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Recently, the effect of the intensity and type of physical activity on executive functions has been the focus of many researchers. Our aim of this research was to investigate the effect of acute exhausting exercises on working memory of young athletes and non-athletes. The research method was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population included male athletes and non-athletes, and the research sample included male athletes and non-athletes in Yazd. N-back 2 test was used to measure working memory and conconi training protocol was used as a retention training protocol. The working memory test was performed immediately after the conconi test, after 7 and 15 minutes. The mixed ANOVA method was used to analyze the data. The findings of the research showed that immediately after the conconi test, the working memory of athletes and non-athletes drops. This decrease was significantly higher in non-athletes than in athletes. Also, the working memory of both groups improved after 5 and 7 minutes, and the working memory of the athlete group was significantly better than the non-athlete group in these stages. According to the results of this research, athletes had better performance in the working memory test than non-athletes.

Abstract Recently, the attention of sports science researchers has increased to the role of supplements that help to improve executive functions in addition to improving physical performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the executive functions of athletes before and after exhausting exercise. 30 male athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups of 15 (supplement consumption group before the exhausting test and supplement consumption group after the exhausting test). The modified coocani test was considered as a training protocol. Continuous performance and N-back tests to measure attention and working memory were measured before conconi test and in four other stages. Data analysis was done by the method of mixed ANOVA and using SPSS 26 software.The findings showed that the group that had taken sodium bicarbonate supplement before the conconi test performed significantly better than the other group in the attention and working memory tests (P<0.05). Acute consumption of sodium bicarbonate supplement both before exercise and as a recovery supplement improves attention and working memory after exercise.Keywords: Sodium bicarbonate, Exhausting exercise, Young athletes, Executive functions

The purpose of this study was to compare the three types of resistance training with weights and elastic bands, on anaerobic power, limb movement speed, reaction time, and speed in speed committee girls. The statistical population of the present study, including all the girls of the Karate of the National and Provincial Championships of Mazandaran, formed the committee in Babol (13 years of age). The research method in this study was semi-experimental, with pre-test and post-test. The exercise program used in this study included a series of karate exercises that were performed 2 sessions a week for 2 weeks and one hour each session. Research data analysis was performed using SPSS software using Kolmogorov -Smirnov test. The findings showed that the research groups in the maximum speed changes on the care science bike, the zoof and supernatural impact changes, the changes in the Zuki and the Under-building Speed and the total change of time of the Zuki and Underburistic Time and the maximum power change and the average power of the committee girls There is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. But there is no significant difference between the research groups in endurance changes in the ability and body mass changes and the fat percentage changes in the girls' work committee and the control group. Therefore, conducting resistance with weights and elastic bands promotes the performance and efficiency of the girls' work committeh.

 Dry cupping (DC) is widely used to improve sports performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of DC on muscle strength, anaerobic power, cognitive function, and mood states of athletes.

 In this counterbalanced quasi-experimental study with randomized crossover design, 12 male athletes participated. After signing a consent form, they randomly experienced two conditions (10 min of DC or no treatment) in two sessions one week apart. Muscle strength using a back and leg dynamometer, power anaerobic using the 30-second Wingate test, mood states using the Profile of Mood States questionnaire, and cognitive function using the Tower of London test were measured after intervention. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test considering a significance level of 0.05.

 DC significantly increased mean power (t11=-2.625, p=0.024), with no significant effect on muscle strength (t11=1.106, p=0.293) and peak power (t11=-1.389, p=0.192). Treatment with DC had no significant effect on tension, depression, anger, vigor, confusion, calmness or happiness of subjects (p>0.05). In contrast, a significant decrease in mental fatigue (t11=2.209, p=0.049) and cognitive function (t11=-2.602, p=0.025) were observed after DC.

 DC can improve mean anaerobic power and cognitive function, and reduce fatigue of the athletes.

Elevated blood pressure may develop in hypertensive patients after performing resistance training. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of beetroot juice on cardiovascular and functional changes during and after a session of acute resistance training in men with hypertension.

In the present single-blind quasi-experimental study, 20 men with hypertension were randomly divided into two groups of Beetroot Juice (BJ) and Placebo (PLA). Upper and lower body muscular strength, Perceived Exertion (RPE), Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and resting and continuous Heart Rate (HR) were measured after resistance training in the pre-test. In the post-test, BJ and PLA groups consumed beetroot juice and non-caloric cherry flavor Beverage (4.5 mg/Kg Bodyweight), respectively, 150 minutes before repeating the measurements. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA, student’s t-test, and Mann–Whitney U test at a significance level of 0.05.

Beetroot juice significantly reduced SBP, DBP, and HR at rest and after resistance training compared to PLA. Furthermore, BJ significantly increased lower body muscular strength and decreased RPE during resistance training.

Beetroot juice is a useful beverage that easily and harmlessly controls blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This drink prevents the risk of high blood pressure in addition to improving performance during resistance training.

The aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between the strategic thinking and the organizational change capacity of the sport managers in the Mazandaran Province. 360 people, selected as the sample, answered the questions of the 2 questionnaires of strategic thinking and organizational change capacity. The results obtained showed that strategic thinking had a positive and significant effect on the organizational change capacity. Introduction Today, human beings live in a world that is changing rapidly. Given the dynamics of the internal and external organizational factors, this change is inevitable. On the other hand, strategic thinking is important for the organizations in order to ensure sustainability in a competitive world. Therefore, the use of strategic thinking leads to the development of better strategies to deal with the environmental changes.

The research method was descriptive-correlational, and was applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the work was 193 people that, due to the limited statistical population, was a whole number sampling. For data collection, the two questionnaires of strategic thinking of Lidka (1998) and organizational change capacity of Judge (2005) were used. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 10 professors in the field of sports management. Also the values of reliability, divergent, and convergent validity of the questionnaires were estimated. The results obtained were analyzed using the structural equations.

The results obtained showed that most of the subjects were men, and had a master's degree, and most of them were between 31 and 40 years old. Also the standard coefficient of the path of the effect of strategic thinking on the capacity for organizational change was 0.313, which was the value of statistic (2.906); this means that the strategic thinking variable has a significant effect on the organizational change capacity. Given the importance of strategic thinking and organizational change capacity at different levels of the organization, it is suggested that courses are held to increase the manager's awareness of the effects of strategic thinking in order to better understand the components of strategic thinking and their relationship with the organizational change capacity against environmental changes. The organizations can create a special capability by emphasizing on strategic thinking. This capability makes an organization more flexible and adaptable to change, and helps the organization to achieve the principle of continuous improvement for organizational survival. In order to develop the capacity of the organization in the dimensions of strategic thinking and the capacity of organizational change in order to successfully implement future changes, it is necessary to emphasize on the balanced development of all dimensions and design mechanisms to strengthen them in the management team. Therefore, the need for this change and preparation for environmental change is the existence of strategic thinking. Also the establishment of strategic thinking at the individual and organizational level causes the organization to be more flexible and adaptable to change, and helps the organization.

TRX training are one of the new resistance training that play a role in increasing strength, power, balance and stabilizing the body structure and increase neuromuscular coordination. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two training models of TRX on anaerobic power and body composition of young and teenager taekwondo athletes. Thirty-six young and teenager taekwondo boys with a mean age of 17.14±6.040 years participated in the study and randomly were divided to three training groups of 12 people including: TRX training in the form of intense interval training TRX-HIIT (TH), TRX training alone TRX (T) and the control group. After examining the normality of data distribution using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, in order to determine the differences intragroup, the dependent T test was used and to determine the differences between the groups, the statistical method on way-ANOVA was used (P≤0.05). In both training groups, a significant increase in participants' anaerobic power was observed, which anaerobic power was significantly higher in training group TH (P= 0.001). Also, in both training groups, after 5 weeks of training, a significant decrease in body fat percentage (body composition) was observed (P= 0.001). The results of this study showed that taekwondo athletes and trainers can use both training models to increase anaerobic power and reduce body fat percentage and it is suggested to use TRX training in the form of intense interval to get better results in equal time.

Massage and dry cupping are two pre-competition modalities that are used to help improve athletes’ performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-exercise massage and dry cupping on selected skill-related fitness components, and psycho-cognitive functioning in athletes.

Twelve male athletes (age: 22.25±1.8 years, weight: 84.2±14.8 kg, height: 1.8±0.1 m) volunteered to participate in this study. In a Quasi-experimental randomized counterbalanced crossover design, they performed three test sessions at the same time of day, one week apart: after dry cupping, after massage, and after no intervention. Ten minutes after each intervention, explosive power, speed, agility, and cognitive performance were measured and the subjects completed the Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Data were analyzed using RM-ANOVA and the statistical significance level was set at p≤0.05.

The data indicated that power significantly increased after dry cupping compared to massage and no intervention (p≤0.05), however the speed and agility were not significant anymore (p˃0.05). Both dry cupping and massage caused a significant increase in the Tower of London test scores (p≤0.05). Finally, there were no significant differences among three interventions in the positive and negative mood states (p˃0.05).

Findings of the present study suggest that pre-exercise massage and dry cupping may improve physical and mental performances of athletes, but it does not affect their mood.

Potential benefits of local cold application during exercise include reducing blood flow, delaying fatigue, and providing analgesic effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-weeks local muscle cooling during resistance training on Knee Extensor (KE) strength, hypertrophy and muscle activation. In this experimental study, twelve recreationally-trained male and female (age, 24.1±3.5 years; weight, 69.3±18.8 kg; height, 175.2±12.7 cm) were divided equally into two groups: RT and RT-Cold. Both groups completed an eight-weeks progressively resistance training (seated Leg Curl and leg press, 4 sets, 6-12 rep, 70-85% 1RM, 3 sessions per week). A cold compression device (Cryo-cuff, Aircast) was placed on the subject's thigh for 25 min before and during resistance training with different temperatures (25° for RT and 10° for RT-Cold). Dynamic strength (1RM), knee extensor muscles cross-sectional area (CSA), and muscle activation (normalized RMS of EMG) were measured at baseline and after 8-week. Differences between the RT and RT-Cold groups were tested using analysis of covariance at the level of P≤0.05. The improvements in 1RM strength were not significantly different between RT and RT-Cold groups (P˃0.05). In terms of the muscle activation, there was not any significant difference in mean RMS of knee extensor muscles between groups. Ultrasound measurement of CSA also showed that the CSA of cooled limb in RT-Cold significantly greater than those in RT group. These results would indicate that local muscle cooling improve resistance training-induced hypertrophy, whereas this technique did not affect muscle strength and activation.

The effect of cross training to improve endurance and its mechanism is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-weeks unilateral resistance training on strength, time to task failure, neuromuscular fatigue and synergist muscles co-activation in trained and contralateral untrained limbs. 20 healthy female students were randomly assigned to either a training or a control group. The experimental group performed unilateral resistance training on non-dominant elbow flexors, 3 days per week for 8 weeks. The surface electromyography signal that was recorded from elbow flexor muscles during submaximal and maximal voluntary contraction(MVC) of both trained and untrained limb, were computed as Root Mean Square(RMS), mean power frequency(MPF) and integrated electromyography (IEMG) data in pre and post test. The result indicated a significant increase in elbow flexor MVC and time to failure in submaximal isometric task in trained and contralateral untrained limb. There was a significant difference between groups in RMS and MPF of biceps brachii in trained and untrained limb. However, this differences were not significant for brachialis and triceps in contralateral limbs. Also, after resistance training, there is a significant difference in the IEMG ratio of the muscles among blocks of submaximal contraction in trained and untrained limb, indicating a tendency to alternation in synergistic muscles activity. Cross transfer effect of unilateral resistance training on time to task failure might be explained, at least partly by the mechanism of synergistic alternate activity pattern.

Background and Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is accompanied by an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM), atrophy, and reduces the muscle power. Resistance training (RT) have potential positive effects on muscle function and morphology in elderly. This research examined the effects of eight week therapeutic resistance training on recovery of pathological changes after 6weeks chronic eccentric contraction.
Eighteen elderly male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (control, RSI-rest, RSI-RT). Two experimental groups underwent 6weeks (5 days/week) of fast velocity submaximal eccentric contractions while the control group was inactive. After two weeks rest, RSI-RT group performed 8 weeks resistance training and RSI-rest group was detrained for 8 weeks. Gastrocnemius muscle response was assessed by isometric force and muscle wet mass. Quantitative histopathological analysis was also done in all groups.
Gastrocnemius tissue of injured limbs showed increase in ECM and decrease in myofiber area and isometric force after 6 weeks RSI model in RSI-rest group, but muscle wet mass did not change. RT significantly improved isometric force, myofiber area percent but decreased non-contractile area percentage. However, pathological changes after RSI were not fully recovered by RT.
Therapeutic Resistance training with an emphasis on concentric phase, low velocity and adequate rest can attenuate functional and histopathological changes in muscle after chronic strain injury in elderly rats.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among reproductive-age women with insulin resistance and obesity of its properties. So, the aim of present research was studying the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on ovary morphology, Glycemic control and body composition in the women with PCOS. 18 women with polycystic ovary syndrome aged 18 to 30 years (BMI[1]≥25) were randomly divided in to Atotal of experimental groups (n = 9) and control (n = 9) groups. To evaluate the morphology of the ovaries as well as blood, samples after 12 hours of overnight fasting before exercise and 48 hours after the last training session are taken. Afterwards exercise group participated in an 8-weeks resistance training program. The results showed that resistance exercise good effect in reducing fasting plasma glucose (P=0/014), insulin (P=0/001) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (P=0/001) and this practice is improvedthe right ovary volume (P=0/001) and left ovary volume (P=0/001). Also showed that 8 weeks of resistance training resulted in improved body composition indices including weight (P=0/001), WHR[2] (P=0/001), BMI (P=0/347) and body fat (P=0/010) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Resistance training had beneficial effect on the morphology of the ovaries and the glycemic index in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, and can be used as a safe treatment and is recommended in these patients.

Muscle fatigue has been defined as an acute, exercise-induced reduction in the maximum force-generatin capacity of a muscle. When muscle contraction with low force production is sustained for a long time, the individual synergistic muscles are not continuously activated but alternate between periods of activity and silence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional interrelationship between synergistic muscle activities during a sustained sub maximal isometric plantar flexion. In a expremental design, 12 healthy male subjects with no history of lower limb injury have been volunteered for this study. Subjects performed 50 repetition of calf raise and sustained isometric calf raise task for 60 sec immediately. Surface electromyogram recorded from lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) during isometric contraction. The data were divided into 10-sec blocks. Alternate muscle activity between two muscles was assessed by repited masure ANOVA analysis on the basis of the LG/MG rate of integrated EMG (IEMG). In addition Pearson Correlation coefficients were computed between IEMG values recorded from MG and LG to investigate between-synergist substitution. The result indicated that there is a significant difference (p≤0.05) in LG/MG IEMG’s ratio among 6 blocks (10 sec) during 1 min isometric contraction, suggesting that these muscles generally didn’t acted together. There was a moderately strong negative correlation, but not significant (p>0.05), in IEMG between LG and MG during contraction, demonstrated a tendency toward trade-off synergism. The findings of this study suggest that the relative activation of medial and lateral gastrocnemius are not constant during submaximal fatiguing task and these synergists most likely rotate in a complementary pattern to maintain the constant force.

Grip strength (GS) is an important measure of general health to predict mortality, disability and function of the hand. The purpose of this study was to develop equations to predict grip strength based on several anthropometric measurements using a multiple regression analysis. Four hundred and eleven males and 671 females college students, ages 18-30 years, in good health, participated voluntarily in this study. This sample was randomly assigned to the model-development (n=867) and cross-validation (n=215) groups. Four equations were developed by using data from the model development group, then cross-validated on the second group. A hand-held dynamometer was used to measure grip strengths. All anthropometric measurements such as hand anthropometry, forearm circumference (FC), lean body mass, skeletal muscle mass and arm muscle area were taken according to standard techniques. It was found that grip strength has a significant correlation with all anthropometric measurements. Forearm length (FL) was correlated to grip (68% explained variance) in a linear relationship, followed by upper limb length and SM. All four equations were confirmed by cross-validation. Because of simplicity and easy-to-measure the following equations were selected for prediction grip: Dominant hand, A) 0.464×Age(yr)+0.392×Height(cm)+0.681×BMI-13.035×Sex(0 for men and 1 for women)-46.160, B) 0.029×FC×FL-8.634×sex+13.872; Non-dominant hand: C) 0.347×Age+0.386× Height+0.657×BMI-13.313×Sex-44.243, D) 0.029×FC×FL-8.752×sex+13.788. The six easy-to-measure cofactors sex, age, height, BMI, forearm length and forearm circumference provide a highly accurate prediction of normative grip strength.

The pain self-efficacy scale assesses the patient’s confidence in his ability to complete daily living activities despite pain. Current research aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of the Persian version for pain Self-Efficacy Scale in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients. This study was descriptive and validation type. The sample was selected by consecutive sampling through 160 CLBP patients referring to Poursina Hospital in Rasht, North of Iran, in 2010. Subjects completed the Visual Analog Scale, Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire, Short Form of the Depression Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Factor structure of the Pain Self-Efficacy Scale was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construction (divergent and convergent) and predictive validity of this scale were also examined. Internal consistency of scale was excellent (α=0.91), test-retest reliability coefficient equivalent of 0.73 and coefficient of item-total correlation were obtained for each item in acceptable range of 0.73 to 0.78. Results of factor analysis indicating a factor called "Pain Self-Efficacy" that accounted for 65.16% of the total variance with minimal factor loading of 0.73. Scores of self-efficacy scale predicted a significant proportion of the variance in scores on measures of kinesiophobia, depression, disability, and coping strategies even after controlling for confounding effects of age, duration and intensity of pain and duration of medication use. Moreover, they were correlated with these variables from expected aspects. Findings suggest that Persian version of pain self-efficacy scale has satisfactory psychometric properties which is applicable in research and clinical situations relating to CLBP patients.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the most common and challenging manifestations of pain in adults. Meanwhile psychological factors are considered important in development and continuing of physical disability and functional limitations of patients with CLBP. The aim of this research was to determine the psychological factors related to physical disability in patients with CLBP. The present study having a cross-sectional design and was from type of correlational which 279 (81 men, 198 women) eligible CLBP patients more than 3 months (with the mean age 42.44 ±11.77 yr) which patients were refered to Specialized and sub-specialized Neurosurgery Clinic of Poorsina Hospital in Rasht were selected by non probability and consecutive sampling. All patients completed questionnaire of demographic and related low back pain information at the beginning and then they were evaluated by Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), coping strategies questionnaire, catastrophizing subscale (CSQ-CAT), Stanford Depression Scale (CES-D 10) and pain self-efficacy scale. Correlational analyses indicating significant association between physical disability and all predictive factors. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that psychological factors significantly explained 52% of the variance of physical disability. In the full model higher levels of self-efficacy beliefs, pain intensity, education, and pain-related fear the composite score of values gained from the two scales of catastrophizing and Kinesiophobia, significantly contributed to the prediction of higher levels of physical disability. The findings showed that, regardless of demographic factors, there is a relatively strong relationship between psychological factors and disability. Thus, clinicians must be aware of the powerful effects of self-efficacy, pain-related fear, pain intensity and patient awareness of the health of their spine to reduce disability and managing CLBP patients. Some clinical implications and research guidelines obtained from these results are discussed for prevention and control of physical disability in these patients.

There is growing evidence for the idea that fear of movement may be as disabling as pain intensity in chronic low back pain patients (CLBP). The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the relation between fear of movement and pain intensity with physical disability in chronic low back pain patients and the role of pain duration, gender and age differences in these relations. In this analytical and cross-sectional study, 194 patients with chronic low back pain for more than three months, referred to seven rehabilitation clinics in Rasht city during four months, were selected consecutively. Data were collected by Numerical Rating Scale, Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and Demographic questionnaire and analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multi Regression. Significant correlations were found between physical disability with fear of movement, pain intensity and age (P<0.001) and also pain duration (P=0.036). These relations were not different between males and females. In first Regression model, fear of movement and pain intensity, were the strongest predictors of physical disability. No differences were found between these factors. Then, prediction model was prepared adding age, sex and pain duration. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the fear of movement and pain intensity were superior in predicting disability. Among demographic variables, only the Beta Coefficient for age was significant in predicting disability (P=0.002). Fear of movement, pain intensity and age are important factors influencing physical disability in individuals suffering a chronic low back pain. Thus, for minimizing physical disability, alone with reducing pain intensity, patients showing fear of movement can be offered interventions that focus on reduction of the fear.

Chronic Back pain is one of the most common pain manifestaion and depression is a prevalent disorder among patient s with chronic pain. However, all of patients with chronic pain do not show the same level of depression. So, investigators often assess biomedical and psychological,variables, in particular pain suppressing strategies, to explain some of the differences in relation between depression and chronic pain. The aims of this study were to: 1)give priority pain suppression strategies in chronic back pain patients, 2) evaluation of suppressing strategies efficacyf in pain control, 3) Assessing the relations between these strategies and depression, and 4) to determine the selective suppressing strategies to predict depression with pain control intensity and pain duration in chronic back pain patient. A total of 185 patients (ages 18-68 yr) with chronic back pain for more than three months, presenting to Under evaluation clinics completed questionnaires of pain intensity scale (NRS), and depression, painsuppressing strategies and demographic ones. The results showed that the strategy most applied by patients was the praying/hoping, but the most efficient strategies to control pain were ignoring pain sensations and coping self-speech. Catastrophizing was the most unefficient strategy to control pain. The results of correlation analysis with controlling of biomedical variable (pain intensity & pain duration) indicated that the more use of catastrophizing was associated with more depression; and,more use of self- speech and diverting attention were associated with less depression.The multivariant stepwise regression revealed that self-speech and catastrophizing were inturn the most strong adaptive and maladaptive predictors of depression, that explained 47% of shared variance of depression results. Also The Beta Coefficient was only significant for these two coping strategies (P≤0.05). The results of the current study show that adaptive (such as self-speech & diverting attention) and maladaptive (such as catastrophizing) coping strategies are effective in causing depressed mood. These coping strategies are potentially modifiable and could be the target of treatment interventions to decrease depression in chronic back pain patients.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate physical education teacher's performance assessment system in order to remove some of the shortcomings. For this purpose, 310 P.E. teachers were selected by random cluster sampling, and their performance assessment forms were investigated. In order to study the reliability of assessment factors, assessment error, and the relationship among assessment factors and to compare differences among the teachers, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney U and Pearson Correlation tests at P?0.05 were used. The results indicated that the reliability of P.E. teachers’ assessment factors was 0.16 for two main factors (performance & process factors) which was very weak. The errors of performance assessment showed that the examiners made softness and leniency errors. There was a significant correlation between performance and process factors (r = 0.11, P?0.05), however, the correlation was not too sufficient to omit one of the factors. The correlation between final score of P.E. teacher's performance assessment and performance and process factors were 0.56 and 0.85 respectively, which were significant (P?0.01). This significance also indicates that each assessment factor evaluates the teachers properly. The correlation between the P.E. teacher's assessment scores, and level of encouragement and improvement were 0.036 and 0.028 respectively, which were not significant. The P.E. teachers also were not encouraged and improved for the scores they achieved. There was no significant difference in scores of performance assessment between male and female P.E. Teachers, and they were equally encouraged and improved. The difference in the scores of performance assessment between junior-high and high schools was significant, and junior-high school teachers received higher grades. However, there was no significant difference between these two groups in encouragement and improvement factors