شهباز شمس الدینی

This study investigate the relationship between agricultural value added and real effective exchange rate shocks using the NARDL approach and seasonal data for the period 2009Q4 to 2017Q4 in Iran. The results of the bounds test indicate that there is a long-run equilibrium(co-integration) between variables and the estimation of the model shows that appreciation or depreciation in real effective exchange rate in the long run has a negative and significant effect on the value added of agricultural sector at 10 percent. Also, interest rate on banking facilities and government expenditures in agricultural sector had a negative and significant effect at 1 percent. The results of the Wald test indicate that in the short run, the effect of real effective exchange rate shocks on the agricultural value added is asymmetric and in the long run the effect of these shocks is symmetric. Both in the short run and in the long run, the appreciation in real effective exchange rate will have a greater impact on the value added of the agricultural sector compared with its depreciation.

Knowledge of medicinal plants and economic evaluation of their use is one of the basic requirements for the preparation of multi-purpose rangeland plans. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic indicators of the use of medicinal plants used in Aliabad Mosiri summer rangeland, located in Koohrang Bakhtiari. For this purpose, in the years 2018 to 2020, while sampling the vegetation and measuring the amount of organ production used by medicinal plants and the amount of forage of grazing species, economic indicators were calculated according to the collected data. According to the results, gross income from the use of medicinal plants includes; Shallots (Allium hirtifolium), Allium jesdianum, Allium ampeloprasu, Mentha longifolia and Thymus daenensis, in a harvest period, was estimated at 1139.463974 million Rials per hectare. From the deduction of overt and covert operating costs, the economic rent resulting from the sale of medicinal plants, 40,0342,242 million Rials per hectare per year was obtained. The expected value of each hectare of rangelands in the region from the place of exploitation of medicinal plants, taking into account the discount rate of 5.4 percent in September 2020, 71.74547 million Rials per hectare and from the place of forage for grazing livestock, 1.130050 million rials per hectare. It was estimated that the share of medicinal plants in the total expected value is 87%. .Also, the annual employment of medicinal plants in the 300-hectare area of distribution of medicinal plants, three people per year, was calculated

One of the most important variables effective on the PPI of agricultural products is the exchange rate. With the change in the exchange rate, the relative prices of exports and imports have changed, and given that the major part of the imports in agricultural sector is the inputs required for the production of this sector, this will change the cost of agricultural products. The exchange rate directly affects the export and import of agricultural products and agricultural inputs and indirectly affects production, income, costs, profits and investment in the agricultural sector. Thus, the exchange rate affects the price index in this sector due to its effect on the supply and demand of products and inputs in the agricultural sector. Monetary policy is one of the factors that can affect the price of food and agricultural products. One of the main goals of monetary policy is to stabilize the general level of prices in the economy. In a situation where society is exposed to inflationary pressures and the CPI is rising, the application of a contractionary monetary policy can play an important role in inflation control.

In this study is used the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) method for estimating of PPI agricultural products equation using Eveiws12 software. The data required for this study are related to the period 2009 (Chapter 4) to 2019 (Chapter 4), which is mainly collected from domestic library sources, including the Statistical Center of Iran, the Ministry of Agriculture-Jihad, the Central Bank of Iran and the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance. The data on the effective real exchange rate has been extracted from the IMF web site. Based on the theoretical foundations and fulfilled studies, the long-run relationship exists between the PPI of agricultural products and the explanatory variables such as real effective exchange rate, GDP, CPI and money supply. This equation is transformed into an unbound error correction model (UECM) using the functional form ARDL (p, q) and is estimated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. In this study, the Bounds test has used for investigating the existence of a long-term relationship (co-integration) between independent and dependent variables. Also the Wald test has used for investigating the symmetric or asymmetric effects of independent variables (exchange rate and money supply) on the dependent variable.

The results of the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test show that all variables are stationary in first difference. In other words, the variables are integrated from the first degree and in this research, the NARDL approach can be used. The results of Bounds test indicate that in both the linear symmetric model (ARDL) and the nonlinear asymmetric model (NARDL), the calculated F-statistic is greater than the critical values ​​of the upper bound. Thus, the long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables of both models is accepted with 99% confidence. The results of linear model (ARDL) indicate that the real effective exchange rate with a time lag, in the short term has a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. The GDP variable only in the long run has a negative and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. In addition, the CPI in the short term with a time lag and in the long term has a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. Also, in the linear model, money supply (monetary policy) has had a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products only in the long run. The results of the NARDL model show that in the short run, only the positive shock of real effective exchange rate has a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. Accordingly, the GDP variable in the short run has a negative and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. In the short run, the CPI with a time lag has a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. In addition, in the short run, the positive and negative shocks of money supply have not had a significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. In the long run, the positive shock of real effective exchange rate has a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. In addition, the negative shock of the real effective exchange rate in the long run has a negative and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. Also, positive shocks of money supply (monetary policy) in the long run have a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. Negative shocks of money supply (monetary policy) in the long run have a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. In the long run, GDP has had a negative and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products.

The results indicate that the positive shock of the real effective exchange rate, both in the short run and in the long run, has a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products. Therefore, the depreciation of national currency always increases the PPI of agricultural products. Therefore, the most important step forward for the policymakers and planners to control the rising trend of prices is to prevent the depreciation of the national currency. Based on these results, positive and negative shocks of money supply (expansionary and contractionary monetary policies) have a positive and significant effect on the PPI of agricultural products only in the long run. Therefore, application of monetary policy in the agricultural sector is like a double-edged sword, and the use of these instruments by monetary authorities requires consideration of all aspects.

The functions of wetlands are water supply, livestock supply, wildlife refuge, employment and human uses, research and training, climate adjustment and recreational services. The purpose of this study is to estimating the economic value of Gandoman international wetland with area of over 1100 hectares in 2017 and provide it to the relevant authorities for its further protection. Data collection tool is questionnaire and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression using SPSS and SHAZAM software. The results show that there is a significant negative relationship between the bid amount and the probability of respondentschr('39') willingness to pay at 5 percent. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between monthly income and age variables of visitors with the probability of willingness to pay at 10 percent. In addition, according to the concept of the marginal effect, a unit increase in the bid amount, monthly income and age of the respondents would decrease 0.09 percent in probability of willingness to pay and would increase 19 and one percent in probability of willingness to pay, respectively. Based on estimated Logistic model, the expected value(average) of willingness to pay for each visitor is 5831.2 Toomans and total recreational value of Gandoman international wetland is approximately 175 million Toomans.

The effective role of environmental resources in continuing the process of sustainable development and preservation of human life has led to economists focusing on the non-market roles of these resources. Awareness of the amount of benefits which are exited from the society by destroying environmental resources motivates the protection and support of these valuable natural treasures in the society. Awareness of the benefits of environmental resources requires the valuation of these resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic functions of carbon sequestration, oxygen and forage production in Gandomanwetland with an area of 980 hectares with a sustainable management approach. For this purpose, a 200-meter transect was established in the representative areas of three plant types of Juncus inflexsus-Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus longus-Cladium mariscus, and Phragmites australis, and a total of 30 plots of one square meter were randomly placed along the transects. Then, in each plot, in addition to soil sampling, the percentage of canopy cover of all plant species, litter, rocks, and pebbles was estimated. Also, the aerial biomass of the plants was cut at a distance of one centimeter above the soil surface and then collected and dried in 50% of the plots. Plant carbon storage was measured using the electric furnace method and soil organic carbon was measured using the Walkley-Black method. The amount of oxygen production was also calculated based on the amount of plant dry matter. Based on the results of this research, the amount of carbon stored in the plant biomass and soil and the amount of oxygen production were determined separately by plant types. The results indicated that the annual average forage production was 14.8 tons per hectare. Also, the amount of carbon stock and oxygen produced in the whole Gandman wetland was equal to 8.9 and 22.4 tons per hectare per year, respectively. The carbon stored in the wetland soil was estimated at 554.7 tons per hectare. Therefore, the economic value of Gandman wetland per hectare per year for forage production, carbon sequestration, and oxygen production was 72728345, 9 9457140, and 11189600 Rials, respectively. The economic value of carbon stored in the soil of Gandman wetland was 589,424,220 Rials per hectare.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province with one percent of total area in Iran, covers 10 percent of total precipitation. Also, Karoon and Zayandehrood rivers are originated from this province. In recent years, the different watershed operations have been performed to control and maintain surface water in the province. This research analyzed effective factors on rural participation in watershed management operations in Monj-Bideleh Basin of Lordegan in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Required data were compiled with questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS. The results showed that relationship between age, main gob and experience in agriculture with participation is negative and insignificant. In contrast, the relationship between satisfaction, social versatility, socio-economic situation, membership in public institutes and village, and use of informational resources with participation is positive and significant in one percent. The results of multiple regression estimation in stepwise indicate that knowledge of the objectives and characteristics of the watershed management plan has the highest portion in participation in watershed management activities.

Broujen township is located at an area of ​​2755 square kilometers(16 percent of the area of ​​Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) 65 kilometers from the province center(Shahrekord). In 2016, this township had 122483 inhabitants in the form of 36,238 households. In recent years, various watershed management activities have been implemented at the provincial level or planned for implementation in order to control and maintain surface water and optimize their use. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the factors affecting the participation of rurals in watershed management in Cheshmeh Zainal watershed of Broujen township in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics and analyzed by SPSS software. The results show that there is a negative and non-significant relationship between age (r = -0.136) and the experience of people in agriculture(r = -0.032) with their participation in watershed activities. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between social versatility(r = 0.43), socioeconomic status(r = 0.57), membership in rural public institutions(r = 0.36) and use of information resources(r = 0.37) with respondents' participation in watershed activities at one percent. The results of multi regression analysis in stepwise method indicate that the level of awareness of the goals and characteristics of watershed projects has the highest role(0.53) in the participation rate of the respondents in the watershed management activities.