فهرست مطالب سیمین تولایی

In recent decades; Researchers have focused on explaining the spatial behavior of tourist movement in urban destinations. So that; Achieving optimal strategies for the development of urban tourism requires understanding the usual rule between user behavior and the space of tourist destinations. The purpose of this study is to identify the pattern of spatial behavior of visitors in order to develop tourism in the historical context of Yazd. This applied research has been evaluated by descriptive-analytical method. and; From the total annual statistical population of tourists in Yazd city, 360 tourists were randomly selected using the Cochran method in the historical context and information was collected from interview questionnaires and GIS system. In the analysis stage, two independent sample t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used in SPSS software. Finally, the analysis of the spatial pattern of visitors' movement in their cognitive maps has been done with the AGRAPH spatial arrangement method. The results show that in terms of individual characteristics of tourists; Income rate index, tourist travel characteristics; Movement pattern index and physical characteristics of the destination; The intensity of the distribution of attractions / activities had the most impact on the spatial movement of visitors to the historical context of Yazd. Finally, according to the cognitive maps of the visitors, seven patterns of space movement behavior in the destination have been identified. According to the final pattern, Amir Chakhmaq complex node has the best conditions in the historical context of Yazd.

Neighborhoods are the vital nuclei of the city, so the dynamism of any city depends on the nature of the neighborhoods, their material and spiritual capacities, and their variability. Typically, neighborhood transformations are influenced by two categories of internal and external factors. One of the problems that neighborhoods face in most cities of the world today is the change of functions and land uses under the influence of external factors or shocks that enter them outside the neighborhoods and bring about new changes in them. The main purpose of this study is to explain the physical-spatial changes of neighborhoods in transition in the sixth metropolitan area of Tehran.

The present study is of applied type and in terms of method, has been one of the cognitive-analytical researches. The data collection method is a combination of quantitative and qualitative data and information. The most important components of quantitative data are the results of general population and housing censuses and other thematic data of the Statistics Center of Iran, as well as surveys and data collected by other relevant institutions, including the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Tehran Municipality and District 6, Tehran Center for Studies and Planning, Tehran Governorate. will be. In addition, the researcher's query data collection tool has been another source of empirical data from competent experts and thinkers. To analyze the data, research on the techniques of description and statistical analysis of population standard deviation, spatial mean changes, general statistics, covariance analysis, etc. to analyze the spatial distribution of the population and "Copras method and analysis of variance" to analyze the factors affecting Land use change in the area and Technis TOPSIS have been used to rank the extracted criteria.

In the present study, the physical-spatial changes of the neighborhoods in transition in the sixth metropolitan area of ​​Tehran have been explained. Due to the importance of the location of neighborhoods in Tehran, land use changes under the influence of external factors will create new changes in them. These changes in the neighborhoods of District 6 of Tehran metropolis have been more than residential to office-commercial use. This has had a negative effect on population growth / decline, declining density, declining household size and declining sex ratio. In addition, it has now led to economic activity in the northern regions of the region. The present study is related to the physical-spatial evolution of neighborhoods in foreign studies close to the research of Edo Robert Igbenta (2009). The results of this study show that the sudden change in the use of residential land to commercial use in the city of Enogo, maximizes the desired land yield. In addition to the aforementioned researcher, the present dissertation can be close to the research of Stewart Rosenthal and Stephen Ross (2014). They have studied the economic situation of neighborhoods and cities, the economic situation at the neighborhood and city level in general, and believe that, although many spatial situations show strong economic stability, but the change in the economic situation in Neighborhood level does not necessarily mean sustainability in the urban economy, and ignoring the various necessary functions in the dynamics of urban neighborhoods and focusing solely on their economic status leads to the gradual collapse of housing, transportation infrastructure, and unplanned strengthening of population overflows.

In the framework of ecological theory and political economy, statistical models of directional or elliptical distribution of standard deviation and population mean changes, population covariance analysis, Coopers technique, study of urban land use changes in region six and TOPSIS technique have been used. The results show: 1- The population of many central areas of Tehran, especially the sixth district, has been associated with population decline during the last four decades, and this has an effect on reducing / negative population growth rate, reducing density, reducing household size and reducing sex ratio. 2- The study of the situation of the main uses of the city, District Six, has shown a decrease in the area and share of residential uses, as well as an increase in the share of commercial-office uses. 3- Analysis of the distribution and density of the population during 1996, 2006 and 2016 shows that this distribution in 1996 was relatively balanced and without strong spatial clusters, but in the last two decades the trend of population clustering has been formed during 2006 and 2016. 4- The results of TOPSIS technique findings with emphasis on physical, economic, social, demographic, environmental, managerial criteria, laws and policy-making, and communications and accesses show that one of the evaluated criteria is the extent to which economic characteristics affect land use changes from residential to commercial. With a score of (0.967), it has taken the first place.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of organizational capacity on the competitiveness of Sarein spa tourism destination and consequently the research model is quantitative. The required initial data were obtained using a questionnaire and composed of a statistical population of tourists and experts from executive organizations and services related to the tourism industry based on 200 randomly selected samples in a purposeful manner. Findings indicated that from the perspective of organizational capacity development, the components of leadership capacity and especially communication are weak. Also, from the view point of competitiveness, apart from the appropriate conditions of the resource quality component, the other two components, namely destination management and the competitive performance component, are not in suitable conditions to promote tourism development. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that the components of organizational capacity development have a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of Sarein spa tourist destination.

Based on the notions and assumptions of the discourse of “new urban regionalism”, there is a close relationship between the "spatial morphological structure" and the "spatial division of labor" in a megalopolis region, and solving existing problems in one without another is not possible, because they can either act in the direction of positive reinforcement and support, or in order to weaken and become an obstacle to each other; therefore, what is meant by the problem of achieving equilibrium and integration in the spatial structure and the functional system in a megalopolis region, will not be possible without recognizing the nature and relationship between these two. The reviews done the research shows that "spatial morphological structure" and "spatial division of labor" in Tehran's megalopolis region during the recent decades has not been able to support each other and significantly reduce the spatial non-equilibrium in the region. Therefore, according to the results obtained in the framework of this study, the "spatial morphological structure" and "spatial division of labor" in Tehran's megalopolis region during the recent decades (1345-1390), has been accompanied by a significant reduction in the spatial non-equilibrium in the region, though, the trend of transformations is on the move. One of the strategic implications of this is that the future issue of the Tehran's megalopolis region is to be more focused on the peripheral population poles and the improvement of the level of performance of the city itself in order to accept transnational functions and create alternatives and opportunities for roles and the tasks that will be assigned to them in the future. Just as in the prior years the industry sector has gradually shifted to the service sector, in the future it also seems necessary to give up the services sector to itself periphery and oppose the acceptance of the fourth sector of the global economy (such as; Information, communication and cultural economy).

The concept of urban decline is in fact the spatial focus of problems, which manifests itself in the form of high levels of unemployment, poverty and environmental pollution. Urban decline is complex and multidimensional in nature, including economic, social, physical, environmental and mental dimensions. In this study, the deterioration of the central part of Urmia over a period of 30 years from 1986 to 2016 has been investigated. The type of research based on the applied purpose and its strategy has been deductive and in the framework of analytical methods and correlation with emphasis on systemic approach. To analyze information and data, 3 indicators of population density, public-social security and active population in the dimension of social characteristics, 2 indicators of population displacement and sense of belonging to residents in the neighborhood, in the dimension of social interaction, 4 indicators of building quality, amount Land use compatibility, building ossification and physical permeability in physical dimension and 2 indicators, access to public spaces and land grading in environmental quality, 4 indicators of access to health services, access to educational services, access to services Leisure and the amount of access to cultural services in the service dimension has been extracted to investigate the situation of urban decline in the central region of Urmia using factor analysis, SPSS and GIS. The results of the factor analysis method based on the "composite final index" show that the final score obtained in the central part of Urmia in the period 1385 with a significant decrease

Inefficient structures are part of the urban space that cause disorganization, imbalance, inequality, inefficiency and declining urban life. As the smallest cell and the most important factor in the sustainability of urban life, these structures play an important role in the urban future. Therefore, paying attention to the future perspective and planning for these places can lead to the stability of neighborhoods and the whole city. In recent years, urban planners and managers have turned their attention to sustainable planning through regeneration to address the problems faced by inefficient structures. Sustainable regeneration is a comprehensive and integrated approach to solving urban problems, leading to the continuous improvement of sustainable conditions in the physical, social, economic and environmental domains. The present study seeks to investigate the key factors affecting the sustainable regeneration of the dysfunctional texture in District 14 of Isfahan City.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of research method, and, in terms of nature, based on new futuristic, analytical and exploratory methods. Data collection was done through a documentary-survey technique. To determine the variables, the Delphi method was used along with the opinions of experts. By snowball sampling method, 15 experts consisting of those in urban planning who were familiar with the study area were selected to respond. In this connection, the variables extracted from the documents and the variables obtained from the interview with experts were combined, and a set of variables was formed, which affected the future of sustainable reconstruction of dysfunctional tissue in District 14 including physical, social, economic, environmental and institutional dimensions. The variables were included in a questionnaire in the form of a 35 x 35 matrix to identify the interactions among them. Finally, matrix analysis was performed using the Mick Mac software.

The results of the study were based on a cross-impact matrix questionnaire that consisted of 1190 questions for 35 variables. Some variables were removed because they had no systematic and comprehensive effects. Depending on which area of the matrix the sum of the values of the matrix was located; five categories of variables could be identified. The method of distribution and the dispersion of variables in the scatter plot showed the degree of the system instability. According to the results obtained, out of 35 factors studied in this study, 16 factors were identified as key factors influencing the future of regenerating the dysfunctional texture in District 14. Out of those 16 factors, two were related to Zone 4 (independent variable). Due to the fact that the variables in this zone had a low impact, they were ignored according to the logic of the Mick Mac model and in order to simplify the planning process and focus on key variables. As a result, the 16 key factors found were provided to the group of experts in the form of a panel for screening. After re-screening, they were reduced to nine propulsive forces and considered as the final key factors.

Generally, nine key drivers were extracted as the main factors affecting the sustainable recreation of the study area. They included the immigration of foreign nationals, sanctions, inflation, financial crisis, attraction of domestic and foreign investments, expansion of the legal confines of District 14, stakeholder participation in urban decisions, planning the polar management style, tourist infrastructures and environmental sustainability. The results of this study showed that the variables defined in the economic domain have the greatest impact on the situation of he dysfunctional textures. Therefore, these variables have a significant advantage in terms of influencing other variables, and they can be introduced as key factors affecting the future of the sustainable regeneration of the dysfunctional texture in District 14. The recognition of the key factors makes it possible to deal with the problem of structural dysfunctionality. The findings of this study and what has been obtained from the existing theories about sustainable urban regeneration call for attention to inefficient urban structures with new approaches to sustainable urban regeneration. This can not only stabilize and improve the economic, social, physical and environmental conditions of those structures but also increase sustainability in metropolises. At present, most reconstructions ignore the social, economic and environmental dimensions and pay attention to the physical dimension. In this research, the perspective of regeneration is stable. In other words, if the four dimensions of sustainable regeneration are considered together in metropolises, it can lead the whole city toward sustainability. Otherwise, without considering these four dimensions together, we will see the continuation of the current unstable situation, which has a beautiful shape but is worn-out and inefficient inside.

Urban spaces as areas for social life, are places for urban activities, social correlations, social interchange and formal behavior with others. Considering the features and uses, and according to the qualities of these spaces, they are capable of extending the social domain and they can have negative or positive effect on social connections, trust, social correlations and collaborations which all are components of social capital. One of the factors that can increase the level of interactions, is the movement of pedestrian in urban spaces. This research is done to discover and analyze the effects of walkability on improving the social capital in the sample neighborhoods of Tehran Megalopolis. In this research for determining of neighborhoods walkability level, GIS, VICKOR models, Shanon entropy and AHP, and for the testing of the social capital indexes is used questioner method and SPSS software. The result of this research shows that with the correlation coefficient (0.144) between two variables, there is no meaningful relation between walkability and social capital. So, with rejecting the hypothesis of the research, it's true that it can not be said firmly that with walkability spaces we can improve social capital, but maybe it can be said that the existing spaces are not qualified enough, and with creating pedestrian – oriented spaces with qualities based on urban design principles or with improving the quality of existing spaces can be improved social capital in the urban spaces.

The network of streets as vital arteries is a central part of the structure of the urban system, which has a very effective role in helping and resilient in times of crisis. The impassability of the northern part of the region, Extremely high construction density, the existence of three major faults in the north (North Tehran fault), the central fault (Niavaran Driven) and the southern fault (Mahmodiyeh fault), and ... from the resilience perspectives have given a special place in the 1 district municipality Tehran. Therefore, the role of the streets of the region during the crisis is very important. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and promote the resilience of the road network in the 1 district against the earthquake. Therefore, in terms of purpose, including applied research and in terms of the methodology based on the evaluation approach, the method of collecting data in a documentary manner and in terms of data type is a mixed research . Based on the 21 indicators of humanity and their combined weight, in determining the status of the roads in District 1 for the time of crisis, most of the roads in the center of the region have a very unfavorable situation in terms of the risk of a crisis. At the time of the crisis, the road of the center of the region can cripple the aid process completely.

Tourism is a powerful force of change in the economy in both the developed and in the least developed countries. Due to the formation of the concept of sustainable development, Tourism industry as well as like other industries has been seeking ways to further alignment with the concept. Sustainable tourism as a form of alternative tourism, is seeking to improve the quality of life for local residents, promoting tourism experiences and Environmental preservation of destination. Its therefore is linked inextricably with the people and community and participation of local communities is essential to maintain and develop the basic planning for the development and management of tourism. Necessity of attention to the concept of community participation as one of the most important components of a sustainable tourism industry requires that to know the tourism industry is using the community as a resource, selling its as a product, and ultimately affects the life of each population. The pattern seems to be optimal in this relationship and in nature is also related to the sustainable development of tourism, the pattern is a community-based tourism. This pattern requires the presence of a community significant participation in sustainable tourism. Meaning that if only the local elites or foreign individual owners and or manager of land or major industries or land industries form the major players of the industry, will defeat inevitabley any participatory towards achieving sustainable development through community based tourism. However, the pattern of community participation in tourism, particularly in developing countries such as Iran has been inactive participation. So that the exception of the formal hosts or people involved in tourism activities, Local communities should be considered as a key resource for achieving sustainable tourism, not have any formal responsibility as the host of tourism activities and are always away from the axis of vision. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of community participation of Sarein, as one of the poles of the tourism industry in Iran, in sustainable tourism and from this perspective, the introduction of participatory approaches as a strategy for sustainable development of tourism in the study area.
This research in terms of target is applied research and based on a nature is survey descriptive – analytical research. In order to collect data is used the combined approach, means the combination of library and field methods such as questionnaires.The statistical population based on the research questions , including all residents of Sarein who is responsible for tourism activities are not formally and directly. The sample size (353 patients) was determined according to the formula of cochran and multi-stage cluster sampling was used as the sampling method. Two types of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. In section of descriptive statistics, for describe the research variables were utilized descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions. In section of inferential statistics, bivariate relationships Has been analyzed and interpreted using pearson correlation and multivariate relationships using multiple regression and path analysis.
Two types of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze variables. The findings descriptive statistics of the study showed that the tourism industry in Sarein has not favorable conditions in different aspects of and in particular economic, social - cultural and environmental that can be cited lack of participatory mechanisms as a major factor in explaining this situation. Despite the high tendency of Sarein local residents to participate in tourism activities, The same people actual participation rates are low in tourism activities.The findings are based on inferential statistical analysis also showed that there is a positive and stronger correlation between the level of participation of local residents and sustainable tourism industry in terms of socio- cultural compared with economic and environmental dimensions. Correlation between the level of participation and sustainability of the tourism industry from the perspective of economic and environmental being next in rank order of priority. In addition to confirming of this issue, the test of path analysis determined the exact amount effects of three variables of social-cultural, economic participation and environmental participation in sustainable tourism industry. The test showed that recent variables moreover obtainning the rank of second and third according to direct impact on the sustainable development of tourism, Also has indirect effects on its. Means through creating appropriate and correct provisions in the direction of promoting social- cultural participations of tourism, can be hoped to economic and environmental favorable conditions in terms of participation and hence achieving sustainable development of tourism.
This study aims to assess the status of Sarein local community participation in activities related to sustainable tourism Based on the survey and using field data. Therefore were studied each of the participation and sustainable tourism industry variables and the relationships between each of them in particular three aspects of economic, social - cultural and environmental. Assessments made in this regard indicated that there is willing to participate in tourism activities by the local population of Sarein and the amount is also a relatively good level but not in the direction of sustainability. Because the mechanism of the tourism industry in Sarein is such that the majority of local residents do not have a role in therein and do not participate in tourism activities objectively. However, the potential of participation to achieving sustainable development of tourism in Sarein is attainable priority order through tourism social- cultural, economic and ecological considerations. So by creating appropriate and correct provisions in the direction of promoting social- cultural participations of tourism, can be hoped to economic and environmental favorable conditions in terms of participation and hence achieving sustainable development of tourism in Sarein.

Prioritizing tourism areas based on scientific principles and decision making techniques in order to determine the potentiality of the area for planning, investment, and executing development project is one of the necessary approaches to achieve a sustainable development and to prevent wasting time and capital. This research was a descriptive – analytical research using 29 criteria to prioritize areas of East Gilan province regarding investment and tourism development. The obtained results from the AHP showed that Deylaman was ranked first as far as planning and development of tourism was considered. Lahijan with its natural beauty and man-made attractions was in the second rank and Ziaz and Sajiran were ranked the third. The results of cluster analysis showed that Deylaman, Lahijan, Ziaz and Sajiran, Ti ti, Shvyyl, and Abi nam were classified with the first priority for planning and were identified as a tourism pole. Halu Dasht, Leh Leh Rud, Khoseyl Dasht, Kelachay, Chaf and Chamkhaleh, Ali Sorud, Ab Sefid, Chaboksar and Amirkolaye were given the second priority for planning and becoming the tourist centers. Finally, Javaherdasht, Kia Kalaye, Mian Lengeh, and Serule were assigned the third priority for planning and becoming tourist centers.

Revitalization of urban oldtextures in the light of gentrification theory, will led to the exclusion of the poor people from there. Forced exit of poor class from old and deteriorated textures, created the problem of their relocation. Various factors affected this relocation including work place, previous residence, duration of residence in texture and family residence. This paper, has been evaluated the role of locating and movement of residents in the city. In this context, the relation between above factors and relocating people have been studied using documents and field studies, as well as the questioning of the residents of the communities located in region 13 named as Moftabad of Tehran and the results have been analyzed using SPSS and statistical tests. Findings show that work place of residents and their duration of residence are not determinative factors in selection of alternative location. In contrast, the previous location and family residence are very determinative.

Spatial justice is a focal point in the field of urban facilities planning, and a branch of social justice, in which neighborhood's status, in terms of distribution of services and and the enjoyment of various economic, social and infrastructure indicators, are examined. In this paper, spatial justice in distribution of urban services in 18 neighborhoods of Tehran's 6th district was studied. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In a way that at first, using VIKOR model, we analyzed the distribution of services in neighborhoods. Then, in order to evaluate the urban management in distribution of services, SPSS statistical tests were used. The results of vikor model show an unfair distribution of services at the neighborhoods of 6th district. Argentina-Saaee, and Vali Asr Square neighborhood, with the score of (0.069) and (0.083) enjoyed better services; and Jannat-Roftegar, and Fatemi neighborhoods with score (1) and (0.863), had the weakest service distribution. Findings showed citizen dissatisfaction from service distribution. In a way that Keshawarz and Qezel-Qale had the highest and lowest level of satisfaction in case of distribution of services. The reason for this can be found in the lack of participating the citizens, having non-defined neighborhood usages in the civil management system of Iran, the lack or decline of infrastructure facilities, and services and the unclear status of councils -as a link between citizens and civil managers. These are the important factors, intensifying the inequality between neighborhoods. As urban management is the main axle of services distribution among neighborhoods, it can play a better role in the distribution of services, with acquiring knowledge of how the way of services distribution in the neighborhoods, and citizen satisfaction level of that distribution.

Unequal distribution of resources as an inevitable result of high population, activities and services centralizations in some areas along with less weight and unevenness of population, activities and services in other areas that promoted the population flows has made authorities to face with numerous difficulties. This phenomenon causes smaller towns and villages to remain inactive during economic life of these areas, increased mobility of the population of small towns and unstoppable population growth of mega cities. It is natural that increase in above-mentioned centralizations has created many problems for managers and decision makers during its implementation. Accordingly, it seems that plans are not able to overcome or prevent the exacerbation of inequality and immoderations without taking proper distribution of possibilities and social services into account (Pour-Mohammadi et al., 2009: 30). However, it should be borne in mind that the necessary steps in this regard are to understand the present situation of each component of the planning bodies ranging from country, state, city and district and consequently understanding existing gaps and then making policies to eliminate and reduce inequalities in each part of these bodies. In this regard, paying attention to the regional inequalities in terms of livability1 approach is considered as one of the most important planning tools through which planners are able to evaluate the results of the programs within the context of geographical areas. If this issue is investigated in a logical and scientific way by the programmers, it can dramatically highlight the strengths and weaknesses of planning in different areas and specifies planning areas in terms of the amount of being privileged in the form of hierarchy and homogenous units. In other words, understanding livability approach can clarify how distributing facilities and services are done in different areas through comparative analysis of various economic, social and physical indicators. Indicators can comparatively show conditions of geographic limits and then rank and prioritize them in terms of facilities and bottlenecks. Thus, we should be able to show strengths and weaknesses of various geographic areas based on the utilization of services, infrastructure, etc. by the help of these indicators and then provide the tools necessary for decision making and goals setting. In this respect, the present study concentrates on the metropolitan area of Tabriz and tries to do situational analysis through suggesting livability approach. Understanding this process is undoubtedly the most important tool to achieve the old ideal preparation of metropolitan areas.
Considering the objectives of the study, the present research is of applied type in terms of its methodology and of descriptive-analytical type in its method. Library and documentary approach along with field study are used for data collection. Analytical methods, one-sample T-test, variance analysis (ANOVA) and path analysis test are used to analyze the data. SPSS software is used for data analysis and GIS is also used to display information.
According to the dimensions and indicators considered in the theoretical foundation and subject of the questionnaire designed for researchers and specialists, some of the indicators and dimensions pass through pre-testing filter and were ultimately used in the final questionnaire. Resident population of Tabriz metropolitan area is 1785722 people, out of which sample was calculated based on Cochran sampling formula with 5 percent error. For each 27 urban districts, 384 questionnaires were allotted and then based on population size each district was given a proper quota. Sampling is done through simple random sampling method.
Questionnaire reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient. As per this test, coefficient is calculated to be more than 0.7 percent and this shows desired reliability of the questionnaire. As per the calculations, 0.78, 0.76, 0.72 and 0.75 percent are respectively calculated for social, environmental, Physical-spatial and managerial dimensions. Total alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire is also calculated to be 0.74 percent.
Discussion of The results of “T test” show that the livability index of Tabriz metropolitan area with the average of 2.86 and statistic t 4.75 are at the intermediate level and with regards to the numerical desirability of the test (3), it can be said that statistic T of all livability aspects of Tabriz metropolitan area is acceptable. In the meantime, the status of physical indicator with statistic t 6/387 is weaker than other indices and the status of economic indicator with statistic 11/258 is better than other indices. Then social indicator with statistic 8.756, environmental indicator with statistic 7 / 387 and physical indicator with statistic 3/387 are occupying next ranks. On the other hand, given that the significance level 0.000 which is less than P Considering the fact that the significance level in all indicators is higher than 0.05, livability conditions are not the same in all parts of this range and there is a statistically significant difference between Tabriz metropolitan areas in terms of livability index difference. Meanwhile, economic indicator with F equal to 47.205 is having the highest amount of differences and it can be said that in the economic indicator, the livability difference at Tabriz metropolitan area is more than other indices. In the meantime, the results of path analysis also showed that the economic indicator (β=0.618) has the highest direct impact on livability. Social, environmental and physical indicators with (β=0.587), (β=0.422) and (β=0.385) are occupying next ranks respectively.

Today cities are the main place of work and life of the majority of human. More than 50% of 6 billion people in the world live in cities. Hence, paying attention to the quality of life ,conditions ,facilities and needs of the urban inhabitants is a vital issue. Considering numerous problems of the cities, a variety of approaches have been proposed in order to promote and improve the conditions of life in cities of which urban livability is one of the most recent. Nowadays, in most developed countries , livability has been developed and considered as a guiding principle within the framework of discourse of sustainability in urban planning and policies .This paper ,while introducing livability as the dominant approach in urban planning in the contemporary world, analyzes the theoretical origin, affecting views and its theoretical-practical literature .This research is fundamental-theoretical in respect of the objective and the data have been provided in library-documentary method . The findings of papers indicate that considering today’s conditions of most cities of the world, there is a general agreement concerning significance and necessity of recognition, analysis and defining urban livability in different aspects .However, there is no collective agreement on its definition, principles, parameters and indices. The main reason for difference in this case can be in the direct reliance of this concept on local and time conditions and beyond all, the social, economic and managerial ground of the target community.

Today the city with many challenges in the economic, social and environmental faced. However, increasing the proportion of urban population increased with detrimental consequences for cities has brought. Sustain such growth, urbanization, social problems, economic and environmental crisis poses and warning of instability cities. Among other problems, such as various forms of pollution, traffic and other psychological problems, quality of life and consequently reduce the livability of cities. Thus, the necessity and importance of sustainable development and livability in cities today is quite apparent. Livability and sustainable development concepts and approaches that the city away from all kinds of pollution, traffic, environmental problems, economic, social and physical brings to citizens.Term livability refers to the degree necessary to provide a community based on the needs and capacities of the community. A non-liveable society is indifferent to the needs of its community and does not respect their wishes. Overall livability of the three dimensions of economic, social and environmental division and each have their own characteristics. Dimensions and measures required for this study was based on the globally dominant language selected livability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the livability of Tehran Metropolis is in line with sustainable development. Descriptive research - with the aim of analysis.The data for analysis were collected using a questionnaire that ¬ validity and reliability with a nominal alpha 0/831 is approved. The software utilizes data from EXCEL, ARCGIS, SPSS and statistical tests were analyzed. Population groups, citizens, and private sector managers and deputy mayor respectively. The results indicate that Tehran metropolitan livability in all three dimensions of economic, social and environmental impact assessment is moderate to low, with the current trend towards sustainable development will not go ahead. Among the 22 districts, Tehran city area than in other areas of livability is better than other areas of the district 20 of Tehran Tehran areas of livability worse than the other is a must.

Lack of emergency equipment’s and facilities to rescue mission crews as well as lack of access in Iran’s rural settlements and the isolation of rural entities with respect to security services have led to many casualties and damages. Taking into consideration the uneconomic nature of fire station location in rural areas, optimum location of decision may result in an increase in efficiency and security of these places. This study aims to assign the appropriate villages for locating fire station in Bookan. This in turn, requires the investigation of present status of villages regarding these security and emergency measures. This demands the application of ANP. The research method is based on descriptive – analytical method. Our community target is all of Bookan villages out of which six villages were selected. This study suggests that the current statuses of these security services are very un-appropriate and do not follow scientific pattern. Moreover, Dashband, Noubar, Gelolan and Javanmard possess high priorities regarding security locational measures as opposed to Sarighamish and Nachit which possess the least priorities.

Rural tourism in Qom province – that have special feature of religious tourism - the may seem an unusual phenomenon. But the province with 93. 88 percent of urbanization، after Tehran province has the second rank It is as a metropolis with 6 percent growth that has urbanization problems including traffic and air pollution and marginalized and informal settlements where may affect rural tourism. Kahak District of Qom province has villa villages (Vashnoveh، Karmejegan and Fordo) for tourism purposes. The present paper survey method is a library and field studies، with regard to participants views in three groups (tourists، officials، families living in). We first determine strengths، weaknesses، opportunities، and threats in rural parts of Kahak (Vashnoveh، Karmejegan and Fordo) for Rural Tourism by the SWOT method. Tourism development strategy has provided the target villages. Community households in the survey included 874 residents، more than 1000 tourists and 25 persons are responsible for tourism in the area. Sampling method of Cochrane helped select 267 people and 306 rural residents and 25 tourists as statistical population. Research findings indicate a lack of necessary infrastructure including residential locations، catering، recreation and tourism development in the field of management of weaknesses. Review and analysis of the results from increasing environmental damage due to inadequate infrastructure and poor agents to invest in this sector for the use of positive effects in promoting rural tourism is a tale of rural development. Rural tourism may have significant economic effects such as preventing the flow of rural migration، raising income levels of rural households and creating demand for agricultural products and handicrafts. In Kahak (Qom province)، three target villages have the necessary capabilities in the field of tourism، but have been unable to benefit from tourism in creating jobs، increasing income and building service locations. It is while; tourism is the most suitable choice for rural development. This is especially important when the tourists are residing in the second homes during the warm seasons. This provides an opportunity for tourists who plan to strengthen rural areas، while there are no negative environmental effects. This study is seeking to answer these questions: Do we have target villages foundations for environmental and rural tourism development that can require us to attract tourists? Is there any relationship between lack of appropriate infrastructure (including roads and access to residential and entertainment venues) and the amount of tourists? To answer questions، strengths، weaknesses، opportunities and threats in the area were assessed by two internal and external factors using the SWOT analysis model.

The aim of this study is to examine the hospitality and the foundations of rural tourism in the three interested villages of Kahakto provide strategies for tourism development in this area. Hence، information was provided through observation، questionnaires and interviews. The population of the study was more than 10،000 thousand people (tourists annually three villages) and rural population، which has 874 households، and 25 persons of authorities. Population samples were studied in three groups: tourists with 306 people، 267 households living in villages and 25 patients and associated persons in charge. Sampling in the study was Cochrane formula. Questionnaires were distributed among the tourists using random sampling and among households living in targeted areas by qualitative methods. After completing the questionnaire، the SWOT model was used to develop strategies and provide solutions. In this model، four concepts of strengths، weaknesses، opportunities and threats from the main foundation of the model. they are the internal (domestic) and external (foreign) fields that were studied on rural tourism.

Internal and external factors affecting rural tourism in the study area (Tables 5 and 6 which are provided) shows that among the internal factors that influence rural tourism، there are nine strong points against 12 weaknesses. On external factors influence، there are 8 opportunities against the 8 threats. Total of 17 strengthes and opportunities are considered as an advantage. Up to 21threats are as disadvantage to pull constraints for developing rural tourism. In Table 7، the total weight for each of the factors، were set based on questionnaires frequencies، as well as weight and concepts from the viewpoint of the four respondents. Finally، in Table 8، there is the priority of each effective internal and external factors; Table 7 shows that the most important strengths is the most beautiful landscapes. The weakness is the poor inadequate facilities and services. Increasing and becoming more motivated to travel to the villages is the main opportunities and environmental damage is the main threats of the area.

The main result is the necessity for more researches in rural tourism planning in Iran. The necessity is more in some villages like those studied in this article. Tourism development in the study area can be at two levels of long-term and short term. 1-long-term programs includes: − To create and develop infrastructures such as accommodation and welfare facilities، catering facilities and service facilities. − To prepare a comprehensive tourism plan and set plans for developing tourism and attracting tourists، which is proportional to the ecological conditions of the region and prevent environmental degradation. − Provide a suitable ground for private sector investment in regional tourism activities. 2 - Short-term programs includes: − Tourist attractions and advertising recognition to mark them with different methods، like TV shows in the province and marketing to attract tourists and become a regional pole of rural tourism in the province. − Holding training classes for the villagers interested in interacting with tourists، tourism and education. − Create partnerships in rural areas for rural development. − Revival of handicrafts and production of local handicrafts for offering to tourists using the experiences of people with skills. − Install warning signs and collect accurate and automated garbage and rural sanitation to prevent environmental pollution.

Accordingly¡ creation of security within Samen Municipality¡ in Mashhad city¡ requires basic efforts and special studies. Therefore¡ regarding to particular conditions of this area¡ the first and most important strategy in order to provide security for tourists is distribution of tourists which is done in specific tourism services. In addition¡ following suggestions can be expressed for security improvement in case study: • The first and most important suggestion that can be affected others¡ is prevention of excessive accumulation of pilgrims in some areas of this region and distribution of pilgrims in whole of city and all regions. • Change of proper land use within available land use in Samen region¡ that actually is a part of old and worn texture¡ can be helpful to prevent and reduce crime in urban areas; and throughout continuous and useful communication of planners and urban designers and town security forces¡ it will be achieved in relation with urban spaces. • Development educational¡ sanitary and sporty-recreational areas for social – economic achievements and keeping the population. It can be suggested that identification and abandon dilapidated buildings and changing their land use to health and educational facilities¡ sports and recreation areas should be done. • Through optimal location¡ distribution and urban security bases can reduce the probability of crime occurrence. • Although crime and insecurity have fundamental economic and social roots but role of space in reducing or exacerbating insecurity should not be neglected. Some of these cases include: compatible land uses mixing¡ creating proportion between forms and functions¡ achieve readability¡ orientation in space and time¡ existence sense of belonging to the social and geographical space¡ and paying attention to spatial gender design. • The relationship between social indicators and social security and building density should be reviewed and provided for Samen region. • Creating organizational and organic relationship between Samen region and adjacent areas through improved urban spaces¡ creating parks¡ mending and renovation of buildings and creating jobs in that ecosystem. • Perform policing strategies in Samen region such as strategy of rapid response to emergency calls¡ strategy of randomly patrol and strategy of employing guided patrols based on local patterns. • Providing spatial secure within residential neighborhoods with an emphasis on space¡ determining land use of lost and abandoned spaces. • Attention to security issues in urban renewed design of spaces particular pedestrian spaces can reduce some of no defense spaces through planning and principled design • Attention to security in urbanization and urban design of spaces¡ including special attention to proper lighting and optimal location lighting resource in regions. • Amplification of continuous presence of residents and tourists in spaces of this region (continuous and permanent presence of residents and tourists) is caused by social security. In general¡ urban designers of non checkered design¡ proper definitions of land uses¡ eliminating blind spots¡ organizing and creating neighborhood can raise coefficient of urban security and prevention of crime. It is also considered that inside urban designers¡ architects¡ municipalities and other non-security institutions should implement actions such as lighting¡ correction of passages¡ creating special facilities¡ eliminating ruined and haunted places¡ and organizing high density spaces for creation of security and prevention of crime. While issues of security and prevention of crime in city are multifaceted issue that wouldn’t only supply an organization and institution¡ some factors such as citizen participation¡ effective presence of municipalities and other institutions should be considered.

In recent decades، the development of tourism industry in the micro and macro levels causes changes in the economic، social and political attitudes of communities. By considering that tourism affects different aspects such as environment، culture، art، lifestyle، relationships، beliefs، politics، economics and the type of development of a community therefore، it should be studied more carefully. Thus، accepting it as one of the major economic activity in the developed and developing countries has prompted planners to evaluate the effects of tourism on aspects of social، economic، and political environment. In this study، the range of effects caused by tourism with systematic framework will use to identify the main effects of tourism on the host community. In this regard، this descriptive-analytical research tries to evaluate and categorize negative and positive effect of truism on aspects of socio-cultural، economic، environmental، and political by using questionnaire and TOPSIS technique. The results indicate that in the circumstances of tourism the largest positive effects are related to the economic and social dimensions. Priorities of social and economic impacts of tourism are employment، regional development، and changing cultural patterns. The most main negative impacts of environmental on tourism-related، including lack of access to tourist and accommodation facilities، pollution and waste، were the highest priorities more important. Environmental factors، such as lack of access to tourist، lack of accommodation facilities، pollution and waste، have the most main negative impacts on tourism industry. Therefore، the environmental factors should be considered as important factor in tourism attraction. Reduction of political conflicts with earning the highest proximity to positive ideal solution and the next activation of diplomacy were the most important positive impact of tourism industry indicators.

Urban mixed-use development has been one the important urban planning paradigms in North American and European cities. This approach has been emerged from the new urban planning theories such as new urbanism، smart growth and sustainable development. At a glance to urban plans which have been produced for our metropolitans we can find that the theorical and methodological explanation of this paradigm has been paled in domestic literature. This issue made the platform of the article in order to characterize approach of urban mixed-use development in domestic urban development literature. Thus، components and contexts of 135 correlate Persian articles in a professional literature review process have been analyzed. Contents analysis method has used for the process and SPSS software used too in order to make the results more clear. The results showed that this approach was very mint in the literature and researchers have newly focused on that. It found that among the correlate articles the ratio of mixed use works was very low. Also the results showed that divers field of study has defray to mixed use development in which urbanism and geographers have more slice. At the end it clarified that utilizing urban mixed use development is really needful.

Tourism is being considered as one of the most influential industries with regard to its economic role. Taking into consideration Iran’s tourism capabilities as well as its attractions, the country is unable in performing its relevant share. Zanjan is not an exception, however. By identifying these capabilities, Zanjan could perform its appropriate role regarding tourism. SWOT technique was applied in order to determine regarding the identification of strength, weakness, threats and opportunities and proposing an appropriate tourism strategy. Furthermore, AHP was applied for prioritization purposes regarding different strategies. The research method of this study is based on analytical-descriptive as well as based on field work and documentary method, this study suggests that defensive strategies with score of 0.367 has the highest comparative advantages as opposed to the other strategies. This indicates the removal of weakness and threats and the adoption of tourism appropriate comprehensive strategies for this city.