شهره روشنی

The present research was conducted with the aim of studying intensive parenting, parenting goals and parental perfectionism in two groups Iranian mothers and fathers.

A total of 706 parents (532 women and 174 men) were selected to participate in the research by volunteer. The measurements were included Parenting Goals Scale (PGS), intensive parenting questionnaire (IPS) and parental perfectionism scale (MPPQ).

The results of t-test showed that mothers were significantly different from fathers in intensive parenting in general and specifically in essentialism and challenging (p< .05) and fathers had a significant difference in child-centered with mothers (p< .01). The results also showed that fathers were significantly different from mothers in child development (p< .05) and parental image (p< .05) of parental goals and perfectionism in both self-oriented and social-oriented dimensions (p< .05).

The results of this study highlight the special role of fathers and mothers in the outcomes of parenting, focusing on reinforced parenting goals with the aim of shaping the child's social identity, paying attention to the special responsibility of fathers in raising children, considering the components of parenting in Iranian culture.

Male infertility is one of the reasons for accepting adopted children in Iranian families. While the discourse on infertility and child adoption predominantly focuses on women, thereby characterizing the issues as 'feminized', this study employs a descriptive phenomenological approach to explore the lived experiences of 10 infertile men in Mashhad who have adopted children. Study participants were purposefully chosen from the 'Hammasirha' Telegram group. The data obtained from the in-depth semi-structured interview, conducted form February 2022 to May 2023, underwent analysis using the Colaizzi's method. The analysis reveals three distinct main themes: 1). "Burden of Childlessness" which encompsses the ‘suffering of infertility’, ‘suffering from facing significant others’, ‘empty nest’ and ‘unsuccessful treatment’; 2). "Difficult Transition" including ‘challenges directed at oneself’, ‘challenges directed at taking action’, ‘challenges directed at others’ and the ‘challenges related to the adopted child’; and 3). "Paternity Without a Body" highlighting ‘endless concerns’, ‘development of paternal identity’, ‘the desire to have children’ and ‘modern fatherhood’. The findings revealed that in response to societal pressures and the stigma attached to being childless, these men chose adoption as a pathway to establish their paternal identity and to respond to their wives' maternal instincts. Despite ongoing concerns, they expressed satisfaction with their decision and viewed it positively.

The phenomenon of infertility encompasses a range of subsequent challenges that extend beyond medical concerns, including the psychological and social strategies individuals adopt to cope with childlessness. These strategies, particularly adoption, are subject to varying interpretations and emotional responses by men and women alike. Gender is not merely a biological distinction but a category that is deeply rooted in the social context (Miller & Scholnick, 2000), which plays a pivotal role in shaping how individuals confront the complexities of infertility and the pursuit of parenthood through alternative means such as adoption. Male infertility, which refers to the inability of a man to impregnate a woman, accounts for between 40 and 50 percent (Fisher & Hammarberg, 2017) of all infertility cases (Agarwal et al., 2020). Recent researches show that infertility often leads to men's masculinity being questioned (Hanna & Gough, 2016) and that the stigma associated with male infertility is widespread (Gannon, Glover & Abel, 2004; Ozkan et al. 2015). This stigma indicates not only individual suffering but also societal pressure men face due to involuntary childlessness (Peronace, Boivin & Schmidt, 2007). Although infertility challenges affect both infertile women and men, research in the social sciences has disproportionately focused on women, with only a small fraction addressing the impact and the experiences of male infertility (Hanna & Gough, 2020). Moreover, due to the prevailing sexist norms, the realm of biological reproduction remains a “feminized space, requiring women's commitment and work” (Hanna & Gough, 2015). The subject of adoption, particularly within the infertility literature, has been received little systematic attention within the literature (Freeark, et al. 2005). To fully understand this domain, new studies is needed that provide appropriate indights into the adoption challenges in the existing socio-cultural context, especially concerning the gender of adoptive parents.
The current study aims to present a new perspective on the challenges these men have encountered transitioning from infertility to fatherhood, by exploring the lived experiences of infertile men who have adopted children. 

The present study, employing descriptive phenomenology methodology, aims to uncover the lived experiences of infertile men who have adopted a child. The focus is on infertile Iranian men who who have become fathers through adoption. The criteria for inclusion in the study were infertility due to male causes, adoption of a child, a minimum of five years in a childless marital unions, willingness and readiness for an interview, and residence in Mashhad. Data was gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews centered on infertility problems, the adoption process, and subsequent post-adoption experiences. The duration of the interviews is 90 minutes on average, stating with the main question, "Where did your adoption story begin?" Follow-up questions were tailored based on prior responses, becoming increasingly specific. Purposeful sampling was utilized to select participants who could provide rich insights into the adoption experience among infertile men, acknowledging that such individuals are key informants for this research topic (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2012). 

Analysis of data on the experiences of infertile men participating in the research were organized into three main themes: 1). the experience of infertility labeled as "Burden of Childlessness"; 2). the experiences of the adoption process termed "Difficult Transition"; and 3). the experiences of the rout to fatherhood described as "Paternity without a Body".
The "Burden of Childlessness" encompasses the ‘suffering from infertility’, ‘suffering from facing significant others’, ‘empty nest’ and ‘unsuccessful treatment’; the "Difficult Transition" covers the ‘challenges directed at oneself’, ‘challenges directed at taking action’, ‘challenges directed at others’ and the ‘challenges related to the adopted child’; and the "Paternity without a Body" involves ‘endless concerns’, ‘development of paternal identity’, ‘the desire to have children’ and ‘modern fatherhood’.

The theme of "The Burden of Infertility" reveals that men who are the source of infertility have experienced internal negative emotions and societal stigma stemming from their infertility, leading to feeling of inadequacy and deficiency in their sense of masculinity. In fact, these individuals often percieve themselves as not being "complete men", experiencing what is termed "silenced masculinity" (Abbaszadeh et al., 2023), as the prevailing societal image of masculinity is that of a man capable of procreation and fathering children. 
The analysis of participants' narratives indicates that, in accordance with Goffman (1963), both infertility and childlessness, as well as adoption of a child, lead to both personal and societal stigma for infertile men who become adoptive parents.
The findings suggest that infertile men who proceed with adopting a child confront numerous challenges, including including grappling with infertility both internally (with themselves) and externally (with their spouse and others), the dilemma of choosing between treatment or adoption, as well as the procedural complexities and the post-adoption consequences. Therefore, dealing with each of these problems necessitates specialized counseling and psychological intervention, which is especially crucial given the significance of the mental well-being of adoptive families and the enhancement of the adoption experience.

This article is based on the doctoral dissertation of the first author of the article in the field of Women's Studies, which was completed at the Faculty of Women and Family, Qom University of Religions & Denominations,. The authors of the article would like to thank all those who supported this research and the anonymous reviewers of the paper for their constructive feedbacks.

The most important role of women in the Islamic lifestyle is the mothering and raising children, and considering today's social conditions, especially population policies, mothering is one of the important issues of social sciences; but the concept of mothering in Iran has received less attention from researchers. In this regard, the current research seeks to identify the characteristics of the good mothering from the point of view of women and men. For this purpose, by interviewing 90 participants, including fathers, mothers, married men, married women, unmarried sons and unmarried daughters living in Tehran, and qualitative content analyze of the interviews, extracted the characteristics of the good mothering from their point of view. According to the findings, the characteristics of the good mothering include "sacrifice and patience", "kindness and compassion", "support and help", "giving tranquility and security", "having awareness and concern", "tact and management", "being a role model for the child", "raising a worthy child", "favorable interaction with the child" and "balanced performance of roles".

Women’s most important roles in the Islamic lifestyle are those of maternity and rearing children, but today many women, because they have a job, are also obligated to play a correct occupational role, and therefore striking a balance between occupational and maternal roles is of particular importance. In recent years, the number of female members of academic staff has been on the increase, and since these women have undertaken a great volume of occupational tasks, achieving the equilibrium between their occupational and familial roles involves certain difficulties. Thus, using the qualitative research method, the present study aims to identify the women’s strategies for finding the balance. To this aim, interviews with 20 female members of academic staff and a content analysis of the interviews have been conducted to extract the strategies. According to the research findings, the strategies include eight categories: diligent efforts to achieve occupational goals, efforts to be a good mother, self-effacement, reduction of occupational goals, time management, a division of labor, family planning, and outsourcing of some family tasks.

One of the important factors of marital satisfaction is marriage readiness and the role of socialization in development this readiness is important. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of education-based socialization about marriage and marital life by various agents of socialization including father, mother, school, television, cyberspace and peers on marriage readiness. The research is descriptive-correlational and The statistical population included single girls and boys living in Tehran, of whom 384 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data was collected by using Qalili Renani's Marriage Readiness Questionnaire (2013) and the questionnaire made by the researcher of the education about marriage and marital life by various agents of socialization. Data analysis was done using SPSS 25. Findings showed The average score of education-based socialization of different agents of socialization is different and in order mother with average score of 68.59, father with 59.94, peers with 47.25, cyberspace with 46.62, television with 31.08 and school with 28.65 is placed. The regression analysis also showed that only socialization through mother's education is effective on marriage readiness. according to this, In order to benefit from the special position of the mother in the process of socialization of children, it is suggested to raise awareness and provide the necessary training to mothers. Also, policy making and planning to take advantage of the capacity of other agents of socialization, including father, school, television and cyber space, can play an effective role in marriage readiness.

Women’s studies, which was founded on the activities of the women's movement in the West and its main goals was to change attitudes, has been constantly changing and expanding. Today, there are various trends in this field in different countries, which in Iran has an Islamic approach. The purpose of this study is to investigate the lived experiences of Afghan and Pakistani male students of women's studies in Iran, who are more with a patriarchal background. The method used in this research is interpretive phenomenology which has been done by conducting semi-structured interviews with sixteen of these students. Data analysis was performed by Van Mann method using MAXQDA 2018 software and the three main themes of "gender awareness", “reflecting on gender stereotypes “and, “decreased gender perspective" were obtained. According to the findings, gender awareness indicates "understanding the fabrication of existing attitudes towards women" and "understanding the common nature of men and women in the Qur'an" has led to reflecting on gender stereotypes including “reflection on religious readings of women" and "reconsideration of social beliefs towards women", and finally has led to decreased gender perspective including "decreased of patriarchal hegemonic view in the family "and" decreased of patriarchal privileges in society".

Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible. In this regard the purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience. The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted. Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle. Some conditions, such as the support and companionship of the spouse and the university, have a more prominent role in establishing balance, and in addition to helping women to successfully fulfill their career and motherhood duties, by reducing the tensions of fulfilling roles simultaneously and creating the Reassurance and calmness are effective in playing a balanced role of work and motherhood and it is necessary to pay special attention to them.

Islamic lifestyle is family-oriented, and stability of love in conjugal relationship is an important principle in family’s stability. For this reason, the present study has been conducted using the correlational method with the aim of researching into the role of order in couples’ relationships in the stability of conjugal love. The research instrument is a combination of Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale (1989), and researcher-made questionnaire measuring order in couples’ relationships. The statistical population includes all married women and men in the city of Tehran, of which 384 individuals were selected based on Cochran formula and through multistage cluster sampling. The SPSS 26 Software was used to analyze the data. The results of multivariable regression showed that 59% of all the alterations in the stability of conjugal love are predicted by three out of four components of micro order, namely, congeniality, being likeminded, and being in step with one another. The component ‘having the same fortune’ has not had a role in predicting alterations in love. Therefore, to mitigate family problems, including divorce and infidelity, policy and plan makers and family counselors, can, in presenting their educational and medical plans, lay the ground for the stability of conjugal love through focusing on increasing couples’ being likeminded, being in step with one another, and congeniality, thereby helping the stability and excellence of family through increasing intimacy, libido, and commitment in the husband and wife relationship.

The attitude to marriage is one of the most important predictors of satisfaction after marriage and studying it can clarify the contexts and causes of marriage delay. This research aimed to investigate the role of parents' marital interactions and their marriage-related education in the prediction of children's attitude to marriage with a non-experimental correlation method. The population included single girls and boys in the city of Tehran and 384 people were selected by the multistage sampling. The data were gathered by the standard questionnaire of attitude to marriage, and the researcher-made questionnaires of assessment of parent's marriage-related education and assessment of their marital interactions. They were analyzed by the multivariate linear regression test. According to the results, among the variables, just mothers' marital interactions influence children's attitude to marriage and the increase in its desirability leads to a better children's attitude to marriage. Therefore, by informing the parents, especially the mothers, about their effective role in children's attitude and performance in the future family life, and by providing necessary education, the family role in children's successful marriage can be increased.

This study investigates the role of parental involvement as a mediator of the relationship between parental alliance and self-regulation of learning and social competence in female adolescents in a correlational design. The study population included all adolescent girls living in Islamshahr, Tehran province. Among these girls, 158 adolescent girls were selected voluntarily to participate in the study. Measurements included the Parental Alliance Scale, Parental Involvement Rating Scale, the Multidimensional Social Competence Scale, and the Learning Self-Regulation Scale. Data analysis was performed using path analysis. The results showed that direct paths are all positively significant, the indirect path showed that parental alliance is significant through parental involvement on self-regulation of learning and the indirect effect of parental alliance through parental involvement on social competence is not significant. Therefore, creating empathy between parents in adopting parenting practices by increasing their level of involvement in performing or advising children for academic and non-academic activities can have positive academic achievements such as increasing self-regulation in learning and social competence

The purpose of this paper is to study the difficulties faced by women in claiming their family rights through law. The research has been done by qualitative method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 21 women who had experience of marriage and marital life and were selected by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis technique. According to the research findings, the legal difficulties of claiming women's family rights are included in four categories: the difficulties of using the terms of marriage contract, the dominance of the male view in drafting and enforcing laws, the inefficiency of family laws and the conflict between legal demands for rights with the continuation of a peaceful life. Accordingly, despite women's awareness of many of their family rights, mis-institutionalized attitudes and actions resulting from the cultural context of society, legal gaps, and the possibility of violating legal obligations play an important role in women not enjoying their rights.

One of the main goals of marriage and family forming is achieving tranquility, but analyzing the situation of families based on cases referred to counseling centers and family courts as well as the rising divorce rate show that marital life does not bring tranquility for many people. Therefore, as the impairment of the tranquility feeling is a challenge in Iranian families’ marital life and women tranquility has a special significance due to their educational role in the family, the question of the present study is to explain the obstacles of tranquility feeling in marital life from the view of women. In this regard, using qualitative method, with in-depth interview with 60 married women living in Tehran and content analysis of interviews, the factors that disturb the women's tranquility in marital life have been extracted in five main categories. contextual conditions of "disruptive selection", "disruptive attitude", "disruptive performance" and "disruptive structure" lead to the realization of causal conditions of disruption of sense of tranquility that is "the gap between the assets and demands". The extracted content of the categories was the "disturbance in security-based fulfilling the family members’ needs" which is the factor of disturbance in women's tranquility in marital life.

The purpose of this study was to identify the solutions presented in previous studies and finally provide comprehensive strategies for reducing vulnerability and improving the living conditions of female headed households. In this regard, using a meta-analysis method, 92 research papers on the topic of female headed households have been investigated. Based on the findings, there are some cases such as the lack of aesthetics of the increasing and growing growth of female headed households, the quantitative view, and the lack of willingness to use the qualitative method and identifying problems based on the life experience of subjects, not considering all types of female headed households The samples were referring to sponsoring organizations for the selection of samples and ignoring women without support or without knowledge of these organizations, lack of attention to women's agency and power, lack of attention to need and level Requirements in research, not specifying the dimensions of problems and the neglect of a group of women headed by households due to inability to The spouse's authority to manage life is the responsibility of family affairs, one of the most important barriers to providing appropriate solutions to the shortcomings of previous research. At the end of the research, attempts have been made to address the shortcomings of the proposed strategies, comprehensive strategies in the 9 axes of economic, occupational, physical, psychological, cultural, social, legal, children and organizational development with the aim of reducing the damage and improving the lives of female supervisors. The household is suggested

Women's studies degree has been established in Iran as a master degree in 1380, after ten years Ph.d program was approved. The ups and downs of academic process of women's studies was required to examine its scientific status. In this regard, this paper attempts to discover the challenges and approaches of women's studies by a qualitative method and interviewing twenty experts. At next step, we analyze the data through content analysis techniques and coding all interviews. Our findings indicate that some of the challenges are as follow: unstructured academic discipline, curriculum problems and defects, non-expert and inefficient reviews, lack of qualified professors, incorrect admission, lack of scientific expertise and graduates' efficiency, lack of suitable jobs for graduates, opposite Approaches, lack of theorizing, dissemination of university-government interaction in women's studies, the inefficiency of the field in providing solutions for women's issues and its full impact from politics. The experts had some suggestions on approaches and solutions, some of them are: Specialized review of the curriculum, improve the academic structure of discipline, experienced professors, systematic admission process, interaction between university and effective institutions on women's issues and link between different intellectual schools in women studies.

The growth of divorce in Iranian society and its negative consequences have made it necessary to pay attention to this social problem. The purpose of this study was to present strategies to reduce divorce and its negative consequences. For this purpose, using qualitative meta-analysis method, by examining 70 selected divorce studies in the last two decades (1377-97), it has classified the factors of divorce and its negative consequences and then presented strategies for reducing the divorce and its negative consequences. Based on the findings, the factors of divorce can be classified into four categories of Incorrect spouse choice, Lack of knowledge and skills of spouses and maladaptation, Bad performance of spouses, and adverse economic conditions. accordingly, we can propose solutions based on training courses and consulting services by the Responsible entities, and Oblige spouses to participate. Researches has also studied the negative consequences of divorce for women and children. To reduce these consequences, Solutions included Eliminate legal challenges, Teaching parents to minimize divorce harm for children, providing counseling services, culturalization for family support for divorced women, and Reforming society's attitude to divorced women and children of divorce are proposed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how to face with disruption of sense of tranquility in marital life among married women living in Tehran. This research has been done using grounded theory method and deployment of deep interview technique. In the facing with disruption of sense of tranquility, which is the result of the gap between the assets and demands of women, so has led them to adopt a set of strategies with two general approaches of "change in assets" including the modification of the spousal relationship, the management of interactive problems with families, improving the status of children, paying attention to self and removing structural barriers, with the aim of changing the available status into desirable, and "change in demands" including reducing demands, patiently Forgiveness and choosing the null relationship, with the aim of accepting the available status. Choosing these strategies and their effectiveness is affected by a set of conditions such as “decision-making factors" including the husband's approach, religious beliefs, domination of affection and exterior constraint.

The aim of this research which has been conducted using the grounded theory is to investigate the women’s strategies for achieving peace in marital life and its consequences. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with sixty married women living in the city of Tehran and then they were analyzed with the help of theoretical coding. The women apply various strategies for achieving peace in marital life which can be divided into two groups: attitudinal strategies and interactive strategies. The attitudinal strategies consist of strategies that by having some effects on the women’s attitude create and increase a feeling of peace in marital life. The interactive strategies include strategies that by having some effects on the interactions of women and their husbands, children, and families create and increase a feeling of peace in marital life. In addition, the consequences of the women’s feeling of peace in marital life can be divided into two groups: individual consequences and family consequences. The individual consequences are the effects of feeling of peace that belong to the women, themselves. The family consequences are the effects of feeling of peace that belong to family members, the husband and children.

The aim of this research is to study the process which shapes women’s experience of tranquility feeling in marital life. This study was fulfilled by the grounded theory method and data was gathered through in-depth interviews with 60 married women in Tehran, and were analyzed by theoretical coding.
The main purpose of marriage is to achieve tranquility. Women in interviews described feeling of security and absence of disquieting trouble as feeling of tranquility. The core category was “security of needs provision”. From the point of view of women to achieve tranquility in marital life, firstly the needs of all family members should be provided within the family;secondly, the family must provide all the needs which are expected from it to be the provider of; thirdly, providing the needs should be accompanied with the feeling of security.

The aim of this research is to study the outcomes of emotional divorce and strategies to deal with it، and is fulfilled by the method of grounded theory. The data were gathered through in-depth interviews with 20 women who visited one of the counseling centers in Tehran، and are analyzed by theoretical coding. In these interviews، women expressed their and their children’s exposure to emotional pressures and problems as the outcomes of the emotional divorce. They followed different strategies confronting emotional divorce; three types of strategies can be distingui-shed based on women’s goals: rela-tionship-centered، self-centered and child-centered. The relationshipcent-ered strategies are aimed to modify and improve marital relationship; the self-centered strategies are adopted for self detection and as an attempt to improve personal life; and the goal of child-centered strategies is to improve children’s conditions in different respects. Women’s strategies can also be distinguished based on their effects on marital relationship; we can divide them into positive، negative، and neutral strategies. Overall، the relationship-centered strategies are positive or neutral strategies; self-centered and child-centered strategies are negative or neutral strategies. Findings show that women’s strategies are different and in some cases opp-osite، so if we are to treat emotional divorce، we should pay attention to the differences، and we cannot depend on the same treatment for different families.

Our aim in this article is to study emotional divorce from the point of view of women. We use the grounded theory method and focus on explicating the social processes which shape women’s experience of emotional divorce. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 women who visited one of the consulting centers in Tehran. In these interviews, women described causes and intervening conditions of emotional divorce. Results of the study highlight the complexity and variety of women's experiences and support the notion that emotional divorce is a process that reflects interaction among psychological, social and cultural aspects of this experience