طاهره دهداری

Studies show that many overweight people who have lost weight eventually regain their previous weight. This study explored the experiences of overweight/obese individuals with a history of weight regain in terms of weight regain.

This qualitative study was conducted in Tehran using conventional content analysis. The study included 18 participants who had previously experienced overweight or obesity and had regained a minimum of 10% weight loss at least one year after the initial weight loss. Additionally, four nutrition experts from Iran University of Medical Sciences were interviewed. Targeted sampling began with the snowball method, and data saturation was achieved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted from October to January 2019.

The average age of the participating patients was 35.50 years, with a standard deviation of 8.63. Among the participants, 27.8% were male, while the remaining majority were female. In terms of marital status, 55.6% of the participants were single, and 44.4% were employed. The results showed that 4 main themes including the barriers to continue adopting weight control methods including diet and physical activity over time with 3 categories (including psychological factors, environmental factors and social factors), physical factors with 3 categories (including inheritance, physiological factors and changes in health status), nutritionist skills with 2 categories (including nutrition education and behavioral therapy) and cues to action with 2 categories (including internal and external cues to action) were recognized as the reasons of the participnts to return the weight.

Greater attention to the phenomenon of weight regain and the use of behavioral therapy strategies, nutrition education, positive motivational stimuli, and screening tools to detect psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression may help nutrition experts reduce weight regain in obese individuals. Additionally, improving the environmental infrastructure to promote physical activity can help reduce barriers to weight control in community. These considerations should be taken into account by societal decision-makers.

Adult day services are one of the more popular long-term care options for older adults. The aim of this study was to determine the beliefs of the elderly regarding the perceived benefits and barriers of participation in adult day care centers in Tehran.

In this cross-sectional study (descriptive- analytical type), 194 older adults who referred to adult day care centers were selected by consensus method. The data was collected by a research-made questionnaire. Finally, the data was analyzed by SPSS software and t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA tests.

The average age of the elderly studied was 74.9 years (SD=7.25). The mean scores of the perceived barriers and perceived benefits to participation in centers were 57.66 (SD= 10.59) and 71.35 (SD= 11.82) respectively. The majority of the elderly believed that participating in centers had some benefits such as receiving positive feelings from the center personnel, increasing physical strength and strengthening muscles by doing sports in the center and using the experiences of people similar to them. The lack of time to attend the center regularly, the low quality of services during to COVID-19 pandemic and the problems of transportation from home to the center were recognized as barriers to participating in adult day care centers. Illiterate participants had more perceived advantages than participants with university education degree (P=0.047). Single participants had more advantages for participating in centers than married participants (P<0.001). In addition, unemployed participants (currently) had fewer barriers to participate in adult day care centers than employed participants (P<0.001).

According to the advantages of these centers, periodic identification of the perceived barriers of the participation in these centers and try to remove them may help to increase the physical, social and psychological health of this group as well as their caregivers.

 The fertility rate has decreased by 79% worldwide and Iran. This study was conducted to assess the attitude of childless married women towards childbearing.

 This was a cross-sectional study. A sample of childless married women referred to the comprehensive urban health service centers of Zanjan, Iran were selected by cluster sampling method. Attitude of the participants towards childbearing was evaluated by an instrument. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS software (Version 26) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient.

 In all 220 women were studied. The findings showed that %61.4 of the participants had positive attitude at a good level, 36.4% had positive attitude at a moderate level and 2.3% had positive attitude at a low level. The mean score of attitude towards childbearing was 70.46 (SD=14.87). The findings showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean attitude score towards childbearing and age (p=0.788), housing status (p=0.505) and income (p=0.210). However, there were significant differences between the mean attitude score towards childbearing and educational level of the women (p>0.001) and their husbands (p<0.001) and also employment status of women (p>0.001) and their husbands (p=0.024).

 The findings suggest that people with higher educational and employment status are less positive towards childbearing. Conducting educational and motivational programs for such couples seems essential.

Objective (s):

 This study aimed was to determine the oral health literacy of mothers and its relationship to oral health status of their 3–6-year-old children.

This was a cross-sectional. A sample of 194 mothers with children aged 3 to 6 years who referred to two comprehensive health service centers in Kabudarahang, Hamadan Province, Iran in 2019 were studied. The oral health literacy of mothers was assessed by the adult oral health literacy questionnaire. The oral health of children was identified by examining and recording the number of decayed, missed and filled teeth. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and by one-way analysis of variance Pearson correlation coefficient tests.

The mean age of the mothers was 32.38 years (SD=6.095). The mean oral health literacy score of the mothers was 46.66 (SD= 21.895) and the total average number of decayed, missed and filled teeth of their children was 3.840 (SD= 1.424). There was an inverse and significant relationship between mothers' oral health literacy and the total number of decayed, missed and filled teeth in their children's (p=0.007). The average number of missing teeth of the children was equal to 0.54 (SD=1.364), the average number of decayed teeth was 3.11 (SD=3.189), and the average number of filled teeth was 0.19 (SD=0.750). The results showed that mothers' oral health literacy had a direct and significant relationship with their educational levels (p=0.001).

There was a significant relationship between mothers' oral health literacy and their children's oral health status. It seems that planning to increasing oral health literacy of mothers in order to improve children's oral health is essential.

Objectiv (s):

 The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pre-service e-learning on health care providers’, knowledge in terms of family health cares.

This was a pre- and post-test design study. The framework for developing the course was based on the stages of the General Educational Design Model (ADDIE). First, the content was designed and uploaded in Learning Management System (LMS). Then, using the census sampling method, all female health care providers who had started working as health care provider in the health care facilities affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in a period of 6 months in 2021-2022 were included in the study. First, their knowledge of the course contents was measured. They received training upon entering the service electronically. Finally, their knowledge and skills were assessed by an exam. The level of their satisfaction and skills after participating in the course was also assessed. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software.

In all 73 trainee included in the study. The results of the study showed that the mean total score of health care providers' knowledge, after participating in the designed e-learning course significantly increased compared to before participating in the course (p = 0.01). The findings showed that the highest satisfaction score of the participants was related to the suitability of the evaluation with the content presented in the course (86% of the participants reported good to very good level). The lowest satisfaction was related to support in technical issues (47% of the participants was reported good to very good level). The most acquired skill was related to the ability to assess a child health status (100% of the participants reported good to very good level) and the least acquired skill was related to the ability to identify the health status of pregnant mother (45% of the participants reported good to very good level).

This study showed that participating in pre-service e-learning training may increase the knowledge of female health care providers in various components of family health care.

Aging is the best stage for human excellence and ultimately reflects human maturity. Existential anxiety is one of the most important emotions that plays a vital role in different stages of development and most importantly in old age and is due to the individual's understanding of his/her being and existence, limitations, bottlenecks and consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between gerotranscendence and existential anxiety in the elderly in Kerman in 2021.

This cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical) was conducted in 2021. The study sample included 200 elderly people over 60 years old who referred to primary health care facilities of Kerman. In this study, to collect data, the short form of Gerotranscendence Scale which had 10 items and three subscales and also Existential Anxiety Scale which had 13 items were used. 18 questionnaires were excluded due to incomplete information. Finally, the data of 182 questionnaires were analyzed by SSPS (version 22) statistical software and Spearman correlation, Mann- Whitney U and Kruskal -Wallis H.

The results showed that there was significant correlation between integration (of the dimensions of Gerotranscendence) dimension with existential anxiety (p = 0.008, r = 0.197). There were significant relationships between participants, age, educational level or health status and the mean score of gerotranscendence of them. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between the scores of existential anxiety of the participants and their occupation status.

Findings of the present study showed that the dimension of integration has a significant inverse relationship with existential anxiety. Psychological interventions to reduce the existential anxiety of the elderly need to focus more on improving the integration dimension.

In Iran, the tendency to have only one child has increased. This study explored the experiences of Delijan parents in terms of only child.

This qualitative study was conducted in 2020. The starting point of sampling was among the health records of comprehensive health service centers of Delijan city that had voluntary only child and the mother’s age was over 35 years old. Parents from different age, gender, educational and occupational groups were interviewed to get maximum diversity in the data and deep insight from the experiences of individuals. Thirty semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. The participants (18 women and 12 men) were asked about their experiences about only child. Data analysed by conventional content analysis method. Continuous analysis of data began and continued up to data saturation. To increase the validity and reliability of the data, the suggested proposed methods by Lincoln and Cuban were used (including prolong engagement with the participants, peer check, member check, and data saturation).

The mean age of participants was 41.7 years with a standard deviation of 5.5. Predisposing factors of one child with 5 subcatrgories including family causes, physical causes, negative previous experiences, psychological causes, socio-economic-political causes and decisional balance with 2 subclasses including perceived pros of having one child and perceived cons of having one child were emerged as participants, experiences of having only one child.

Identifying the experiences of parents having only one child may be a kind of needs assessment to design interventions to increase couples’ tendency to have more children.

One of the major problems in the field of obstetrics and gynecology is the issue of low birth weight and its outcomes. Since knowing the determinants of low birth weight in each region can help to design the interventions to reduce it, so, the present study was conducted aimed to determine the frequency of Low Birth Weight (LBW) and some related factors in  Khodabandeh township.

In this retrospective observational study, the needed information regarding demographic characteristics and history of pregnancy and childbirth of mothers were extracted from 936 records of deliveries performed in the first three months of 2019 from CIB System. Twenty-one records were excluded due to missed information. Data of 916 records was entered into SPSS statistical software (version 26) and was analyzed by Chi-square, Independent t-test and multiple logistic regression. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

According to the results, 85 infants (9.3%) had LBW. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that there was significant relationship between the LBW and gestational age (p<0.001), history of infertility (p=0.006), iron deficiency anemia (p=0.040), and urinary-genital infection (p=0.007).

In prenatal care, treatment, follow-up and special attention to the identified factors affecting LBW is essential in Khodabandeh Township.

The attitude of health care providers towards the elderly has an important effect on the quality of service delivery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of health staff in Gorgan towards the elderly.

In this descriptive study, 395 health care providers in Gorgan in 2019 were selected by census sampling method and completed a questionnaire on demographic information and attitudes towards the elderly. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance.

73 participants (18.5%) had a good attitude towards the elderly, 319 (80.8%) had a moderate attitude, and 3 (0.8%) had a weak attitude. There was a statistically significant relationship between the overall score of attitude towards the elderly and job background (p<0.001).

There was a moderate attitude towards the elderly in most of the participants. Designing and implementing more interventions is necessary to promote a positive attitude towards the elderly.

Due to the high consumption of dietary supplements and the need to identify the factors affecting consumption to design effective interventions, the aim of the present review is to the factors affecting the consumption of supplements in studies conducted on healthy adults between 1996 and 2020.

The present study was conducted by reviewing 584 articles from the last 24 years and searching the databases of Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct Springer, Cochrane, Embase, Medlib, Magiran, SID, and the Google Scholar search engine. Based on the PRISMA guide, 54 articles were selected and reviewed.

Most cross-sectional and cohort studies have shown the effect of gender, education, and age on dietary supplement consumption. The only trial study showed the effect of gender and only a review study showed the effect of gender, age, education, and income. Women take supplements more than men. With increasing education, age, physical activity, body mass, and income dietary supplements consumption increases. Other factors such as smoking, race and ethnicity, chronic diseases, alcohol consumption, living in a metropolitan, marriage, lifestyle, perceived health, and higher health awareness, drug use, and self-efficacy have also affected consumption.

The studies have been limited to examining the relationship between demographic factors and use and less attention has been paid to factors such as awareness and beliefs about supplement use. Therefore, in order to achieve more definitive results and increase the efficiency of interventions designed in the field of consumption of these supplements, it seems necessary to conduct prospective and intervention studies.

Given the importance of effective communication in emergency and crisis situations, the use of a valid and reliable tool is vitally important to assess the health sector's preparedness in terms of risk communication. This study, conducted in Persian, aimed to investigate the psychometrics of emergency risk communication checklist in the public health sector.

In this psychometrics research, initially, the checklist designed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was translated into Persian using back translation method. Subsequently, the opinions of experts in various fields of health education in disasters and accidents were applied to evaluate the quality and quantity of content validity of the checklist items. In this regard, the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) of each item were assessed. Accordingly, the items with the CVI of ˂ 0.62 and CVR of ˂ 0.79 were deleted from the checklist. The face validity of the items was also evaluated. The reliability of the items was estimated in 30 health centers affiliated to Sharekord University of Medical Sciences, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran, using the Cohen’s kappa coefficient by two independent evaluators.

Based on the results of the quantitative and qualitative content validity, eight items were edited, one item was removed, and six items were merged. Cohen’s kappa coefficient between the evaluators was obtained as 0.87 (P<0.0001) which is acceptable. Eventually, a 191-item checklist was obtained and confirmed.

The psychometrically valid checklist used in this study can assess the preparedness of the healthcare sector for risk communication in emergencies.

Assessing the knowledge and practice of farmers with valid questionnaires is necessary to design appropriate educational interventions to reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture. Evaluating the knowledge and practice of individuals is a fundamental principle to design appropriate educational interventions to prevent pesticide production on pistachio products. Consequently, this study was carried out for designing and validating a questionnaire to determine the knowledge and practice of the farmers on the complications, keeping, transportation and disposal of pesticides. In this study, pursuant to view of experts, farmers and review of studies, a questionnaire was designed. Then, the face validity of questionnaire was determined with opinion of farmers. The Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) of the items of the questionnaire were evaluated through perspectives of experts’ panel. The stability test of the questionnaire by test-retest analysis. The outcomes demonstrated that CVI and CVR of questionnaire’s items were ≥0.79 and ≥0.62 respectively. Finally, the questionnaire was contained 39 items in knowledge and 22 items in practice. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that knowledge (p< 0.0001, r =1) and practice (p < 0.0001, r = 0.99) had acceptable reliability. This questionnaire can be used to measure the knowledge and practice of farmers about complications, keeping, transportation and disposal of pesticides and educational interventions.

Given the role of behavior in the prevalence of breast cancer, the present study was conducted to determine the predictors of adopting preventive nutritional behaviors against breast cancer based on social-cognitive theory ( SCT ) variables in women of reproductive age in Davarzan city in 2017. 

This is a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study conducted on 160 women of reproductive age in Davarzan, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed by Spearman, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Linear Regression tests using SPSS 18 software.

The mean age of participants was 32.6 ± 9.32 years. The results showed that among SCT variables, only the variable of awareness had a significant correlation with behavior (P=0.04, r=0.15). These variable could predict 12% of the changes in the preventive nutritional behaviors of breast cancer in women (R2=0.12, P<0.001).

Considering the findings of the present study, in developing educational interventions to increase preventive nutritional behaviors of breast cancer, more focus on women’s awareness is suggested.

Water pipe smoking has become very popular among young people. Regarding to the increasing prevalence of water pipe smoking among students, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of an educational intervention based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) on male students’ intention to quit water pipe smoking.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 150 male students of the Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar-Iran, in 2017 who were selected by simple random sampling method and allocated to two control and intervention groups (75 people in each group). Data collection tool included a demographic information questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on motivational phase constructs of health action process approach and theory of planned behavior. Intervention group participants received six sessions of education (45 minutes per session). Both groups completed questionnaires in baseline and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed in SPSS 23 software using statistical tests.

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of the constructs of risk perception, outcome expectancy, action self-efficacy, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention to quit water pipe smoking between the two groups (p>0.05). However, after the intervention, these differences were significant except attitude (p<0.05). Also, after the intervention, intention to quit water pipe smoking in the students of intervention group had significant difference compared to the control group (p=0.004).

The educational intervention based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is effective in creating the intention to quit water pipe smoking among students.

Quality of life is a multidimensional concept that is influenced by many important factors such as physical and mental health. Health literacy is also one of the factors that has a significant impact on quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nurses' quality of life and health literacy in the largest heart center of Northwest Iran in 2018.

The present study is an analytical, cross-sectional study that was performed on 217 nurses working in the largest heart center of Northwest in Tabriz through random sampling. Study data were collected using the 36-item Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-36) and the Adult Functional Health Literacy Standard Questionnaire (HELIA). Data analysis was performed using ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, by SPSS software version 25.

The mean and standard deviation of nurses' quality of life was (59.17±7.6) and the majority of subjects 84(37.8%) had good quality of life. the mean and standard deviation of the overall health literacy was estimated to be 75.9 ± 13.3, indicating adequate health literacy among nurses. There was a significant relationship between different dimensions of quality of life with total health literacy score (P <0.001), but there was no significant relationship between understanding and quality of life’s dimensions.

Findings showed that increasing nurses' health literacy has positive effects on some aspects of their quality of life. Therefore, while communicating with nursing staff, nursing managers should pay close attention to their health and quality of life, and should try to improve their quality of life by developing educational programs and promoting health literacy.

The older population and frequency of elder abuse are increasing in Iran. This study aimed to determine the rate of domestic elder abuse in the elderly referring to West Health Care Centers of Tehran City, Iran (affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences), in 2018.

In this cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical type), 312 older people who referred to 18 health care centers and 34 health care stations in districts 9, 18, 21, and 22 of Tehran City, Iran between October 2017 to January 2018 were selected by random sampling method. Then, the elderly abuse questionnaire was completed for them through face to face interviews. The obtained data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA in SPSS.

 The Mean±SD age of the participants was 67.93±6.4 years. The findings showed that 77.9% of them had experienced elder abuse from the beginning of old age. Also, 58.3% of them experienced neglect. The most and the least experienced abuses were neglect and sexual abuse, respectively. The Independent t-test showed that the participants who needed a caregiver (t=4.30, df=130.03, P <0.001); their spouse was dead (t=-2.76, df=307, P=0.006); and were treated for depression (t=2.60, df=33.36, P=0.014 (had got higher total scores of elder abuse.

Due to the high rate of elder abuse and its dangerous effects on the quality of life of the elderly, developing proper programs to increase the awareness of the elderly and their families is essential.

Given the necessity of assessing knowledge and practice of individuals to prevent the Aflatoxin contamination in pistachio in order to develop appropriate educational interventions, design and validating a standard tool is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument to determine the knowledge and performance of pistachio farmer in terms of Aflatoxin contamination and the methods to prevent its production in pistachio product.

In this research, initial items of instrument were designed based on literature review and interview with experts and farmers. The face validity, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content validity Index (CVI) of instrument were determined by interview with farmers and through opinions of experts’ panel respectively. Test-retest analysis was conducted to test the stability of the instrument. Also, according to the data of 380 farmers, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed.

The results showed that CVI and CVR of items of instrument were ≤0.79 and ≤0.62 respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the data. EFA Analysis showed that KMO is suitable for 3 groups of Knowledge and also for practice. Bartlett’s test was significant and zero hypothesis of data was rejected. According to factor load higher than 0.3 for every question, neither of them was removed. Finally, questionnaire of Knowledge was confirmed with 18 and Practice questionnaire was confirmed with 10 questions.

The developed instrument can be used to measure the knowledge and practice of pistachio farmers about Aflatoxin contamination, as a research tool, to be used to develop appropriate educational interventions.

Today, the greatest victims of violent and undesirable messages of media are children and youth. One of the ways of immunization against the effects of video-games is media literacy education to this group. Because, media literacy education can be develop critical thinking in its audiences. The present study, consequently, intends to determine efficiency of media literacy learning in lowering violent behaviors evinced by players of violent video games.

In this study, a number of 100 adolescent violent video gamers who referred to Qom game nets were selected by random sampling method. They were asked to fill in questionnaires on their demographical information, and Attitudes Towards Violence then were randomly divided into two groups: intervention group and control group. After arrangement of courses required for media literacy acquisition, educational intervention was undertaken intervention group. To analyze the data SPSS software was used

Results showed that neither groups had significant differences in their average attitude to violence scores in pre-intervention phase. After termination of intervention phase in one month, however, results showed that there is a significant difference in average attitudes towards violence scale in intervention group as to control group (P=0.0001): positive attitudes to violence were diminished in intervention group.

Acquisition of media literacy can reduce effects of video games on attitude to violence level of young players. This is essential to lodge basics of media literacy in textbooks and produce preventive programs in this regard.

Older people are a vulnerable group that their undesirable nutritional status makes them susceptible to catch diseases and increase their health costs. This study was conducted to determine the nutritional status of older people in nursing homes of Shahroud and Damghan cities (Semnan Province) and some influential factors in 2017.

This cross-sectional study (analytical descriptive type) was carried out in nursing homes of Shahroud and Damghan cities using census sampling method. By using a demographic questionnaire, minimal nutrition assessment, and anthropometric evaluation by the researcher, the data of 129 older people were collected. Then the obtained data were analyzed by the Chi-square, 1-way ANOVA, and Independent t-test in SPSS. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The Mean±SD age of the participants was 75.44±10.56 years. In terms of nutritional status, (22.5%) of the subjects had malnutrition, (57.4%) malnutrition risk, and (20.2%) a good nutritional status. There was a statistically significant relationship between the nutritional status and variables of sex and age, income, smoking, body mass index, arthritis, urinary problems, and using mass media (P<0.05). 

The nutritional status of a few participants was desirable. So, today's older people nutritional status is far from acceptable standards and requires planning and serious consideration of relevant organizations, especially the health system.

A scientific questionnaire for assessing the knowledge, attitude and judgment of people on waste management by municipalities has not been developed so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and validation of an instrument to assess the knowledge, attitude and judgment of people on waste management by municipalities. This analytical study was conducted in District 21 of Tehran in 2017. The initial items of the questionnaire were designed based on previous studies and opinions of the team of specialists and people. Then, the face validity and the content validity of the designed questionnaire was examined. The face validity and the content validity was examined qualitatively and quantitatively, respectively. Finally, the reliability of the attitude and knowledge and evaluation of municipal performance items were measured by Cronbach's alpha and a test-retest method, respectively. The initial questionnaire had 43 items. In the face validity, 8 items were removed and 8 items were edited. In quantitative content validity, 7 items were excluded, with the content validity index of less than 0.79 and the content validity ratio less than 0.49. Pearson correlation coefficient obtained for knowledge component equal to (r=0.77, p<0.0001) and for component performance (r=0.93, p<0.0001), respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was equal to 0.89 for items attitudes, which were in an acceptable level. The questionnaire can be used as a valid research instrument to collect information on knowledge, attitude and judgment of people on waste management by municipalities.

Given the recognizing the determinants of medication adherence in diabetic patients is necessary to design appropriate interventions, the aim of this study was to clarification experiences of parsons with type II diabetes in terms of insulin use. This qualitative study was conducted on 22 patients with type II diabetes who were referred to Glands Clinic of Firozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2017 which were purposefully selected and interviewed. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and then analyzed. The mean age of participants was 56.72 (SD=9.16) yr old. After analyzing and coding of data, individual factors with 6 categories (included negative attitude regarding Insulin, emotional factors, knowledge, fear, belief about the more effectiveness of complementary therapies than insulin injection and inadequate skill for storage and inject insulin) and environmental factors with 3 categories (included cost, situational influences and social support) was identified as experiences participants, in terms of insulin use. Establishment of counseling and training centers for patients with diabetes and their families in endocrinology clinics, increase the support of insurance from diabetic patients, and the need for more time to training patients by doctors is essential

Given the prevalence of stomach cancer, the role of behavior in the prevention of this cancer and efficacy of Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs in the prediction of wide range of health-related behaviors, the present study was performed to determine the efficacy of HBM constructs in the prediction of preventive nutritional behaviors of stomach cancer among female students residing in dormitories of Yazd University.
In this cross-sectional study, 124 female students residing in dormitories of Yazd University, were selected through available sampling (non-random) method. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA, t-test, and multiple linear regression.
The mean age of the students was 25.39±2.91 years. Ninety-five percent of participants reported many barriers for adopting preventive behaviors and only 1% performed the preventive behaviors at the desirable level. The results showed that perceived barriers variable could explain 13% of students’ nutrition behavior for prevention of stomach cancer (r2=13%, f=7.45, p The result of this study showed that perceived barriers construct is the only predictor variable of nutrition behaviors in the prevention of stomach cancer. Therefore, conducting intervention programs is necessary to reduce perceived barriers for the prevention of stomach cancer.

Given the importance of aromatic hydrocarbons in developing cancer, the necessity of educating individuals about methods to reduce it in food products and the importance of assessing individuals’ knowledge and practice to design effective educational programs, the present study aimed to determine the knowledge and performance of employers regarding suitable cooking methods to reduce the production of aromatic hydrocarbons in meat in 2017.
In a cross-sectional study, 128 employers who were employed in Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran were selected randomly. Data were collected by a 46-item questionnaire and then analyzed through Pearson's correlation coefficient, One-Way ANOVA and T- test. P>0.05 was considered significant.
Finding showed that about half of the participants were informed about meat barbeque on charcoal, frying method and smoking methods that generate aromatic hydrocarbons in meat. In addition, about 50% of participants expressed that steam and boiled methods for cooking meat can reduce the generation of aromatic hydrocarbons in meat. Most consumed meat among participants were meat fried, boiled and then barbequed on charcoal, respectively. Only 36.7% of participants didn’t eat the burned parts of meat.
Given the lack of individuals’ information about the role of meat cooking methods in the production of aromatic hydrocarbons and the methods for reducing its production, it is imperative that health workers provide essential information in the cancer prevention education sessions.

Noticing drought crisis in Iran and importance of water conservation and recognizing its determinants, this research attempted to study the applicability of the theory of planned behavior variables in predicting water conservation behaviors among college students. Survey method was used for this research and questionnaires were distributed among 122 female college students resided in dormitories of Yazd University. Finally, collected data were analysed by SSPS statistical method. The results indicated that behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control variables were able to predict 44% of variance in water conservation practices among participants. Also, two structures of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control explained 34% of variance in behavioral intention for water conservation among participants. College students who had more intention for water conservation and believed to have more control over their behavior for water conservation, behaved better in conserving water accordingly

Children are subject to more impacts by media violence due to their less mature cognitive development and experiences compared to adults. As a method to immunize individuals against media’s impacts, media literacy is able to develop critical thinking in its audience. The present study, consequently, intends to determine efficiency of media literacy learning in lowering violent behaviors evinced by players of violent video games.
In this study, a number of 100 adolescent violent video gamers who referred to Qom game nets were selected by random sampling method and divided into two groups: intervention and control. They were asked to fill in questionnaires on their demographical information, Ahvaz Aggression Inventory, and Attitudes Towards Violence. After arrangement of courses required for media literacy acquisition, educational intervention was undertaken in three sessions as group discussions and lectures for intervention group. To analyze the data, parametric tests such as independent T, paired T, and chi-square were used employing SPSS software V20.
Findings: Results of independent T-Test showed that neither groups had significant differences in their average aggressiveness and attitude to violence scores in pre-intervention phase. After termination of intervention phase in one month, however, results showed that aggressiveness cases and positive attitudes to violence were diminished in intervention group as to control group (P=0.0001): Acquisition of media literacy can reduce effects of video games on aggressiveness level of young players. This is essential to lodge basics of media literacy in textbooks and produce preventive programs in this regard.