شهرام مشهدی زاده

The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in mitigating experiential avoidance and impulsivity among female students who encounter difficulties in regulating their emotions. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design comprising a control group, pretest, and posttest, in addition to a three-month follow-up period. The statistical sample comprised female high school pupils residing in Tehran who encountered challenges with emotional regulation throughout the academic year of 2020-2021. A purposively selected sample of thirty-one students was allocated at random to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group engaged in monthly online MBSR sessions for a total of 10 sessions, each lasting 75 minutes. The research employed the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ), the Barratt Impulsiveness Questionnaire (BIQ), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Data analysis involved Mixed ANOVA and using SPSS software version 23. Female students who struggled with emotional regulation exhibited experiential avoidance and impulsivity less frequently as a result of MBSR (p < 0.001). In conclusion, students who struggle with emotional regulation may benefit from Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction as an intervention strategy, according to the findings. This is supported by the evidence that experiential avoidance and impulsivity can be effectively reduced. This methodology integrates strategies including fostering consciousness regarding the five primary senses, emotions, muscular activity, and the present moment.

For years, psychological treatments for acute biological patients, along with other drug treatments, have been the answer to patients' psychological problems. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of group training of psychological capitals with cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on the psychosomatic symptoms of migraine patients in Isfahan city.

The design of this research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study was made up of all migraine patients in Isfahan city in 1400. The research sample consisted of 54 patients with migraine and were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups underwent 14 sessions of psychological capital training, and the second experimental group underwent 8 sessions of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tool included the Beck Depression Questionnaire and the data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements.

The difference in the psychosomatic symptoms scores in the pre-test and follow-up test in the three groups is significant (p<0.001) and the difference between the groups in the research stages (interaction of time in the group) is equal to 72.9%.

Considering the effect of mindfulness based cognitive therapy and psychological capital training on the psychosomatic symptoms of migraine patients, these treatments become an effective factor in improving the symptoms of these patients.

Infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse .Infertility affects millions of people of reproductive age worldwide – and has an impact on their families and communities. Primary infertility refers to couples who have not become pregnant after at least 1 year having sex without using birth control methods.Secondary infertility refers to couples who have been able to get pregnant at least once, but now are unable (1). Worldwide, 48/5million of couples experience fertility problems (2). In Iran, around 20/2 percent are estimated to have difficulty conceiving or staying pregnant (3). Infertility stigma includes the components of personal worthlessness,social withdrawal,public stigma and family stigma,along with secrecy ,which distinguishes the infertile person from her environment and considers her an awkward patch. Infertility stigma puts strain on relationships, may lead individuals to hide their diagnoses from friends or family and delay or avoid treatment (5-7). In turn, this could lead to worse prognoses for these patients (8-11)(Kaya and Oskay 2020). The MBAT, mindfulness-based art therapy, as a new intervention method which combines art therapy and psychotherapy. MBAT integrates mindfulness practices and with making art therapeutically.The therapist creates a supportive container which includes: mindfulness teachings, guided meditations, and sensitive exploration of the art images created. Mindfulness-based art therapy takes place in either group or individual sessions .MBAT invites   kindness and care and encourages a  non - judgmental responses in mindfulness and art-making practices and  orientates  towards having patience to allow change to occur. Rather than focusing on how we want to be, we open to how we are in this moment, and then change can occur .The benefits of mindfulness-based art therapy include: reduced stress and anxiety, improved mood and self-esteem, more fulfilling personal relationships, deeper insight and ways to develop compassion for yourself and others .Mindfulness practice involves self-exploration and awareness of our minds, bodies, feelings and thoughts. Art making is a way to express ourselves beyond words. It encourages us to be in our present moment experiences, through noticing the sensations we are experiencing. This includes the sensate qualities of using art materials, involving touch, movement and play,  which supports presence and awareness (12, 15).  Mentalization -based therapy (MBT) is a type of long-term psychotherapy.  Mentalization is the ability to think about thinking. Mentalization is a normal capacity that we all use in everyday life.MBT is an integrative treatment approach for borderline and other severe personality disorders. It combines ideas from both psychoanalysis and modern research and is based on the unique human capacity to mentalize  , or understand mental states underlying one's own actions as well as those of others .Anthony Bateman and peter Fonagy applied the concept of  mentalization to treating people with borderline personality, creating Mentalization-Based Therapy. They believe people with borderline personality (BPD) have a limited ability to mentalize, due either to genetic predisposition or early exposure to neglect.MBT can be an effective intervention for depression and eating disorders but the evidence is currently limited. Professionals supporting mothers of children at risk may benefit from receiving training in the principles of MBT. Mentalization refers to the ability to reflect upon, and to understand one's state of mind; to have insight into what one is feeling, and why.Poor mentalizing of our own thoughts and emotions means that we do not have a good understanding of our own reasons for acting the way we do (16-19). The aim of this research was to study Comparison of the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy and Mentalization-based treatment on infertility stigma of infertile women In Isfahan.

The present study used a pretest-posttest design with 3 groups: 2 experimental groups and 1 control group. Code of ethics was IR.IAU.SHK.REC.1400.010. The study population consisted of all woman with primary infertility referring to the forensic medicine organization of isfahan, Iran, in winter and spring 2021.  The sample group consisted of 45 individuals selected by the available sampling method. The inclusion criteria included interest in participating in the study . The exclusion criteria included diagnosis without psychological disorders, severe physical diseases and don’t absent more than two sessions. The participants were randomly divided into 3 groups each with 15 members. The experimental groups underwent therapeutic interventions. The first experimental group received (MBAT), mindfulness-based art therapy and the second one received (MBT), Mentalization-based therapy. The experimental group attended in ten sessions MBAT protocol and 20 sessions MBT protocol .Two month after the intervention, three  groups were assessed again using the same tool(follow up).  The control group received no intervention. The data were collected by (ISS), infertility stigma scale ,by  Fu et al. (29) The questionnaire was introduced by Rajabi etal. It includes 27 statements .The statements are designed based on 5- Likert spectrum scale (30). The participants filled out the tool before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed by SPSS V.23. Data were evaluated by ANOVA with repeated measure.

The effectiveness of mindfulness-based art therapy and Mentalization-based treatment on components of infertility stigma in woman with primary infertility was examined. In terms of the components of infertility stigma, the findings indicated differences among the mean scores at pretest and posttest stages in all groups. The results of ANOVA with repeated measures supported the effect of both treatments and decrease   all  of components of infertility stigma,except family stigma .The mindfulness-based art therapy and  Mentalization-based treatment  had significant effect on infertility stigma. Mentalization-based treatment was more effective than mindfulness-based art therapy . Jalambadani et al. showed that of mindfulness-based art therapy was effective in the quality of life in woman with breast cancer (20). Markin, McCarthy argued that Mentalization-based treatment  was effective in pregnancy after loss (25). These findings are consistent with (20-23).

Mindfulness-based art therapy, as a new intervention method which combines art therapy and psychotherapy, seems to decrease infertility stigma of infertile women and helps the individual to concentrate on the moment rather than the future so that it increases awareness about one’s body by improving self-supervision. Such intervention leads to a notable decrease in psychological symptoms and higher self-care. On the other hand, people feel less motivated to control their environment, following the unexpected diagnosis of infertility. And also, Mentalization-based treatment decrease infertility stigma of infertile women . It helps to make sense of our thoughts, beliefs, wishes and feelings and to link these to our actions and behaviours .Using MBAT and specially MBT, is recommended in large scale in the population of infertile women. Through learning coping skills in the face of stressful events, people learn to deal with such situations with self-confidence and optimistically.

Childhood injuries and traumas can affect the psychological characteristics of people throughout their lives. Childhood traumas can lead to the formation of maladaptive schemas and the occurrence of suicidal thoughts in adulthood. The current research purpose was modeling suicidal thoughts based on childhood trauma with the mediating role of maladaptive schemas.

This research is a correlational study method. The statistical population of the present study is consiste of all the adults in Tehran who experienced physical and sexual adversities in childhood. The sample included 300 people with a history of childhood adversity who were selected by available sampling. In order to measure the research variables were used childhood trauma questionnaires (CTQ), Beck Suicidal Thoughts Questionnaire (BSSI), and Inconsistent Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-SF). The data was analyzed path analysis using Amos software.    

The findings showed that the direct effect of childhood trauma on suicidal thoughts is significant (P <0.05). Also, the results show that early maladaptive schemas play an intermediate role in the relationship between childhood traumas and suicide thoughts (P <0.05).

early maladaptive schemas mediate the relationship between suicidal thoughts and childhood trauma, and to work on suicidal thoughts, the role of schemas and unfortunate childhood experiences should be considered.

Childhood traumas can have a profound effect on the psychological characteristics of people throughout their lives. The present study was conducted to model suicidal ideation based on primary maladaptive schemas with the mediating role of emotional regulation in people with a history of childhood adversity (physical and sexual).

This research is a type of correlational study. The statistical population of the current study consists of all adults in Tehran who have a history of physical and sexual adversity in childhood. The sample included 300 people with a history of childhood adversities who were selected by purposeful sampling. To measure research variables were used childhood trauma questionnaires (CTQ), Beck Suicidal Thoughts Questionnaire (BSSI), the Inconsistent Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-SF), and Gratz Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (DERS).

Analysis of the research data showed that the proposed research model has a goodness of fit. The fit indices of the model showed goodness of fit (IFI, CFI, GFI, NFI<0.9). Therefore, the results of path analysis showed that emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between maladaptive schemas and suicidal ideation in adults with childhood trauma (p < 0.05).

Since the defect in the process of emotional regulation is an important factor in the maintenance and emergence of mental disorders, the difficulty in emotional regulation can be an important mediating factor in relation to many important variables in the pathology of mental disorders, such as maladaptive schemas and symptoms of mental disorders such as suicidal thoughts, therefore, special attention should be paid to the role of emotion regulation in pathology and treatment.

For many years, psychological treatments for acute biological patients, along with other drug treatments, have been the answer to the patients' psychological problems. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of group training of psychological capitals with cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on depression of migraine patients in Isfahan city.

The design of this research was a Quasi-Experimental type of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study was made up of all migraine patients in Isfahan city in 1400. The research sample consisted of 54 patients with migraine who were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups underwent 14 sessions of psychological capital training, and the second experimental group underwent 8 sessions of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness. The control group did not receive any intervention. The research tool included the Beck Depression Questionnaire and the data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. 

The difference in depression scores in the pre-test and follow-up test in the three groups is significant (p<0.001) and the difference between the groups in the research stages (interaction of time in the group) is equal to 72.9%.

Considering the effect of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and psychological capital training on the depression of migraine patients, these treatments become an effective factor in improving the depression of these patients.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of group training of psychological capitals with cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on pain catastrophizing in migraine patients in Isfahan city.

The design of this research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this research was made up of all patients suffering from migraine in Isfahan city in 2021. The research sample included 30 female patients with migraine who were selected by voluntary sampling and randomly assigned to three experimental and control groups. The experimental groups underwent 14 sessions of psychological capital training based on the training package of Abai et al. (2014) and the second experimental group underwent 8 sessions of cognitive therapy training based on mindfulness based on the treatment package of Teasdel et al. (2000). The research tool included the pain catastrophizing questionnaire of Sullivan et al. (1995). The data were analyzed using the statistical method of repeated analysis of variance.

The results showed that group training of psychological capital and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness had a significant effect on pain catastrophizing (F=43.10, P<0.001) of female migraine patients in Isfahan city. In addition, the mindfulness training method played a more effective role in improving the catastrophizing of migraine patients (P=0.001).

Using psychological treatments along with biological treatments for migraine patients can be an effective factor in improving mental conditions and obtaining better results from the treatment process.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness based stress reduction on negative automatic thoughts of female students with difficulty in emotional regulation. The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design and three-month follow-up stage. The statistical population of the study included 228 female high school students with difficulty in emotional regulation in Tehran in the academic year 2020-21. 31 student were selected through purposive sampling method and were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The experiment group received mindfulness based stress reduction in 10 online sessions of 75 minutes in one month. The applied questionnaires in this study included Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire  (NATQ) (Hollon, Kendall, 1980) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz, Roemer, 2004). The data were analyzed through Mixed ANOVA. The results showed that mindfulness based stress reduction has significant effect on the negative automatic thoughts and difficulty in emotional regulation of female students with difficulty in emotional regulation (p<0.001). According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that mindfulness based stress reduction can be used as an efficient treatment to decrease negative automatic thoughts and difficulty in emotional regulation of students with difficulty in emotional regulation through employing techniques such as a gain awareness of the five main senses of the body, emotions, muscle function and awareness of the present.

Integrative transdiagnostic and dialectical behavioral therapy seem to affect the hope and pain perception of cancer patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of integrated transdiagnostic therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy on hope and pain perception of cancer patients in Isfahan.

The method of this study was quasi-experimental with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all cancer patients in Isfahan in 1400. Of statistical population, 63 patients were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups were trained with specialized protocols. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test. 

Compared to the control group, integrated transdiagnostic and dialectical behavioral therapy resulted in improved hope and pain perception of cancer patients in the post-test (P<0.001), and these results also showed a lasting effect in the follow-up phase. The effect of integrated transdiagnostic and dialectical behavioral therapy on hope and pain perception of patients with cancer was not different in post-test and follow-up stages.

Integrative transdiagnostic and dialectical behavioral therapy are likely to improve hope and pain perception in cancer patients.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy, brief intervention and combination intervention on reducing depression in recovering Covid-19 in Andimeshk.

The present research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The sample consisted of 80 patients with Covid-19 virus recovered under the auspices of Andimeshk Comprehensive Health Service Centers who were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). The experimental group underwent cognitive behavioral therapy interventions for 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week and the control group did not receive any intervention. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used to collect data and analysis of covariance was used to test the research hypotheses.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and brief intervention on depression in Covid-19 in Andimeshk, but there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and combined intervention on depression in Covid-19 in Andimeshk.

Based on the results, it can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral therapy has been effective in reducing depression. And there is no difference between the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and combination intervention (cognitive-behavioral therapy and brief intervention)

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Lecavalier Behavioral Inflexibility Scale in autistic children. Research method was descriptive survey of instrument standardization type. The statistical population consisted of 1400 autistic children aged 3 to 12 years in Isfahan, from among whom 450 children were randomly selected and 430 of them were included in statistical analysis according to inclusion and exit criteria of the study. In exploratory factor analysis, 230 individuals and confirmatory factor analysis 200 autistic children aged 3 to 12 years were included separately. Research instruments were GARS Autism Symptoms Diagnostic Scale and Lecavalier Behavioral inflexibility Scale. Data were analyzed with SPSS26 and AMOS24 software using correlation coefficient, heuristic and confirmatory factor analysis. Results of exploratory factor analysis showed six factors respond to changes, which were routines and rituals, tendency to be restrictive, response to novelty, response to uncertainty, oversensitivity to ambient events with specific values ​​higher than one that 55.986% of  total variance of structure explain behavioral inflexibility. Results of first-order confirmatory factor analysis showed all indices were PCFI = 0.851, PNFI = 0.809, CMIN / DF = 1.876, RMSEA = 0.051, IFI = 0.954, CFI = 0.954, GFI =0.920 confirmed proper fit of final model so factors obtained from the scale were appropriate. Internal stability of components of Behavioral Inflexibility Scale was higher than 0.7, indicating acceptable consistency of components of structure. Convergent validity of proposed model scales (CR >0.60), divergent validity (AVE> ASV and MSV) were appropriate. Persian version of Lecavalier Behavioral Inflexibility Scale had acceptable validity and reliability and measures 6 factors.

Inflexibility is an inappropriate response children with autism disorder to environmental changes. A tool with appropriate reliability and validity is needed to measure the behavioral inflexibility of different age groups of children with autism disorder.there is a research gap due to disagreement on the relationship between behavioral inflexibility and age. So, the question is whether the factor structure of the Lecavalier Behavioral Inflexibility Scale is invariant. In different age groups.

The present study aimed to investigate the validity and invariance of the factor structure of the Lecavalier Behavioral Inflexibility Scale in children with autism disorder aged 3-6 and 7-12 in Isfahan.

The research method was descriptive-survey and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population was children with autism disorder aged 3-12 in Isfahan, of whom 450 children were randomly selected, and the data obtained from 430 of them (230 for exploratory factor analysis and 200 for confirmatory factor analysis) were analyzed. The GARS Autism Symptoms Diagnostic Scale (GARS) (2012) with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89 and the Lecavalier Behavioral Inflexibility Scale (BIS) (2020) with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.97 were used.

Data were analyzed by Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The Behavioral Inflexibility Scale (CVR> 0.62 and CVI> 0.79) had acceptable internal consistency in the two age groups (α> 0.70). ∆x2 of the restricted and unrestricted models of the measurement residues were equal in different age groups [∆x2 (90)= 108.51, p= 0.089].

The Persian version of the Lecavalier Behavioral Inflexibility Scale has acceptable validity and reliability for both age groups, and its factor structure is invariant.

The outbreak of Covid-19 virus and the occurrence of multiple peaks in the country over time has caused nurses to suffer psychological and emotional damage. according to this the present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of positive psychotherapy on the resilience of female nurses with anxiety symptoms.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design and two-month follow-up stage. The statistical population of the present study included the female nurses with anxiety symptoms in the city of Isfahan in the winter quarter of 2020. 40 female nurses with anxiety symptoms were selected through purposive sampling method and were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 20 nurse). The experimental group received positive psychotherapy online in 8 sessions of 75 minutes per month. After the intervention, 4 nurse in the experimental group and 3 nurse in the control group had a fall. The applied questionnaires in this study included anxiety questionnaire (Beck et.al, 1998), and resilience scale (Conner, Davidson, 2003). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS statistical software version 23.

The results showed that the Positive psychotherapy has significant effect on the anxiety and resilience of female nurses with anxiety symptoms (p<0.001) and succeeded in the decrease anxiety and increase psychological empowerment and resilience in these nurses.

According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that positive psychotherapy can be used as an efficient treatment to decrease anxiety and increase resilience of female nurses with anxiety symptoms through employing techniques such as a positive outlook on life and teaching optimism and hope for the future.

The workload resulting from the occurrence of multiple couvid-19 virus epidemic and the psychological burden created causes anxiety in nurses. Therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of positive psychotherapy on the psychological empowerment and promotion of behaviors health of female nurses with anxiety symptoms.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design and two-month follow-up stage. The statistical population of the present study included the female nurses with anxiety symptoms in the city of Isfahan in the winter quarter of 2020. 33 female nurses with anxiety symptoms were selected through purposive sampling method and were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received positive psychotherapy online in 8 sessions of 75 minutes per month. The applied questionnaires in this study included anxiety questionnaire, psychological empowerment and promotion of behaviors health. The data were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.

The results showed that the Positive psychotherapy has significant effect on the psychological empowerment and promotion of behaviors health of female nurses with anxiety symptoms (p<0.001).

According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that positive psychotherapy can be used as an efficient treatment to increase psychological empowerment and promotion of behaviors health of female nurses with anxiety symptoms through employing techniques such as a positive outlook on life and teaching optimism and hope for the future.

The process of cancer and its treatment has effects on patients, so that the physical and mental function of the patient is reduced. In this regard, the use of therapeutic approaches to improve mental health problems caused by the disease has been identified and presented. Considering the repetition of other therapeutic strategies and the variety of psychological problems of patients with cancer, lack of use of two strategies of integrated transdiagnostic treatment and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in the group of patients with cancer, and the impact of a person's cognitive skill on maintaining mental health, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of integrated transdiagnostic treatment and DBT in psychological well-being and pain perception of patients with cancer

The design of this quasi-experimental study was pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients with cancer in Isfahan, Iran, in 2021. The study sample consisted of 63 patients with cancer who were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to three experimental and control groups. Research data were collected using McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale and analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software.

Integrated transdiagnostic and DBT education was effective in improving pain perception and psychological well-being of patients with cancer in the experimental group compared to the control group. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two educational strategies (integrated transdiagnostic and DBT) in the post-test for variable of pain perception (P = 0.58 and P = 0.42, respectively) and for the psychological well-being variable (0.27 and 0.17, respectively). In the follow-up phase, it was obtained as 0.58 and 0.43 for the pain perception variable and 0.30 and 0.17 for the psychological well-being variable (P < 0.01). Integrated transdiagnostic treatment has been more effective in the psychological well-being and pain perception of patients with cancer.

Integrated transdiagnostic treatment and DBT lead to increased psychological well-being and improved pain perception in patients, and health professionals can use this treatment method to improve the psychological performance of patients.

Neuropsychological skills are required to learn the prerequisite concepts of reading, writing and mathematics in the preschool period.

The aim of this study was evaluation of normative scores of Neuropsychological Skills Teacher Form Questionnaire of preschool children.

The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). Thematic analysis was used for the qualitative section and the descriptive-survey method in the quantitative section. The statistical population included all preschool children of Isfahan in the academic year of 2020-2021. After obtaining permission from the Education Organization, the researcher-made neuropsychological skills questionnaire was completed online by 410 preschool teachers selected by the two-stage cluster sampling method. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis through principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis by SPSS-22 and AMOS-23.

The normative results of the participants responses to the questionnaire revealed that the raw scores ranged between 1.7 and 4, Z scores ranged between 2.24 and 1.77, t scores ranged between 27.57 and 67.89, and percentage scores were from 0.2 and 100%; furthermore, the factor loadings (p=0.476, Δx2=12.64) were equal among girls and boys. The reliability coefficients of the questionnaire estimated by Cronbach’s alpha (0.921) and split-half (0.843) were acceptable. The clinical cut-off point was 2.86, and factor loadings of all items obtained from confirmatory factor analysis were higher than 0.4 and significant (p<0.001). But the difference between the mean scores of neuropsychological skills of preschool girls and boys was not significant (p>0.05).

The researcher-made Neuropsychological Skills Questionnaire can be used as a valid tool to assess the neuropsychological skills of preschool children.

The primary goal of preschool education is facilitating learning the basic concepts such as reading, writing, and math. Prerequisite skills such as neuropsychological ones are required for learning these concepts. This study aimed at constructing and evaluating psychometric properties of neuropsychological skills questionnaire (teacher form) for preschool children. 

In the qualitative section, we used the thematic analysis method. The statistical population included all books, theories, and Persian and English articles related to neuropsychological skills. The sample was selected using the purposeful sampling method and considered sufficient as theoretical saturation was achieved. A descriptive- survey research design was used in the quantitative section. The statistical population consisted of all preschool children in Isfahan in the academic year of 2020-2021. According to Cochran’s formula, 374 preschool children were determined as the research sample. Due to the Coronavirus - 2019 restrictions, this study used an online questionnaire, and 410 preschool teachers selected by the two-stage cluster sampling completed the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis method with the main components’ analysis and the varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis for the goodness of the model fit were used to investigate the construct validity.

The results confirmed the face and content validity, discriminant validity, construct validity, and the right norm of the researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire, estimated by Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.921; its split-half reliability coefficient was .84, and its clinical cut-off point was 2.86. Regarding eigenvalues greater than one, eighteen factors in the first order and five factors in the second order were extracted using exploratory factor analysis, which respectively explained 83.58 and 85.59 percent of the total variance of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that factor loadings of all items were higher than 0.4 and significant (p<0.01).

In general, it can be concluded that the researcher-made questionnaire has good validity, reliability, and norm; therefore, it can be used as a valid instrument for assessing the neuropsychological skills of preschool children.

The purpose of this study was to constructing , investigating validating of the neuropsychological skills teacher form questionnaire in preschool children.

The research method was descriptive survey. The statistical population consisted of all students of preschools in isfahan city. The research sample was determined according to Cochran ,s formula of 374 preschool children. Corona restrictions prevented the questionnaire from being published online and preschool teachers filled out online questionnaire for 410 children. In order to investigate the construct validity, exploratory factor analysis method in the main components and the varimax variables and confirmatory factor analysis for goodness of fit the model were used.

The results confirmed the face and content validity, discriminant validity and construct validity of the researcher-made test. The reliability of the test by calculating the Cronbach's alpha was 0.921 and with split half method was 0.843.Clinical cut off point were 2.86. Considering eigenvalues greater than 1, eighteen factors in the first order and five factors in the second order were extracted using exploratory factor analysis respectively showing 83.58 and 85.59 percent of the total variance of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis shows that load factors in all questions were higher than 0.4 and significant as well (p<0.001).

Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the neuropsychological skills teacher form questionnaire has adequate validity and reliability and can be used as a valid tool for the assessment of the neuropsychological skills in preschool children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of brain-based learning on problem-solving skills and visual-spatial working memory in preschool boys with specific learning disabilities in Isfahan City.

The research method was quasi-experimental with two groups of experimental and control, pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all 6-year-old pre-school boy students in Isfahan in the academic year of 2018-2019. Accordingly, 30 children were selected through a two-stage cluster random sampling from the statistical population. Then  they were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent 32 sessions of 45-minute brain-based training developed by Jensen (2000), Cain et al. (2005), and Springer (2010), while the control group did not receive any intervention. For evalution, the Tower of London Test, the Corsi Visual-Spatial Working Memory Test, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and the Child Diagnosis Checklist for specific learning disabilities were used. The repeated measures analysis of variance was used for data analysis.

The results showed that brain training in problem-solving skills and visual-spatial working memory explained 27 and 31% of variance, respectively (P<0.05).

Learning based on focusing on brain activity, because of the emphasis on brain hemispheric activity,  is a positive and effective approach to improving the performance of learners with specific learning disabilities, so it can be used as dominant approach in pre-school education.

nowadays, one of the problems of human societies is liver diseases and using chemical drugs with their side effects, causing the researchers change their approaches towards new sources of herbal drugs .The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Satureja bachtiarica and Thymus daenesis Celak the liver damage is caused by injection thioacetamide. 54 male wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into 9 groups of 6 each groups the (first sahed, second of positive control, third of negative control, fourth, fifth, sixth extracts of Satureja bachtiarica with 5, 10 and 20 miligram per kilogram ,seven , eight and nine extract of Thymus daenensis Celak with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg extract were given by gavage.Thioacetamide first for three week and twice weekly a rats of 1cc to all groups except the control group were injection then gavage for 14 days savory and thyme extract groups were treated with the extract and the positive drug control group treated with 8 mg/kg capsule sibilinin slap for 14 days.then the blood samples were taken and liver of rats. Histopathologic study suggests that liver lesions compared to the control group is related to the negative control group .Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase well as in the study were assessed and showed that extracts of thyme daenensis has a positive effect on liver fibrosis. By studying the findings, it seems that Flavonoid compounds and phenolic in Thymus daenesis Celak and Satureja bachtiarica can decrease the toxic effects induced By thioacetamide In liver tissue of Mice

Oxidative stress due to hypothyroidism causes behavioral deficits. Kiwifruit contains various vitamins and antioxidants. In this study the effect of kiwifruit extract on body weight, memory, pain and serum T4 and T3 in hypothyroidism male rats was evaluated. Subjects and

Wistar male rats (200-250g) were divided into 8 groups (n=8) randomely as following: 1) Control, the remaining groups were hypothyroidism that received methimazole (500mg/L in drinking water) for 3 weeks. 2-7) Treated groups received orally either different doses of Kiwifruit extract (50,100,150, 200, 400 mg/kg/5ml or the same volume of normal saline for 14 days. 8) Positive control group receiving 1 mg/L of levothyroxine in drinking water. Serum thyroid hormones (with radioimmunoassay), body weight, pain (by tail-flick test), and memory (by shutle box) were measured for all groups. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc and P<0.05 was assigned as least significant difference.

Serum T4 and T3, body weight and memory and pain reflex latency were decreased significantly after induction of hypothyroidism (P<0.01). Treatment with 150 and 200 mg/kg doses, without affecting the thyroid hormone serum level, improved memory and pain significantly (P<0.001) Higher doses of extract had no effect on above parameters.

Treatment with kiwifruit extract didn’t change thyroid hormones; therefore, had no effect on hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Improving effects of Kiwifruit extract on behavioral deficits following hypothyroidism might be related to its antioxidant property in brain.

Pre-eclampsia is one of major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, IUGR (Intra uterine growth retardation), preterm birth and mortality in newborns. According to Immune mal-adaptation hypothesis, using contraceptive methods or short period of unprotected cohabitations may be risk factors of pre-eclampsia. The aim of this study was to determine the possible association between these factors and pre-eclampsia. This study was performed on 300 pregnant women who were admitted in the delivery ward of the Tamin Ejtemaee hospital in Shahrekord, Iran. They were matched for age categories and interviewed for filling the questionnaires. Data analysis was done by SPSS 14, using student t-test, odds ratio or X2, tests. Majority of the participants, both in the case & control groups, were primi-gravida and only 20% had a history of one or more abortions. A significant positive association was seen between the total duration of cohabitation (marital duration) and the risk of pre-eclampsia (P<0.001). This correlation remained significant even after elimination of number of delivery. There was no significant relationship between using contraceptive methods and pre-eclampsia. The results of this study have challenged the immune mal-adaptation hypothesis in some aspects and it seems that there may be another explanation for the role of long cohabitation as a risk factor in pre-eclampsia, which requires further researches.

Starvation changes the pituitary hormones serum levels, especially gonadotropins and growth hormone (GH). There are controversies about the effects of starvation on the hormonal changes of the two axes. Therefore, this study was carried out to show the interaction of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) and GH axes during fasting. In this experimental study, thirty-two adult male rats were divided into four equal groups. The starvation group was deprived of food for 4 days with free access to water and received injection of the vehicle (corn oil, 1ml/day). The control group had free access to water and standard laboratory animal food and received injection of the vehicle (corn oil, 1ml/day). Starvation + testosterone (St+T) group were deprived of food for 4 days with free access to water and received injection of testosterone (1 mg/kg/day). Starvation + estradiol (St+E) group was deprived of food for 4 days with free access to water and received injection of estradiol (1 mg/kg /day). Then the levels of FSH, LH, GH, estradiol and testosterone were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Toki tests. During the fasting, the level of serum GH increased to 64% but the level of FSH, LH and testosterone decreased by 33%, 31% and 41%, respectively (p<0.001). No significant change was found in serum level of estradiol. The increase of serum GH levels in St+T and St+E groups were less than that of the starvation group (p<0.001). Also in St+T and St+E groups the decrease of FSH and LH were more than those in the starvation group (p<0.001). Based on the results of this study, the two axes showed the same mechanism in response to short-term starvation