding new issues called as dynamic Islamic Ijtihad، and it analysis discussion on dissection. In a review، the majority of contemporary Shia jurisprudence`s Fatwa regarding dissection or anatomy was analyzed. Interpretative sources were used as the motif to infer the subject. Using narrations with connection to rush of a body، hurrying to equip the dead body، and the sanctity of dead body of Muslim and pagan is pointed out and were subject to careful discussions. Juristic Fatwa usually forbidden dissection and they don’t permit it unless there happen a contradiction. If the dissection is performed with good will and charitable intention it wouldn’t be considered a case of disrespecting therefore the sanctity of dissection، and paying redemption is rejected. Dissection with the aim of preserving Muslim lives، education، medicine، diagnosis and treatment، is not equal to mutilation. Dissection dose not conflict with the principle of burring the dead body and it could be washed، being prayed and finally be buried. The supreme religious leader could bid for dissection. Dissection is allowed in case of encountering a critical conditions with، intellectual and charitable motives، saving for the Muslim''s life، using in education، medicine، diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Several factors have influence on sperm fertilization, between them semen hyperviscosity is one of the idiopathic factors involved in sperm viability and function deficiency. Probably, decrease in human seminal antioxidants is one of the negative effects of hyperviscosity on sperm function. The aim of this study was to compare the total antioxidant activity (TAC) in seminal plasma of infertile patients with hyperviscosity and non- hyperviscosity. In this cross sectional study, 47 semen samples were provided from infertile patients with hyperviscosity (n=22) and without hyperviscosity (n=25) at Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center. After determine the semen hyperviscosity by measuring the length of the thread on withdrawal of the rod, sperm parameters (volume, sperm counts, motility and normal morphology) were evaluated on microscopic examination. TAC was measured in all samples by FRAP method and compared. The mean of sperm parameters including: counts (29.32 ± 25.35), motility (30.95 ± 19.11) and normal morphology (4.23 ± 2.5) in patients with hyperviscosity were significantly lower than those in non-hyperviscosity patients (counts 46.80 ± 26.29, motility (52.8 ± 15.41) and normal morphology (7.56 ± 3.16)) (p<0.02, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The mean of TAC in seminal plasma of non- hyperviscosity patients (1710.31 ± 458.67µmol/l) was significantly higher than that of hyperviscosity group (1230.25 ± 352 µmol/l) (p<0.01). Our results showed that there is a positive significant correlation between TAC and sperm parameters quality. Decrease in TAC concentration in seminal plasma of patients with hyperviscosity is one of the probability mechanisms for sperm parameters abnormality.